MESSAGE OF THE SPEAKER BY THE

OC REVIEWER RECEIVER
6. RECEIVER - THE RECIPIENT OF THE
MESSAGE, OR SOMEONE WHO
COMMUNICATION:
DECODES THE MESSAGE
- COMMUNICATION IS A PROCESS OF
7. FEEDBACK - THE REACTIONS,
SHARING AND CONVEYING MESSAGES
RESPONSES OR INFORMATION
OR INFORMATION FROM ONE PERSON
PROVIDED BY THE RECEIVER
TO ANOTHER WITHIN AND ACROSS
8. CONTEXT - THE ENVIRONMENT WHERE
CHANNELS, CONTEXTS, MEDIA, AND
COMMUNICATION TAKES PLACE
CULTURES.
9. BARRIER - THE FACTORS THAT
AFFECTS THE FLOW OF
ORAL COMMUNICATION: COMMUNICATION
- DESCRIBES ANY TYPE OF
INTERACTION BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
WHICH MAKES USE OF WORDS AND
1. THE SPEAKER GENERATES AN IDEA.
INVOLVES SPEAKING AND LISTENING.
2. THE SPEAKER ENCODES AN IDEA OR
CONVERTS THE IDEA INTO WORDS OR
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION: ACTIONS.
3. THE SPEAKER TRANSMITS OR SENDS
1. COMMUNICATION IS A PROCESS
OUT A MESSAGE.
2. COMMUNICATION OCCURS BETWEEN
4. THE RECEIVER GETS THE MESSAGE.
TWO OR MORE PEOPLE
5. THE RECEIVER DECODES OR
3. COMMUNICATION CAN BE EXPRESSED
INTERPRETS THE MESSAGE BASED ON
THROUGH WORDS, ACTIONS, OR
THE CONTEXT.
BOTH AT THE SAME TIME
6. THE RECEIVER SENDS OR PROVIDES
FEEDBACK.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION:
1. SPEAKER - THE SOURCE OF
COMMUNICATION MODELS:
INFORMATION OR MESSAGE
2. MESSAGE - THE INFORMATION, IDEAS,
OR THOUGHTS CONVEYED BY THE
SPEAKER IN WORDS OR IN ACTIONS
3. ENCODING - THE PROCESS OF
CONVERTING THE MESSAGE INTO
WORDS, ACTIONS, OR OTHER FORMS
THAT THE SPEAKER UNDERSTANDS
4. CHANNEL - THE MEDIUM OR THE
MEANS, SUCH AS PERSONAL OR NON-
LINEAR:
PERSONAL, VERBAL OR NONVERBAL,
- ONE-WAY COMMUNICATION
IN WHICH THE ENCODED MESSAGE IS
- USED FOR MASS COMMUNICATION
CONVEYED
- SENDER SENDS MESSAGE AND
5. DECODING - THE PROCESS OF
RECEIVER ONLY RECEIVES
INTERPRETING THE ENCODED
- NO FEEDBACK
 - NO CONCEPT OF NOISE
INTERACTIVE
- USED FOR NEW COMMUNICATIONS
LIKE INTERNET
- SLOWER FEEDBACK IN TURN
- CONCEPT OF FIELD OF EXPERIENCE
- COMMUNICATION BECOMES LINEAR IF
RECEIVER DOES NOT RESPOND
TRANSACTIONAL
- USED FOR INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
- SENDER AND RECEIVER
INTERCHANGE ROLES
- SIMULTANEOUS FEEDBACK
- CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENT AND
NOISE
- FEEDBACK IS TAKEN AS A NEW
MESSAGE

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION:
1. CONTROL - COMMUNICATION
FUNCTIONS TO CONTROL BEHAVIOR
2. SOCIAL INTERACTION -
COMMUNICATION ALLOWS
INDIVIDUALS TO INTERACT WITH
OTHERS.
3. MOTIVATION - COMMUNICATION
MOTIVATES OR ENCOURAGES PEOPLE
TO LIVE BETTER.
 4. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION - SUPPORTED BY FACTS, FIGURES, AND
COMMUNICATION FACILITATES REAL-LIFE EXAMPLES AND
PEOPLE’S EXPRESSION OF THEIR SITUATIONS. IN THIS CASE, THE
FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS. RECEIVER IS MORE CONNECTED TO
5. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION - THE MESSAGE CONVEYED.
COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS TO 5. COURTESY - THE SPEAKER SHOWS
CONVEY INFORMATION. COURTESY IN COMMUNICATION BY
RESPECTING THE CULTURE, VALUES,
PUBLIC RELATIONS: AND BELIEFS OF HIS/HER RECEIVERS.
- IT IS THE STATE OF THE BEING COURTEOUS ALL THE TIME
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PUBLIC CREATES A POSITIVE IMPACT ON THE
AND A COMPANY OR OTHER AUDIENCE.
ORGANIZATION 6. CLEARNESS - IN COMMUNICATION
IMPLIES THE USE OF SIMPLE AND
SPECIFIC WORDS TO EXPRESS IDEAS.
7 C’S:
IT IS ALSO ACHIEVED WHEN THE
1. COMPLETENESS - COMPLETE
SPEAKER FOCUSES ONLY ON A
COMMUNICATION IS ESSENTIAL TO
SINGLE OBJECTIVE IN HIS/HER
THE QUALITY OF THE
SPEECH AS NOT TO CONFUSE THE
COMMUNICATION PROCESS IN
AUDIENCE.
GENERAL. IT SHOULD INCLUDE
7. CORRECTNESS - IN GRAMMAR
EVERYTHING THAT THE RECEIVER
ELIMINATES NEGATIVE IMPACT ON
NEEDS TO HEAR FOR HIM/HER TO
THE AUDIENCE AND INCREASES THE
RESPOND, REACT, OR EVALUATE A
CREDIBILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF
SITUATION PROPERLY.
THE MESSAGE.
2. CONCISENESS - DOES NOT MEAN
KEEPING THE MESSAGE SHORT BUT
MAKING IT DIRECT OR STRAIGHT TO BARRIERS:
THE POINT. INSIGNIFICANT OR 1. EMOTIONAL BARRIERS
REDUNDANT INFORMATION SHOULD - PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIER
BE ELIMINATED FROM THE - LACK OF ATTENTION
COMMUNICATION THAT WILL BE SENT - ATTITUDE
TO THE RECIPIENT. - PREMATURE
3. CONSIDERATION - TO BE EFFECTIVE, - PERCEPTION
THE SPEAKER SHOULD ALWAYS - POOR RETENTION
CONSIDER RELEVANT INFORMATION 2. USE OF JARGONS
ABOUT HIS/HER RECEIVER SUCH AS - LANGUAGE BARRIER
MOOD, BACKGROUND, RACE, - TERMINOLOGY USED
PREFERENCE, EDUCATION, STATUS, - LITERACY AND LINGUISTICS
NEEDS, AMONG OTHERS. BY DOING ABILITY
SO, HE/SHE CAN EASILY BUILD - DIALECT
RAPPORT WITH THE AUDIENCE. - SPELLING AND GRAMMAR
4. CONCRETENESS - EFFECTIVE 3. LACK OF CONFIDENCE
COMMUNICATION HAPPENS WHEN THE - PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIER
MESSAGE IS CONCRETE AND - PERSPECTIVE
 4. NOISY ENVIRONMENT EXPRESSIONS WHICH DO NOT ADD TO
- PHYSICAL BARRIER THE MESSAGE
- ENVIRONMENT OR CLIMATE 3. CLARITY - THE MEANING OF WORDS,
- WORKSPACE DESIGN FEELINGS, OR IDEAS MAY BE
- TIME AND DISTANCE INTERPRETED DIFFERENTLY BY A
- TECHNICAL PROBLEM LISTENER; HENCE, IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR
5. DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTION YOU TO CLEARLY STATE YOUR MESSAGE
- PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIER AND EXPRESS YOUR IDEAS AND
6. PHYSICAL DISABILITIES FEELINGS.
- PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIER 4. ETHICS - WORDS SHOULD BE CAREFULLY
- BLINDNESS CHOSEN IN CONSIDERATION OF THE
- DEAFNESS GENDER, ROLES, ETHNICITY,
- SPEECH DISORDERS PREFERENCES, AND STATUS OF THE
- MEMORY PERSON OR PEOPLE YOU ARE TALKING
7. LACK OF INTEREST TO
- PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIER 5. VIVIDNESS - WORDS THAT VIVIDLY OR
8. LANGUAGE DIFFERENCES CREATIVELY DESCRIBE THINGS OR
- CULTURAL/LANGUAGE FEELINGS USUALLY ADD COLOR AND
BARRIERS SPICE TO COMMUNICATION; HENCE, YOU
- SIGNS AND SYMBOLS ARE ENCOURAGED TO FIND WAYS TO
- ETHNOCENTRISM CHARM YOUR AUDIENCE THROUGH THE
- MANNER USE OF VIVID WORDS.
- STEREOTYPING
NON - VERBAL COMMUNICATION:
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION: 1. HAPTICS - THE USE OF TOUCH IN
VERBAL - IT REFERS TO AN INTERACTION IN COMMUNICATION IS THE EXPRESSION OF
WHICH WORDS, WHETHER SPOKEN OR FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS.
WRITTEN ARE USED TO RELAY A MESSAGE 2. CHRONEMICS - THE USE OF TIME IN
NON - VERBAL - REFERS TO AN INTERACTION COMMUNICATION IS CHRONEMICS, WHICH
WHERE BEHAVIOUR OR GESTURES IS USED SPEAKS ABOUT THE PERSONALITY OF THE
TO CONVEY AND REPRESENT MEANINGS SENDER / RECEIVER LIKE PUNCTUALITY, THE
SPEED OF SPEECH, ETC.
VERBAL COMMUNICATION: 3. KINESICS - IT IS THE STUDY OF THE BODY
1. APPROPRIATENESS - THE LANGUAGE LANGUAGE OF A PERSON, I.E., GESTURES,
THAT YOU USE SHOULD BE APPROPRIATE POSTURES, FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, ETC.
TO THE ENVIRONMENT OR OCCASION, 4. PROXEMICS - THE DISTANCE MAINTAINED
WHETHER FORMAL OR INFORMAL. BY A PERSON WHILE COMMUNICATING WITH
2. BREVITY - SPEAKERS WHO OFTEN USE OTHERS, COMMUNICATES ABOUT THE
SIMPLE YET PRECISE AND POWERFUL RELATIONSHIP OF THE PERSON WITH
WORDS ARE FOUND TO BE MORE OTHERS LIKE INTIMATE, PERSONAL, SOCIAL
CREDIBLE. TRY TO ACHIEVE BREVITY BY AND PUBLIC.
BEING MORE DIRECT WITH YOUR WORDS. 5. ARTIFACTS - THE APPEARANCE OF A
AVOID FILLERS AND INSUBSTANTIAL PERSON SPEAKS ABOUT HIS PERSONALITY,
 I.E. BY WAY OF CLOTHING, CARRYING
JEWELLERY, LIFESTYLE, ETC. ETHNOCENTRIC STAGES:
1. DENIAL STAGE - THE INDIVIDUAL DOES
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION: NOT RECOGNIZE CULTURAL
- INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION DIFFERENCES
HAPPENS WHEN INDIVIDUALS INTERACT, 2. DEFENSE STAGE - THE INDIVIDUAL
NEGOTIATE, AND CREATE MEANINGS WHILE STARTS TO RECOGNIZE CULTURAL
BRINGING IN THEIR VARIED CULTURAL DIFFERENCES AND IS INTIMIDATED BY
BACKGROUNDS (TING-TOOMEY, 1999) THEM, RESULTING IN EITHER A
- IT PERTAINS TO COMMUNICATION AMONG SUPERIOR VIEW ON ONE'S OWN
PEOPLE FROM DIFFERENT NATIONALITIES CULTURE OR AN UNJUSTIFIED HIGH
(GUDYKUNST, 2003). REGARD FOR THE NEW ONE.
- THIS IS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT 3. MINIMIZATION - ALTHOUGH
ETHNICITIES, RELIGIONS, AND SEXUAL INDIVIDUALS SEE CULTURAL
ORIENTATIONS. DIFFERENCES, THEY BANK MORE ON
- IT IS THE SENDING AND RECEIVING OF THE UNIVERSALITY OF IDEAS RATHER
MESSAGES ACROSS LANGUAGES AND THAN ON CULTURAL DIFFERENCES.
CULTURES. ETHNORELATIVE STAGES:
1. ACCEPTANCE - THE INDIVIDUAL
CULTURE SHOCK - IT IS THE FEELING OF BEGINS TO APPRECIATE IMPORTANT
DISORIENTATION EXPERIENCED BY CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN
SOMEONE WHO IS SUDDENLY SUBJECTED BEHAVIORS AND EVENTUALLY IN
TO AN UNFAMILIAR CULTURE, WAY OF LIFE, VALUES.
OR SET OF ATTITUDES. 2. ADAPTATION - THE INDIVIDUAL IS
SYMPTOMS: EXTREME HOMESICKNESS, VERY OPEN TO WORLD VIEWS WHEN
FEELINGS OF HELPLESSNESS/DEPENDENCY, ACCEPTING NEW PERSPECTIVES.
DISORIENTATION AND ISOLATION, SADNESS, 3. INTEGRATION - INDIVIDUALS START TO
HYPER-IRRITABILITY, SLEEP AND EATING GO BEYOND THEIR OWN CULTURES
DISTURBANCES AND STEREOTYPING AND SEE THEMSELVES AND THEIR
ACTIONS BASED ON MULTIFARIOUS
INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY - IT IS THE CULTURAL VIEWPOINTS.
ABILITY TO DISCRIMINATE OR SEE
DIFFERENCES AND EXPERIENCE RELEVANT TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT:
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES. - PEOPLE USE TO COMMUNICATE AND
TRANSMIT ORAL AND WRITTEN
THE DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OF MESSAGES
1. INTRAPERSONAL - CENTERS IN ONE
INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY
WHERE THE SPEAKER ACTS BOTH AS
(DMIS) BY DR. MILTONJ BENNETT: SENDER AND THE RECEIVER OF
- DMIS IS THE BASIS FOR EFFECTIVE MESSAGE
COACHING AND DEVELOPMENT TO 2. INTERPERSONAL - COMMUNICATION
WORK MORE EFFECTIVELY WITH BETWEEN AND AMONG PEOPLE AND
PEOPLE FROM OTHER CULTURAL TO ESTABLISH A PERSONAL
BACKGROUNDS.
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AND AMONG
THEM. LOCUTIONARY ACT:
- DYAD COMMUNICATION - 2 PPL - IT IS THE ACTUAL ACT OF UTTERING
- SMALL GROUP - 3-10 PPL ILLOCUTIONARY ACT:
3. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION - REQUIRES - IT IS THE SOCIAL FUNCTION OF WHAT
YOU TO DELIVER OR SEND THE IS SAID
MESSAGE IN FRONT OF A GROUP. - INTENTION
- CHANNELS ARE MORE - INDIRECT SPEECH ACT
EXAGGERATED. VOICE IS PERLOCUTIONARY ACT:
LOUDER AND GESTURES ARE - THE RESULTING ACT OF WHAT IS SAID.
MORE EXPANSIVE BECAUSE - THE EFFECT IS BASED ON THE
THE AUDIENCE IS BIGGER. PARTICULAR CONTEXT IN WHICH THE
4. MASS COMMUNICATION - TAKES SPEECH ACT WAS MENTIONED
PLACE THROUGH TELEVISION, RADIO,
NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES, BOOKS, PERFORMATIVES:
BILLBOARDS, INTERNET AND OTHER - STATEMENTS WHICH ENABLE THE
TYPE OF MEDIA SPEAKER TO PERFORM SOMETHING
JUST BY STATING IT.
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLES: - RIGHT PERSON/CIRCUMSTANCES
- THE CONTEXT DICTATES AND FELICITY CONDITIONS:
AFFECTS THE WAY PEOPLE 1. ENVIRONMENTAL PROCEDURE WITH A
COMMUNICATE CONVENTIONAL EFFECT
1. INTIMATE - PRIVATE. WHICH OCCURS 2. RIGHT PERSON
BETWEEN CLOSE FAMILY MEMBERS 3. PROCEDURE MUST BE DONE
OR INTIMATE INDIVIDUALS CORRECTLY AND COMPLETELY
2. CASUAL - COMMON AMONG PEERS
AND FRIENDS. JARGONS, SLANG SEARLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF
STREET LANGUAGE, VULGAR WORDS SPEECH ACTS
ETC ARE USED 1. ASSERTIVE - EXPRESSES BELIEF
3. CONSULTATIVE - STANDARD. ABOUT THE TRUTH OF A PROPOSITION
PROFESSIONAL OR MUTUALLY 2. DIRECTIVE - MAKE THE ADDRESSEE
ACCEPTABLE LANGUAGE. PERFORM AN ACTION
4. FORMAL - USED IN FORMAL 3. COMMISSIVE - THE SPEAKER COMMITS
SETTINGS. THIS IS ONE WAY. TO DOING SOMETHING IN THE FUTURE
5. FROZEN - REMAINS UNCHANGED. 4. EXPRESSIVE - EXPRESSES HIS/HER
FEELINGS OR EMOTIONAL REACTIONS
SPEECH ARTS: 5. DECLARATION - BRINGS CHANGE IN
- AN UTTERANCE THAT A SPEAKER THE EXTERNAL SITUATION
MAKES TO ACHIEVE AN INTENDED TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE
EFFECT.
STRATEGY:
INTENDED EFFECT:
1. NOMINATION - A SPEAKER CARRIES
- PHYSICAL/VERBAL IN NATURE
OUT NOMINATION TO
- INSPIRING, INSULTING, PERSUADING
- EMOTIONAL EFFECT
 COLLABORATIVELY AND
PRODUCTIVELY ESTABLISH A TOPIC
2. RESTRICTION - REFERS TO ANY
LIMITATION YOU MAY HAVE AS A
SPEAKER
3. TURN - TAKING - PERTAINS TO THE
PROCESS BY WHICH PEOPLE DECIDE
WHO TAKES THE CONVERSATIONAL
FLOOR
4. TOPIC CONTROL - HOW PROCEDURAL
FORMALITY AND INFORMALITY
AFFECTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF
TOPIC IN CONVERSATIONS
5. TOPIC SHIFTING - INVOLVES MOVING
FROM ONE TOPIC TO ANOTHER
6. REPAIR - REFERS TO HOW SPEAKERS
ADDRESS THE PROBLEMS IN
SPEAKING, LISTENING AND
COMPREHENDING THAT THEY MAY
ENCOUNTER IN A CONVERSATION
7. TERMINATION - REFERS TO THE
CONVERSATION PARTICIPANTS’
CLOSE-INITIATING EXPRESSIONS
THAT END A TOPIC IN A
CONVERSATION