STATISTICS AND PROB GRADE 11 | SEM 02 (Lesson 1)

STATISTICS DIVISION OF STATISTICS

Statistics is the science that deals with the 1. Descriptive Statistics
collection, organization and ➔ is a group of statistical
presentation, analysis and interpretation measurements that aims to provide
of all kinds of data pertinent to the study the basic characteristics of a data
being considered, so that meaningful
set through tables and graphs and
conclusions can be drawn.
other descriptive measures such
as measures of central tendency,
FOUR ESSENTIAL PROCESS IN measures of position, and
STATISTICS
measures of variation.
1. Collection of Data 2. Inferential Statistics
➔ refers to the gathering of related ➔ aims to infer or to make
information such as: (a) what is interpretations by making a
useful and needed, (b) where to concluding statement about the
get the information, and (c) how population based on the result
to get the information. derived from a data set. Measures
include analysis of variance, t-test,
2. Organization and Presentation of Chi-Square test, correlation, and
data. regression analysis.
➔ refers to the systematic way of
organizing data. It involves (a) DATA VS. INFORMATION
collecting, (b) classifying and Data is a body of information or
arraying, and (c) presenting data observations being considered by the
gathered in preparation to its researchers.
analysis. Information is processed data and
becomes the basis of decision-making.
3. Analysis of Data
➔ refers to extracting relevant CONSTANT VS. VARIABLE
information from the data at hand. It Constant are characteristics that does not
involves (a) comparison and vary.
contrast, (b) description, and (c)
statistical measurements to Variable are characteristics that varies.
come up with numerical values
and qualitative summary as a WAYS IN CLASSIFYING DATA
resulting conclusion.
ACCORDING TO NATURE
4. Interpretation of Data
1. QUANTITATIVE DATA OR
➔ refers to drawing of logical
NUMERICAL DATA – are those
statements from the analyzed
obtained variables which are in the
information. It involves (a)
form of numbers.
generalizing, (b) forecasting, and
Example: age, height, weight, amount
recommending solutions and
interventions about the study.
 2. QUALITATIVE DATA OR
LEVELS OF DATA (SCALES OF
CATEGORICAL DATA – are those MEASUREMENT)
obtained variables that are in the
forms of categories, characteristics, NOMINAL SCALE - it is the lowest level of
data measurement where the values for the
names or labels.
variables are used for identification
Example: gender, socio-economic status, purposes only and it does not signify any
civil status. quantitative values.

ACCORDING TO SOURCE ORDINAL SCALE - It has all the properties

1. PRIMARY DATA– are first hand of the nominal scale, but the numbers
information where the person who collected obtained also give the order of the values.
Hence, it is used only in variables that
the data is the one using it.
Involve ranking process.
Example: data gathered from survey
INTERVAL SCALE - It has all the properties
2. SECONDARY DATA – are second-hand
of the ordinal scale. The intervals between
information. The data being used are
values in a set interval data are consistent
collected by another person or organization.
and meaningful, but it does not involve
Example: information in the newspaper,
true zero.
journals.
ACCORDING TO ARRANGEMENT RATIO SCALE - It has all the properties of
1. UNGROUPED DATA – are the data the interval scale. In this level, there are
without specific order or arrangement. They true zero point and multiplication and
are referred to as RAW DATA. division of measurements can be
2. GROUPED DATA – are data arranged or performed.
tabulated and presented in an organized
manner.
EXPERIMENT VS. OUTCOME
EXPERIMENT is any activity with an
QUANTITATIVE DATA
observable results. Tossing a coin, rolling a
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING
die, or choosing a card are all considered
TO MEASUREMENT
experiments.
1. DISCRETE DATA – are those obtained OUTCOME (SAMPLE POINT) is the result
from counting process where data are of an experiment.
whole numbers SAMPLE SPACE is the set of all possible
Example: household size, number of cans outcome.
of sardines
TREE DIAGRAM - It is simply a way of
2. CONTINUOUS DATA – are those representing a sequence of events. Tree
obtained through the measuring process diagrams are particularly useful in
where data are values that may be in probability since they record all possible
decimals or fractions
outcomes in a clear and uncomplicated
Example: inflation rate, weight, height
manner.