Basic Concepts of Statistics

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Lesson 1
Basic Concepts of statistics

(First Semester 2020)

STATISTICS

DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL

Presenting Drawing Conclusions about

Organizing a Population on Sample
Summarizing Data Data

Uses Uses t-test

Mean ANOVA
Mode Chi-Square
Median Regression Analysis
Standard Deviation, etc etc

Let’s Hit These:

At the end of this lesson, the students must have:

Comprehended the basic terminologies/concepts of Statistics;
Identified the levels/scales of measurement and the different types of data.
Appreciated the different applications of Statistics.

Let’s Hit This:

 Basic Concepts of Statistics
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Let’s Get Started:

Statistics - the science that deals with the collection, tabulation or presentation, analysis, and interpretation of
numerical or quantitative data.
Collection of Data - refers to the process of obtaining numerical measurements.
Tabulation or presentation of data- refers to the organization of data into tables, graphs, or charts, so
that logical and statistical conclusions can be derived from the collected measurements.
Analysis of data- pertains to the process of extracting from the given data relevant information from
which numerical description can be formulated.
Interpretation of data - refers to the task of drawing conclusions from the analyzed data. It also
involves the formulation of forecasts or predictions about larger groups based on the data collected from
small groups.

Must watch: Introduction to Statistics

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXaJ7sa7q-8

Some applications of Statistics

Read the article entitled “Top 10 Uses of Statistics in Our Day to Day Life”.
Link: https://statanalytica.com/blog/uses-of-statistics/

Types of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics- concerned with the gathering, classification, and presentation of data and the
collection of summarizing values to describe group characteristics of the data.
 (uses measures of central tendency of variability, skewness, and kurtosis)
2. Inferential Statistics- demands a higher order of critical judgment and mathematical methods.
 aims to give information about large groups of data without dealing with each and every element of these
groups.
 Uses only a small portion of the total set of data in order to draw conclusions or judgments regarding the
entire set.
 (uses t-test, t-test, simple linear correlation, ANOVA, chi-square test, regression analysis, and time series
analysis)

Must watch: Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rA0d_LwKMu0

(A brief overview about Statistics)

Important Terms
Population - refers to the totality of objects, individuals, or reactions that can be described as having a unique
combination of qualities.
Examples: a. all nursing students
b. all high school students
c. all resort owners
Parameter – is any numerical value which describes a population.
Notations: Mean (μ), Variance (σ²), Standard Deviation (σ), Population Proportion (P or π)
Example: The average age of all nursing students is 20 years old (μ = 20).

Sample - representative part of the population.

Examples: a. selected nursing students
b. one-half of all high school students
c. 10% of the total number of resort owners
Statistic – is any numerical value which describes a sample.
Notations: Sample Mean (x̄), Sample Variance (S²), Sample Standard Deviation (S), Sample proportion
(p or p̂).
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Let’s Hit This:

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Example: Fifty percent of the representatives are male students (p = 50%).

Must watch: Population and Sample

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSHiS9XE4Tw

Constant – is a characteristic or property

(A brief overview of a population or sample which makes the members similar to each
about Statistics)
other.
Examples: a. Gender in a class of all girls
b. Gender in a seminary priesthood class

c. The value of π in the formula

Variable – is a characteristic or property of a population or sample which makes the members different from
each other.
Examples: a. Gender in FUHS class
b. Monthly Family Income
c. Family size

Scales/Levels of Measurement
1. Nominal scale – is a measurement scale that classifies elements into two or more categories or classes.

Examples: a. Sex classification (Male, Female)

b. Type of School (Private, Public)
c. Surgical Outcome (Dead, Alive)
2. Ordinal scale – is a measurement scale that ranks individuals in terms of the degree to which they possess
a characteristic
Examples: a. Anxiety level (5, 4, 3, 2, 1) 5 being the highest and 1 being the lowest level of anxiety)
b. Rank in a competition (1st place, 2nd place, 3rd place…)
c. Pain Level (Mild, Moderate, Severe)
3. Interval scale – is a measurement scale that, in addition to ordering scores from highest to lowest,
establishes a uniform unit in the scale so that any distance between two consecutive scores is of equal
magnitude.
Examples: a. Temperature (degrees Fahrenheit)
b. Sea Level
4. Ratio scale – is a measurement scale that, in addition to being an interval scale, also has an absolute zero
in the scale. Ex.: height, weight, volume, speed, rate of doing work, money deposited in a bank.
. Examples: a. speed
b. weight
c. volume
d. rate of doing work
e. money deposited in a bank.

Must watch: Levels of Measurement:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eghn__C7JLQ

Classification of overview
(A brief Variablesabout Statistics)
1. Dependent variable – a variable which is affected by another variable.
Examples: a. test scores
b. salary
c. area of a circle
2. Independent variable – a variable which affects the dependent variable.
Examples: a. number of hours spent in studying
b. number of working days
c. radius of a circle

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Data – are facts, or set of information gathered or under study.

Classification of Data
1. Quantitative data –are numerical in nature and therefore meaningful arithmetic can be done.
Examples: a. age
b. weight
c. height
2. Qualitative data (or Categorical Data) –are attributes which cannot be subjected to meaningful arithmetic.
Examples: a. sex
b. attitude
c. religion
Quantitative or numerical data gathered about the population or samples can be further classified into:
1. Discrete data – assume exact values only and can be obtained by counting.
Examples: a. number of students in a Statistics class
b. score in a 20-item quiz
c. number of pregnant women
2. Continuous data – assume infinite values within a specified interval and can be obtained by measurement.
Examples: a. height
b. weight
c. length of the shadow

Must watch: Classifications/Types of Data

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlgA8OMgLxE

(A brief overview about Statistics)

2 Types of Data
1. Primary data - refer to information which are gathered directly from an original source, or which are based
on direct or first-hand experience.
Examples: first person accounts, autobiographies, diaries
2. Secondary data - refer to information which are taken from published or unpublished data which were
previously gathered by other individuals or agencies.
Examples: published books, magazines, newspapers, business reports, biographies

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Let’s Do This:

Activity No. 1
Basic Concepts of Statistics

Name: ____________________ Score: ____________________

I. Classify each of the following as population or sample.

1. Selected sophomore students Sample
2. All mothers of high school students Population
3. Thirty representative frolics dancers Sample
4. All Greyhound students Population
5. All graduating students Population
II. Classify the given variable as discrete or continuous.
6. Number of blue marbles in a jar Discrete
7. Height of the building Continous
8. Number of students present in a Statistics class Discrete
9. Students’ grade level Discrete
10. Distance traveled between towns Continous
III. Classify the type of measurement as nominal, ordinal, ratio or interval.
11. Blood type (A, B, AB, O) nominal
12. Education level (elementary, secondary, college) ordinal
13. Pulse rate interval
14. Annual income ratio
15. Temperature (ºC) interval
IV. Determine whether the following are qualitative or quantitative data.
16. Sizes of t-shirts Qualitative
17. Number of qualified PHCCI members Quantitative
18. Religious preference Qualitative
19. Volume of water Quantitative
20. Colors of blouses in a department store Qualitative

Note: Turn in this activity in our Google Classroom.

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Methods Used in the Collection of Data

1. The Direct or Interview method

 is a method of person-to-person exchange between the interviewer and the interviewee
 provides consistent and more precise information since classification maybe given by the
interviewee.
2. The Indirect or Questionnaire Method
 in this method, written responses are given to prepared questions.
 Inexpensive and can cover a wide area in a shorter span of time.
3. The Registration Method
 this method of gathering information is enforced by certain laws.(example: registration of births,
deaths, motor vehicles, marriages, and licenses.)
4. Observation Method
 in this method, the investigator observes the behavior of persons or organizations and their
outcomes.
5. The Experiment Method
 this method is used when the objective is to determine the cause and effect relationship of certain
phenomena under controlled conditions.

Sampling

 It is a shortcut method for investigating a whole population

 The data are gathered on a small part of the whole population and used to inform what the whole picture
is like

Why Sample?
In reality there is simply not enough time, energy, money, labor or man power, equipment, access to
suitable sites to measure every single item or site within the whole population. Therefore an appropriate
sampling strategy is adopted to obtain a representative, and statistically valid sample of the whole.

2 Types of Sampling Techniques

I. Probability Sampling
II. Non-Probability Sampling

I. Probability Sampling
Probability sampling is a sampling technique wherein the samples are gathered in a process that gives
all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected.This enables researchers to make statistical
inferences (i.e., generalizations) from the sample being studied to the population of interest.
Source:
Explorable.com (Oct 10, 2009). Probability Sampling and Randomization. Retrieved Aug 09, 2020 from
Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/probability-sampling

Types of Probability Sampling (Crossman, 2020)

a. Simple Random Sample

The simple random sample is the basic sampling method assumed in statistical methods and
computations. To collect a simple random sample, each unit of the target population is assigned a number. A set
of random numbers is then generated and the units having those numbers are included in the sample.
Example:
Let’s say you have a population of 1,000 people and you wish to choose a simple random sample of 50
people. First, each person is numbered 1 through 1,000. Then, you generate a list of 50 random numbers
(typically with a computer program) and those individuals assigned those numbers are the ones you include in
the sample.

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b. Systematic Sample
In a systematic sample, the elements of the population are put into a list and then every kth element in
the list is chosen (systematically) for inclusion in the sample.
Example:
If the population of study contained 2,000 students at a high school and the researcher wanted a
sample of 100 students, the students would be put into list form and then every 20th student would be selected
for inclusion in the sample. To ensure against any possible human bias in this method, the researcher should
select the first individual at random. This is technically called a systematic sample with a random start.
c. Stratified Sample
A stratified sample is a sampling technique in which the researcher divided the entire target population
into different subgroups, or strata, and then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the different
strata. This type of sampling is used when the researcher wants to highlight specific subgroups within the
population.
Example:
To obtain a stratified sample of university students, the researcher would first organize the population by
college class and then select appropriate numbers of freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors. This ensures
that the researcher has adequate amounts of subjects from each class in the final sample.

d. Cluster Sample
Cluster sampling may be used when it is either impossible or impractical to compile an exhaustive list of
the elements that make up the target population. Usually, however, the population elements are already
grouped into subpopulations and lists of those subpopulations already exist or can be created.
Example:
Let’s say the target population in a study was church members in the United States. There is no list of
all church members in the country. The researcher could, however, create a list of churches in the United
States, choose a sample of churches, and then obtain lists of members from those churches.

Source: Crossman, Ashley. "The Different Types of Sampling Designs in Sociology." ThoughtCo, Feb. 11, 2020, thoughtco.com/sampling-
designs-used-in-sociology-3026562.

Must watch: Types of Sampling Techniques

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PaR1TsvnJs

Must Read: Probability Sampling: Definition, Types, Examples, Steps and Advantages
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/probability-sampling/

II. Non-Probability Sampling

Non-probability sampling is a sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a process that
does not give all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected.
Types of Non-Probability Sampling
a. Convenience Sample
Relying on available subjects, such as stopping people on a street corner as they pass by, is one
method of sampling. This method does not allow the researcher to have any control over the representativeness
of the sample. It is only justified if the researcher wants to study the characteristics of people passing by the
street corner at a certain point in time or if other sampling methods are not possible. The researcher must also
take caution to not use results from a convenience sample to generalize to a wider population.
b. Purposive or Judgmental Sample
A purposive, or judgmental, sample is one that is selected based on the knowledge of a population and
the purpose of the study.
Example:
If a researcher is studying the nature of school spirit as exhibited at a school pep rally, he or she might
interview people who did not appear to be caught up in the emotions of the crowd or students who did not attend
the rally at all. In this case, the researcher is using a purposive sample because those being interviewed fit a
specific purpose or description.
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c. Snowball Sample
 A snowball sample is appropriate to use in research when the members of a population are difficult to
locate, such as homeless individuals, migrant workers, or undocumented immigrants. A snowball sample is one
in which the researcher collects data on the few members of the target population he or she can locate, then
asks those individuals to provide information needed to locate other members of that population whom they
know.
Example:
If a researcher wishes to interview undocumented immigrants from Mexico, he or she might interview a
few undocumented individuals that he or she knows or can locate and would then rely on those subjects to help
locate more undocumented individuals. This process continues until the researcher has all the interviews he or
she needs or until all contacts have been exhausted.
d. Quota Sample
A quota sample is one in which units are selected into a sample on the basis of pre-specified
characteristics so that the total sample has the same distribution of characteristics assumed to exist in the
population being studied.
Example:
If a researcher conducting a national quota sample, he might need to know what proportion of the
population is male and what proportion is female as well as what proportions of each gender fall into different
age categories, race or ethnic categories, educational categories, etc. He would then collect a sample with the
same proportions as the national population.

Source: Crossman, Ashley. "The Different Types of Sampling Designs in Sociology." ThoughtCo, Feb. 11, 2020, thoughtco.com/sampling-
designs-used-in-sociology-3026562.

Summary:

2 Types of Sampling Techniques

Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling

Simple Random Sample Convenience Sample

Systematic Purposive or Judgmental

Sample

Stratified Snowball Sample

Cluster Qouta Sample

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Let’s Do This:

Activity No. 2
Sampling Techniques and Data Collection

Name: QUEENIE E. BUTALID Score: ____________________

I. Identify the sampling technique (Simple Random, stratified, cluster, purposive, quota,
systematic, convenience) used in each situation. (2 points each)

Simple Random1. Bobbie wants to identify the perceptions of the IT students on their preference on the
teaching methods of their instructors. He divides the population according to their year level and
selects a sample within these levels.
Systematic sample 2. In order for Ian to evaluate the efficiency of a telephone company, he selects every
25th subscriber listed in the directory.
Simple random 3. There are 100 sacks of rice. The owner examines a random sample of 10 sacks and
identifies the weight of each.
Purposive 4. A teacher wants to study the perceptions of the students regarding the tuition fee increase. He
uses his entire class so that he can easily gather and analyze the data.
Simple random 5. The restaurant owners want to know the feedback of their customers on the services
and food that they offer. They then select their first 50 costumers and analyze their responses.
Stratified Sample 6. Mae wants to identify the job satisfaction level of the teachers in Dumaguete City who
are in the teaching profession for 10 years and are masters’ degree holders. She then identifies
the qualified teachers from the lists that she obtained from the respective school principals.
Simple Random 7. A Mathematics teacher wants to involve her students in an activity that will be
participated by only 10 students. She then writes the names of her students in a piece of paper,
which are then rolled. She selects the lucky 10 students by picking up names on rolled paper
placed on a bowl.

II. Identify the method used in the collection of data (direct or interview, indirect or
questionnaire, registration, observation, experiment). (2 points each

Registration 1. This method of gathering information is enforced by certain laws.

Observation 2. In this method, the researcher observes the behavior of persons or organizations and
their outcomes.
Experiment 3. This method is used when the objective is to determine the cause and effect relationship
of certain phenomena under controlled condition.
Interview 4. It is a method of person-to-person exchange between the interviewer and the interviewee.
Questionnaire 5. In this method, written responses are given to prepared questions.

Note: Note: Turn in this activity in our Google Classroom.