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Statistics and Basic terms

The document provides an overview of statistics, defining key terms such as population, sample, and census. It describes various types of sampling methods including random, convenience, stratified random, cluster, and systematic samples, along with examples for each. Additionally, it outlines the nature of data, distinguishing between quantitative and qualitative data, and discusses four levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

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ivy.tamin
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8 views

Statistics and Basic terms

The document provides an overview of statistics, defining key terms such as population, sample, and census. It describes various types of sampling methods including random, convenience, stratified random, cluster, and systematic samples, along with examples for each. Additionally, it outlines the nature of data, distinguishing between quantitative and qualitative data, and discusses four levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

Uploaded by

ivy.tamin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistics and Basic terms

Statistics– is a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, organization,


presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data.

Population--- is a complete collection of all elements ( scores, people, …) to be studied.

Census---a collection of data from every element in a population

Sample--- is a subcollection of element drawn from a population.


Example of population
and sample
1. A scientist is investigating the effectiveness of a new drug to relieves the symptoms
of hypertension. He administered the drugs to 100 adults.
Population: all adults who try the drug in the future.
Sample: 100 chosen adults
2. The guidance office at GEOM University is interested in using this year’s Grade 7
students to develop an admission formula for a new applicants.
Population:
Sample:
Types of Samples
1. Random Sample– each member of the population has an equally likely chances of
being selected. The members of the sample are chosen independently of one another.
Example: Choose the names of 25 employees out of a hat from a company of 250
employees.
2. Convenience sample--- sample that is chosen because of its convenient proximity and
accessibility to the researcher.
Example: Asking people who are present in the street, in a public building, or in a
workplace.
3. Stratified random sample--- the population is divided into subgroups, so
that each population member is in the only one subgroups. In here, individuals
are chosen randomly from each subgroups.

Example: For research, the target market is split into two strata based on
gender, where there are 2,000 males and 6,000 females. Then, for a sampling
fraction of ¼, 500 males and 1,500 females will be selected in the final sample
population.

4. Cluster sample--- is a sample that consist of items in a groups such as a


neighborhood or a household. The group may be chosen at random.

Example: A survey conducted by a company to better understand the


preferences and needs of their customers.

5. Systematic sample--- obtained using an ordered list of the population ,


thus selecting members systematically from the list.

Example: if a researcher wants to select a sample of 100 students from a


population of 1000, they could use systematic random sampling by selecting
every 10th student from a list sorted in random order.
TYPES of SAMPLES
1. Math teacher could put the names of all the students in a box ,mixing the
names without looking. Random sample
2. The math teacher could choose the four students in the fourth row.
Convenience sample
3. The teacher could mix the names of boys and choose two from the groups.
The teacher does same with for the girls. Stratified random sample
4. The math could choose a group of fours students in the corner of the last
row. Cluster sample
5. The math teacher could choose the first students in row 1, the second
student in row 2 , and third student in row 3, so on. Systematic sample
The Nature of Data
Quantitative data--- consist of numbers representing counts
or measurements.
Qualitative data– can be separated into different categories
that are distinguished by some nonnumeric characteristics.

examples:
1. Opinion on a political issues.
2. Number of hospital that has nuclear center.
3. Ages of congressman.
4. Number of students in the auditorium.
5. Occupation of the people on the gym
Four levels of Measurement
1. Nominal level---- characterized by data that consist of names, label, or categories only.
Example: The political party to which each governor belongs.
2. Ordinal level--- involves data that may be arranged in some order but differences
between data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless.
Example: A judges rates some presentation as “good”
3. Interval level---- is like the ordinal level but meaningful amounts of differences between
data can be determined. It has no inherent (natural) zero starting point.
Example: Average annual temperature in Tagaytay.
4. Ratio level--- the interval level modified to includes the inherent zero starting point
(where zero indicates the none of quantity is present).
Example: Weights of garbage discarded by households.
Examples of the level of
Measurement

_______1. Teacher rates some projects as “excellent”.


_______2. The club to which each students is a member.
_______3. Average income of the middle –class family.
_______4. Volume of water wasted.
Identify the population and sample in the given situation

1. A survey will be given to the 50 students randomly selected from the senior class at
GEOM High School.
Population: ________________________________________
Sample: ________________________________________

2. A singer selected 1000 people who bought his latest album to know what people
thought about his songs.
Population: ___________________________________
Sample: ___________________________________

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