PURCOM EXAM receiver/s will not be able to

understand it because you encoded

CHAPTER 1: COMMUNICATION it in a format or presentation alien to
AND PROCESSES AND them.
PRINCIPLES
Channel - Channels include written
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION: communications, printed
Communication is the exchange of communications like bill boards or
ideas or messages between people. posters, telephone calls, any form of
It comes from the Latin word advertisement, newspapers,
comunicare, meaning "to share." magazines, video conferences, radio
Its goal is to express thoughts to and television broadcasting, text
others—whether one person or messages, emails, messenger and
many—and to receive a response, other social media. Each of these
completing the communication unique channels of communication
process. The sender, who starts the has benefits and drawbacks so you
communication, must have a clear must be able to choose the correct
idea of the message, because channel for your message.
unclear messages can lead to
misunderstandings and Receiver - If you are the receiver,
communication failure. this is the stage where you decrypt
or interpret the message. You need
***THE COMMUNICATION to be equipped with proper
PROCESS*** communication skills to decode the
message sent to you. Without the
Communication involves a sender, appropriate skills, the
message, channel, receiver, and communication cycle will fail.
feedback. The sender encodes and
sends a message; the receiver ***ELEMENTS OF
decodes and responds. This cycle COMMUNICATION***
continues until the exchange ends.
Understanding this process helps Now that you have comprehended
improve communication skills. the process of communication, let us
move on to learning the lexical
Sender - As the initiator in the (verbal) and non-lexical (non-verbal)
communication process, you need to component of communication.
be clear about the message you
would like to send. If the idea in your Lexical Component - When using
mind is not clear, there is a big verbal or lexical communication
chance that the receiver will not be you should try to choose words
able to understand the message and carefully in your advantage to be
the communication process will fail. able to make the right impression.

Encoding - After making sure that The lexical or verbal component of

you already have a vivid picture of communication refers to the word
your message, you need to encode or chain of words used to create
this in an understandable format or meaning. Common types of lexical
presentation for your receiver/s. No components are words, parts of
matter how vivid the message is in words, phrasal verbs,
your mind, it will be useless if your
collocations, idioms, and 6. Sentence frames are group of
sentence frames. words that provide a structure or a
skeleton for a complete sentence.
1. Words are unique meaningful
component of speech. Words may
be used alone or with others to form
a sentence. ****NON-LEXICAL COMPONENT***
Examples: woman, animals, plants,
flying, collect Understanding the proper use of
non-lexical or non-verbal
2. Parts of words denote a single communication is an advantage for
letter, a prefix, or a suffix added to you as a communicator.
words.
Examples: s in animals The non-lexical or non-verbal
un in untold component of communication refers
er in speaker to the delivering of messages
ence in difference without the use of words. It includes
ly in timely the following:

3. Phrasal verbs - are verbs Body language

followed by a preposition or an Proxemics
adverb. Paralanguage
Examples: point out (to direct Presuppositions
attention to something) Cultural and environmental
-The teacher pointed out the glitch conditions
in their programming.
Body Language - is a kind of non-
4.Collocations - are a pair or group lexical communication where ideas
of words that are habitually used or messages are expressed using
together that they sound correct your body. It includes gestures,
together. facial expressions, eye contact, and
Examples: major problem (a big body stance.
problem)
-His absence created a major a. Gestures are most usually hand
problem. or head movements that indicate a
particular meaning or support a
5.Idioms are combination of words particular idea so you can better
whose collective meaning is not persuade your audience.
predictable from those of the
individual words. Meanings created b. Facial expressions are executed
are usually understood by native using the facial muscles. Even
speakers of the language. without uttering a word, you can
transmit your thoughts to others via
Examples: once in a blue moon facial expressions. It is usually used
(very seldom) to show emotions such as anger,
-This special event happens once in surprise, contempt, etc.
a blue moon.
There are four techniques in
managing facial expressions:
1. Intensify. This technique is used Proxemics - as coined by Hall,
when you want to show strong refers to the study of people's use of
emotions. Usually an exaggerated space as a special elaboration of
facial muscle movement is used in culture. In non-lexical
this technique. communication, it refers to the
2. De-intensify. This technique is nearness or closeness of a person to
used when you want to control your his audience. It is how you, as a
feelings because someone might get speaker, use space when you
hurt or you don't want people to communicate.
notice how you really feel.
Paralanguage - is a kind of non-
3. Neutralize. This technique is lexical component of communication
used when you don't want to show that you normally use every day,
any feelings while talking to sometimes consciously and other
somebody. times unconsciously. It alters or
nuance meaning and reflects your
4. Mask. This technique is used impression of the person you are
when we want to convince talking with. It also gives a hint on
somebody to do something for us; or the role and experiences you had
when we wanted to ask a favor from with that person.
that person; or when we do not want
to hurt the feelings of that person. There are three groups of
paralanguages:
c. Eye contact means looking
directly at your audience's eyes. a. Vocal characterizers include the
Making eye contact while conversing vocal aspect of the following actions:
with a person or speaking in front of yawning, whispering, snoring,
an audience is important because it yelling, laughing, smiling, crying,
shows that you are interested in moaning, groaning, sucking,
knowing who your audiences are sneezing, sighing, and hiccups.
and how they react to what you are
saying. Respect. can be gained by b. Vocal qualifiers include tone,
making eye contact with your tempo, rhythm, pitch, volume,
audience. A lack of eye contact may intensity, and extent.
mean that you are not comfortable
with your audience or you are not c. Vocal segregates include sounds
sincere. like "uh-uh", "mmm", "uh", and even
silent pauses.
d. Body stance or how you sit or
stand in front of a person or an Presuppositions are assumptions
audience can relay information about implied in speech without needing
your personality traits. Studying your confirmation. They help make
body and how you stand and move communication shorter and more
is very important. A slouch or efficient by avoiding the need to
incorrect body balance may either explain every detail.
irritate your audience or cause them
to focus on your body position Cultural and environmental
instead of your speech. conditions influence communication.
Different cultures have unique traits
that can affect understanding.
Environmental factors also send 5. Physical disabilities such as
non-verbal messages. If the receiver hearing problem or speech
understands these cultural or difficulties
environmental cues, they can adapt; -Mute
if not, communication may fail. -The use of sign languge

***TYPES OF COMMUNICATION*** ****PHYSICAL BARRIERS TO NON-

VERBAL COMMUNICATION****
1.Intrapersonal communication- 1. Language differences -
communication between you and Differences of dialect and diatype
yourself that can cause conflict

2. Interpersonal communication. 2. Expectation and prejudices-

lower your expection to that person
a. Small groups to communication -
3 to 18 people 3. Cultural differences- we used to
be sensitive and respect one
b. Public communicatio- used mic other/culture
move that the small group
CHAPTER 2: COMMUNICATION
3.Mass Commniancation - involve ETHICS
media, television, magazine, one is
to many 1.Convey your point without hurting
the feelings of the audience.
***BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION**** 2.Meet the audience half way.

1. The use of Jargons 3.Do not conceal critical information.

- terminology
4.Adhere to the ethical rules of the
2. Emotional factors company or organization.
- learn how to control your emotions.
- Also include not being comfortable 5.Maintain integrity by always being
in talking about certain topic like honest and accurate when delivering
politics, religion, sexuality, and sex, facts.
or disabilities.
6.Be responsible with your thoughts.
3. Entertaining distractions Not all thoughts ought to be spoken.
-Addicted to social media or other
platforms 7.Participate in the decision-making
-Must learn to sift happenings in your of the organization or company.
life to decipher distractions.
8.Widen your understanding of the
4. Differences in perspective different cultural backgrounds of
-Different cultures so we have people around you.
different views
-Cause of miscommunication 9.Believe in freedom of expression
and use it rightly.
10.Show respect to the one
speaking. 3.Elaborated or Understated. It is
an elaborated communication style if
11.Do not allow your bias and there is a use of rich expressions
prejudice influence how you see and and understated if there is an
hear people. extensive use of silence, pauses,
and understatements.
12.Learn how to persuade and not
coerce.
13.Express your personal 1. Interracial communication is the
convictions to pursue justice. interaction among people of different
races.
14.Share your opinions and feelings
without disrespecting the privacy and 2.Inter-ethitic communication is
confidentiality of others. the interaction among people who
have different ethnic groups.
15.Learn to accept responsibility for
the effects of your communication 3.International communication is
behavior. the interaction between persons
representing different political
16.Always make it a goal to learn structures.
from your interactions with people.
4.Intra-cultural communication is
17.Do not speak for others. Speak the interaction that includes all forms
for yourself. of communication among members
of the same racial, ethnic, and
18.Avoid always pushing your point. subculture groups.

19. Listen. Listen. Listen.

Frozen Register
CHAPTER 3: COMMUNICATION -This is the most formal register.
AND GLOBALIZATION
-The language used is fixed or
Communication styles can also be constant. It does not change in time..
direct or indirect; self-enhancing or
self-effacing; and elaborate or -The nature of the language does
understated. not require any feedback

1.Direct or Indirect. It is a direct Formal Register

communication style if messages -The language requires formal
reveal the speaker's true intention English because it is used in official
and indirect if the message and ceremonial settings.
camouflages the intention.
-The language used is of a standard
2.Self-enhancing or Self-effacing. variety and has an agreed upon
It is a self-enhancing communication vocabulary that is well-documented.
style if the message promotes
positive aspects of self and self- -The language is written without
effacing if the message emotion.
deemphasizes aspects of self.
Consultative Register
-The language used is specifically 2.Racial Identity
for the purpose of soliciting aid, Racial identity refers to the place or
support, or intervention. country where the person was born
or the race that has a greater
-In the setting, one person is influence on his personality.
deemed an expert and the other
person is the receiver of such
expertise.
Informal Register (Casual) 3.Social Class
-The language is laidback and Social class refers to the status
conversational. hierarchy of the person in the
society.
-The language is focused on gaining
information. 4.Gender and Role Identity
Gender refers to your perception of
-The language uses slangs, jargons, the roles of men and women in the
and contractions society. Role identity, on the other
hand, refers to the part or character
Informal Register (Intimate) you play in society.
-The language is casual and
personal. 5.Age
Age refers to the age group where
The language uses terms of you belong. It also includes the gaps
endearment, slangs, and/or terms created by the difference in age.
understandable only to the persons.
6.Individual personality
The setting is between persons who Individual personality refers to your
share close relationships or bonds. distinct personality and self-
reverence as molded by the different
Neutral Register contributing factors of your growing
-The language is not necessarily up years. This distinct personality
formal or informal nor is it usually will dictate how you would
positive or negative. communicate to people.

-The language sticks to facts. 7.Proxemics

Proxemics is the use of space in
-The language deals with non- communication. People from
emotional topics and information. different cultures have varying
comfort levels with physical distance
***FACTORS THAT MAY AFFECT —e.g., Middle Easterners prefer
INTERCULTURAL closer distances, while Europeans
COMMUNICATION*** and Americans are more distant.

1.Cultural Identity 8.Clothing and Physical

Cultural identity refers to what you Appearance
have absorbed from your Clothing and physical appearance
surroundings from childhood up to refer to how people present
the present. This includes your themselves and how they dress up.
attitude, values, and beliefs.
9.Paralanguage
Paralanguage refers to the factors of
speech such as accent, pitch, range,
volume, or articulation that alters the
meaning of the message.

10. Facial Expressions and Eye

Contact
Facial expressions refer to how we
move our facial muscles to send
messages.

11.Gestures and Body Stance

Gestures and body stance refer to
the body movements you use to
send a message. Your body
movements can tell your receiver
what your intention is, how you are
feeling at the moment, and what
message are you trying to convey.

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