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Computer_project

The document provides an overview of software, categorizing it into system and application software, and further detailing types such as operating systems and utility software. It also explains Boolean logic and the seven basic logic gates used in digital circuits, including AND, OR, and NOT gates. Additionally, it discusses various number systems, including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal, highlighting their base values and uses.

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sinkusomsagar10
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2 views

Computer_project

The document provides an overview of software, categorizing it into system and application software, and further detailing types such as operating systems and utility software. It also explains Boolean logic and the seven basic logic gates used in digital circuits, including AND, OR, and NOT gates. Additionally, it discusses various number systems, including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal, highlighting their base values and uses.

Uploaded by

sinkusomsagar10
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer

project
Software- software is a collection of
instructions, data, or computer
programs that are used to run
machines and carry out particular
activities. It is the antithesis of
hardware, which refers to a
computer’s external components. A
device’s running programs, script
and application are collectively
referred to as “software” in this
context.

Types of
software
There are mainly two types of
software:
(i) System software
(ii) Application software
These can be divided into three
more types of software each:
(i) System software
(a)Operating System
(b)Language processor
(c) Device driver
(ii)Application Software
(a)General purpose software
(b)Customize software
(c) Utility software
Here is a figure for better
understanding :
Boolean Logic
What is Boolean logic or logic gate?
A logic gate is a device that acts as
a building block for digital circuits.
They perform basic logical
functions that are fundamental to
digital circuits. Most electronic
devices we use today will have
some form of logic gates in them.
For example, logic gates can be
used in digital electronics such as
smartphones and tablets or in
memory devices.

Basic logic
gates
There are seven basic logic gates:
AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR and
XNOR.

(i) AND GATE:

The AND gate is named so


because, if 0 is false and 1 is
true, the gate acts in the
same way as the logical "and"
operator. The following
illustration and table show
the circuit symbol and logic
combinations for an AND
gate. (In the symbol, the
input terminals are on the
left, and the output terminal
is on the right.) The output is
"true" when both inputs are
"true." Otherwise, the output
is "false." In other words, the
output is 1 only when both
inputs are 1.

(ii) OR GATE:
The OR gate gets its name from
behaving like the logical inclusive
"or." The output is true if one or
both of the inputs are true. If both
inputs are false, then the output
is false. In other words, for the
output to be 1, at least one input
must be 1.
(iii) NOT GATE:
A logical inverter, sometimes
called a NOT gate to differentiate
it from other types of electronic
inverter devices, has only one
input. A NOT gate reverses the
logic state. If the input is 1, then
the output is 0. If the input is 0,
then the output is 1.

(iv) XOR GATE:


The XOR (exclusive-OR) gate acts
in the same way as the logical
"either/or." The output is true if
either, but not both, of the inputs
are true. The output is false if
both inputs are "false" or if both
inputs are true. Similarly, the
output is 1 if the inputs are
different but 0 if the inputs are
the same.

(v) NAND GATE:


The NAND (Negated AND) gate
operates as an AND gate followed
by a NOT gate. It acts in the
manner of the logical operation
"and" followed by negation. The
output is false if both inputs are
true. Otherwise, the output is
true. Another way to visualize it is
that a NAND gate inverts the
output of an AND gate. The NAND
gate symbol is an AND gate with
the circle of a NOT gate at the
output.

(vi) NOR GATE:


The NOR (NOT OR) gate is a
combination OR gate followed by an
inverter. Its output is true if both
inputs are false. Otherwise, the
output is false.

(vii) XNOR GATE:


The XNOR (exclusive-NOR) gate is
a combination of an XOR gate
followed by an inverter. Its output
is true if the inputs are the same
and false if the inputs are
different.

NUMBER
SYSTEM
A Number system or numeral
system is defined as an
elementary system to express
numbers and figures. It is the
unique way of representing of
numbers in arithmetic and
algebraic structure.
Types of Number Systems

Based on the base value and the


number of allowed digits, number
systems are of many types. The
four common types of Number
systems are:
 Decimal Number System
 Binary Number System

 Octal Number System

 Hexadecimal Number System

Decimal Number System


A number system with a base value
of 10 is termed a Decimal number
system. It uses 10 digits i.e. 0-9 for
the creation of numbers. Here,
each digit in the number is at a
specific place with a place value of
a product of different powers of 10.
Here, the place value is termed
from right to left as the first place
value called units, second to the
left as Tens, so on Hundreds,
Thousands, etc. Here, units have a
place value of 100, tens have a
place value of 101, hundreds as
102, thousands as 103, and so on.
For example, 12265 has place
values as,
(1 × 104) + (2 × 103) + (2 × 102) +
(6 × 101) + (5 × 100)
= (1 × 10000) + (2 × 1000) + (2 ×
100) + (6 × 10) + (5 × 1)
= 10000 + 2000 + 200 + 60 + 5
= 12265
Binary Number System
A number System with a base value
of 2 is termed a Binary number
system. It uses 2 digits i.e. 0 and 1
for the creation of numbers. The
numbers formed using these two
digits are termed Binary Numbers.
The binary number system is very
useful in electronic devices and
computer systems because it can
be easily performed using just two
states ON and OFF i.e. 0 and 1.
Decimal Numbers 0-9 are
represented in binary as 0, 1, 10,
11, 100, 101, 110, 111, 1000, and
1001
For example, 14 can be written as
1110, 19 can be written as 10011,
and 50 can be written as 110010.
Here 14 can be written as 1110
Octal Number System
Octal Number System is one in
which the base value is 8. It uses 8
digits i.e. 0-7 for the creation of
Octal Numbers. Octal Numbers can
be converted to Decimal values by
multiplying each digit with the
place value and then adding the
result. Here the place values are
80, 81, and 82. Octal Numbers are
useful for the representation of
UTF8 Numbers. Example,
(81)10 can be written as (121)8
(125)10 can be written as (175)8
Hexadecimal Number System
A number System with a base value
of 16 is known as Hexadecimal
Number System. It uses 16 digits
for the creation of its numbers.
Digits from 0-9 are taken like the
digits in the decimal number
system but the digits from 10-15
are represented as A-F i.e. 10 is
represented as A, 11 as B, 12 as C,
13 as D, 14 as E, and 15 as F.
Hexadecimal Numbers are useful
for handling memory address
locations. Examples,
(5440)10 can be written as
(1540)16
(4265)10 can be written as
(10A9)16
Hex
adec 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
imal

Deci 1 1 1 1 1 1
01234567 89
mal 0 1 2 3 4 5

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