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Cvip Notes

Computer Vision and Image Processing (CVIP) encompasses techniques for acquiring and analyzing images to extract information, with a history dating back to the 1950s. The field has evolved from basic image processing techniques to advanced deep learning models, enabling applications in various domains such as autonomous vehicles and medical imaging. Key concepts include image filtering, labeling, grouping, and morphological operations, which are essential for enhancing image quality and facilitating object recognition.

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20 views

Cvip Notes

Computer Vision and Image Processing (CVIP) encompasses techniques for acquiring and analyzing images to extract information, with a history dating back to the 1950s. The field has evolved from basic image processing techniques to advanced deep learning models, enabling applications in various domains such as autonomous vehicles and medical imaging. Key concepts include image filtering, labeling, grouping, and morphological operations, which are essential for enhancing image quality and facilitating object recognition.

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omgudadhe162162
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Computer Vision and Image Processing (CVIP) Notes

Basics of CVIP

Computer Vision and Image Processing (CVIP) involves techniques to acquire, process, and analyze images

or videos to extract meaningful information. Image Processing focuses on improving image quality, whereas

Computer Vision aims to understand and interpret the content, such as recognizing objects, scenes, and

activities.

History of CVIP

The history of CVIP dates back to the 1950s and 1960s when early research focused on enabling computers

to recognize simple shapes and text. In the 1970s, advancements in computing allowed for more complex

image analysis. Over time, the field expanded into medical imaging, satellite image processing, and industrial

applications.

Evolution of CVIP

CVIP has evolved from basic edge detection and noise filtering techniques to advanced deep learning

models like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Earlier, hand-crafted features were used for object

recognition. Today, machine learning and AI enable automatic feature extraction and high-level

decision-making, revolutionizing fields like autonomous vehicles and facial recognition.

CV Models

Common Computer Vision models include Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for image classification,

Object Detection Models like YOLO, SSD, and Segmentation Models such as U-Net, Mask R-CNN. These

models learn from large datasets and perform tasks like recognizing objects, segmenting regions, and

detecting patterns in images.

Image Filtering

Image filtering enhances or modifies an image using operations like smoothing, sharpening, or noise

reduction. Common filters include Low-pass filters to blur images, High-pass filters to detect edges, and

Median filters to remove salt-and-pepper noise. Filtering is crucial for preprocessing images before applying

complex analysis.
Computer Vision and Image Processing (CVIP) Notes

Image Representations

An image can be represented in different ways: Pixel-based Representation where images are grids of pixels,

and Feature-based Representation where key points like corners and edges represent important parts of an

image. Different representations are used depending on the task, like recognition or compression.

Image Statistics

Image statistics describe numerical features of an image like Mean and Variance (brightness and contrast),

Histogram (distribution of pixel intensities), and Entropy (measure of randomness). Statistical features help in

understanding the image content and are used in image enhancement and classification tasks.

Conditioning

Conditioning involves preparing the image for analysis by improving its quality. Techniques like smoothing,

contrast enhancement, and thresholding are applied to reduce noise and highlight important features, making

recognition tasks more accurate and efficient.

Labeling

Labeling assigns a unique label to each connected component in a binary image. It helps in identifying and

separating different objects within the same image. Algorithms like two-pass labeling are widely used to

recognize distinct regions for further analysis.

Grouping

Grouping is the process of combining similar labeled components based on their features like color, shape, or

proximity. This step is crucial in object detection and segmentation tasks where related parts of an object

must be identified together.

Extracting

Extracting involves isolating features or objects of interest from an image. Techniques like edge extraction,

blob detection, or region proposal methods are used. These extracted features are later used for matching,

classification, or tracking.
Computer Vision and Image Processing (CVIP) Notes

Matching

Matching is the process of comparing extracted features or objects with stored templates or known models to

recognize patterns. Feature descriptors like SIFT, SURF, or deep learning embeddings are used to perform

efficient matching.

Morphological Image Processing

Morphological image processing deals with the shape and structure of objects in an image. It is based on set

theory and typically applied to binary and grayscale images to extract meaningful structures or eliminate

noise.

Dilation

Dilation adds pixels to the boundaries of objects in an image. It is used to expand objects, fill small holes, and

connect adjacent structures. Structuring elements define how the dilation is performed.

Erosion

Erosion removes pixels from the object boundaries. It shrinks objects and removes small artifacts. Erosion is

typically used to separate objects that are close together.

Opening

Opening is the combination of erosion followed by dilation. It is useful for removing small objects or noise

from an image while preserving the shape and size of larger structures.

Closing

Closing is dilation followed by erosion. It is used to fill small holes and gaps in the objects' boundaries without

significantly changing their size.

Hit-or-Miss Transformation

The Hit-or-Miss transformation is used for shape detection. It identifies specific configurations of pixels in a

binary image, making it useful for recognizing particular patterns like corners or endpoints.
Computer Vision and Image Processing (CVIP) Notes

Morphological Algorithm Operations on Binary Images

In binary images, morphological operations like dilation, erosion, opening, and closing help in cleaning up the

image, segmenting objects, and preparing them for further analysis like contour detection or labeling.

Morphological Algorithm Operations on Grayscale Images

For grayscale images, morphological operations are extended by considering pixel intensity values.

Operations like grayscale dilation and erosion help in enhancing bright or dark features and removing

irrelevant noise.

Thinning

Thinning reduces the thickness of objects in a binary image to a single-pixel wide skeleton without breaking

their connectivity. It is useful in fingerprint recognition and character recognition tasks.

Thickening

Thickening is the opposite of thinning. It increases the thickness of structures in a binary image. It can be

used to highlight important structures and reinforce fragile parts of an image.

Region Growing

Region growing is a segmentation method where pixels are grouped into larger regions based on predefined

criteria like intensity similarity. Starting from a seed point, the region grows by adding neighboring pixels that

match.

Region Shrinking

Region shrinking involves reducing the size of detected regions by removing border pixels. It helps in refining

segmented regions and removing unwanted, weakly connected parts of an object.

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