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MMW-STATS

The document provides an overview of basic concepts in statistics, including definitions of data, variables, population, and sample. It classifies variables into qualitative and quantitative, and further breaks down quantitative variables into discrete and continuous types. Additionally, it outlines levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, internal, ratio) and describes four basic methods of sampling: random, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.

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Shanice Shane P. Loreto
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© © All Rights Reserved
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11 views

MMW-STATS

The document provides an overview of basic concepts in statistics, including definitions of data, variables, population, and sample. It classifies variables into qualitative and quantitative, and further breaks down quantitative variables into discrete and continuous types. Additionally, it outlines levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, internal, ratio) and describes four basic methods of sampling: random, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.

Uploaded by

Shanice Shane P. Loreto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH031 - MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

BASIC CONCEPTS OF STATISTICS


QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES CLASSIFIED AS
STATISTICS

- It is a collection of methods for DISCRETE VARIABLES


planning experiments, obtaining data, - Data that can be counted
and then analyzing, interpreting and Ex. Number of days, number of
drawing conclusions based on the data siblings, usual number of text
messages sent in day, usual daily
BASIC TERMS
allowance in school
DATA – are the values that the variables can
CONTINUOUS VARIABLES
assume
- It can be assume all values between
VARIABLE – is a characteristics that is
any two specific values like 0.5, 1.2.
observable or measurable in every unit of
etc. and data that can be measured
universe
Ex. Weight, height, body temperature
POPULATION – is the set of all possible values
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
of a variable

SAMPLE - is a subgroup of a population NOMINAL LEVEL

- This is a characterized by data that


CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
consists of names, labels, or categories
QUALITATIVE VARIABLES only
Ex. Gender, most preferred color, usual
– words or codes that represent a class
sleeping time, civil status
or category
– Express a categorical attribute ORDINAL LEVEL
Ex. gender, religion, marital status,
- This involves data that arranged in
highest educational attainment
some order, but differences between
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES data
Ex. Happiness index for the day,
- Number that represent an amount or a
highest educational attainment, the
count
rankings of tennis player, academic
- Numerical data, sizes are meaningful
excellence awards
and answer questions such as “how
many" or “how much" INTERNAL LEVEL
Ex. Height, weight, household size,
- This is the same in ordinal level, with
number of registered cars
an additional property that we can
MATH031 - MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

determine meaningful amounts of


differences between the data
Ex. Body temperature, intelligence
quotient

RATIO LEVEL

- This is an interval level modified to


include the inherent zero starting
point.
- It possesses a meaningful, absolute,
fixed zero pint and allows all
arithmetic operations
Ex. Number of siblings, weight, height

FOUR BASIC METHODS OF SAMPLING

RANDOM SAMPLING – this is done by using


change or random numbers

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING – this is done by


numbering each subject of the population and
then selecting nth number

STRATIFIED SAMPLING – if a population has a


distinct groups, it is possible to divide the
population into these groups and to draw
SRS's from each of the groups

CLUSTER SAMPLING – this method uses intact


groups called clusters

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