Gender Culture

and
Deviance
Lecturer: Ms. Elaine Joyce C. Onor, LPT
 GENDER AND
DEVELOPMENT

Philippine Commission on Women defined Gender and

Development as the development perspective and
process that is participatory and empowering, equitable,
sustainable, free from violence, respectful of human
rights, supportive of self-determination and actualization
of human potentials.
 HOW GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT STARTED?
Developed in the 1980s as an alternative to the Women in Development (WID) approach.
Focuses on societal roles and expectations assigned to both men and women, rather than
solely on women.
Applies gender analysis to understand collaboration between genders, presenting findings in
terms of economics and competence.
Primarily emphasizes two frameworks:
Gender Roles Analysis:
Examines the social construction of identities within households.
Reveals expectations associated with "maleness" and "femaleness" in accessing
resources.
Social Relations Analysis:
Investigates hierarchical power relations within social institutions.
Determines the influence on the relative positions of men and women in society.
Aims to create gender equality by redefining traditional gender role expectations, ensuring
women have the same opportunities as men, including participation in the public sphere.
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
Philippine Plan for Gender and Development (1995-2025)
National plan promoting full equality and development for men and
women.
Approved by President Fidel V. Ramos via Executive No. 273 on
September 8, 1995.
IN PHILIPPINES

Successor to the Philippine Development Plan for Women (1989-1992).

DENR Administrative Order No. 98 – 15 (1998)

Revised guidelines for Gender and Development (GAD) activities in the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).
Strengthens DENR GAD Focal Point System.
Promotes “Partnership of Empowered Men and Women for Sustainable
Development.”
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
Republic Act No. 9710 (2009)
Known as the Magna Carta of Women.
Mandates non-discriminatory and pro-gender equality measures.
Ensures women's participation in policy formulation, implementation, and
evaluation at all levels of development.
IN PHILIPPINES

Memorandum Circular No. 2011 – 01 (2011)

Issued to all government departments and agencies.
Provides guidelines for establishing, strengthening, and institutionalizing
the GAD Focal Point System (GFPS).
SOCIETY BEFORE THE GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
Gender stereotypes are inaccurate generalizations of male and female attributes, as they
do not accurately represent the unique desires, thoughts, and feelings of each individual.
 LGBTQ+ CULTURE
IN THE PHILIPPINES

LGBTQ+ in the Philippines have a distinctive culture but

face limited legal rights.
Gays and lesbians are more tolerated than fully accepted
in Filipino society.
Despite progress in rights and acceptance,
discrimination against the LGBTQ community persists.
"Bakla" is a common term for homosexual men, while
lesbians are often called "Alfa" or "Lesbian."
 Gender crossing practices date back to pre-colonial Philippines.
Babaylans, female spiritual leaders, could also be males who crossed genders,
known as asog.
Effeminate individuals were treated gently during raids, similar to women
except for childbearing.
Movements for gay acceptance in the Philippines include:
Home of the Golden Gays by Justo Justo.
1980 Women's Movement focusing on lesbian struggles.
Formation of The Lesbian Collective, the first formal lesbian organization.
First LGBT Pride March in Asia, held in Manila on June 26, 1994, organized
HISTORY

by Pro-Gay Philippines and Metropolitan Community Church Manila.

Debate exists over whether the first pride march was in 1994 or 1996
Despite these efforts, the LGBT community has become generally accepted and
continues to initiate efforts for greater acceptance, protection, and
empowerment.
 REPRESENTATION IN
INDIGENOUS MYTHOLOGIES

SULUDNON MYTHOLOGY

it contains stories of female

binukots (well-kept
maidens) who transformed
BATHALA/HARI into male warriors.
Nagmalitong Yawa
According to Jean-Paul transformed into the
Potet (2017), early Spanish warrior Buyong
accounts of the Tagalog Sumasakay to rescue
religion depict Bathala as Buyong Humadapnon.
gender-ambiguous, Matan-ayon
potentially using an epicene transformed into
LAKAPATI term, while the Tagalog Buyong Makalimpong
word "hari" (sovereign) is after battles and
similarly gender-neutral, reverting to her original
The Transgender Goddess
applicable to both male and form after resolving
of fertility and Agriculture
Laonsina's conflict.
female rulers.
Bakla and Bading General Terms:
Tagalog terms for men with feminine mannerisms or "Gay" in the Philippines can
who identify as women. refer to any LGBT person.
Culturally visible subset of gay men in the Philippines. "Paglaladlad ng kapa"
Often considered a third gender, embodying femininity (unfurling the cape) or simply
(pagkababae) in a male body. "paglaladlad."
Despite derogatory use, many bakla individuals Butch and femme lesbians
embrace the term. may use "magic" or "shunggril."
"Paminta" describes masculine
Tibo or Tibs gay men.
Terms often used derogatorily for lesbians. Neutral slang for gay men
Recently embraced by the community, used jokingly includes "billy boy," "badette,"
among each other. "badaf," and "bading."
"Tibo" typically refers to more masculine lesbians
(Butch).
RIGHTS
The Philippines has been a vocal advocate for same-sex marriage, but no legislation
has been passed.
The Philippine Commission on Elections (COMELEC) disqualified the LGBT political
party Ladlad from running in the 2007 general election due to lack of nationwide
membership. However, the Supreme Court overturned COMELEC's decision in April
2010, allowing Ladlad to participate in the 2010 elections.
The Philippines is one of the most gay-friendly
nations in the world and Asia, ranking 10th in a
survey of 39 countries. A Pew Research Center
survey found that 73% of adult Filipinos agreed
that "homosexuality should be accepted by
society," a significant increase from 64% in
2002.
LGBTQ+ RIGHTS BILL (SOGIE BILL)
The House of Representatives approved the Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity and
Expression Equality (SOGIE) Bill on 20 September 2017, with lawmakers voting 198-0.
Violations of this bill result in penalties of P100,000 to P500,000 and imprisonment for one
to six years.

Prohibited Acts:
Gender Profiling
Denying or revoking a professional or other similar kinds of license, or clearance, except a
marriage license, issued by the government.
Denying access to public service, including military service including SOGIE as criteria for
human resource action..
Refusing admission or expelling a person from any educational or training institution.
Denying a person access to public or private medical and other health services open to
the general public
SWARDSPEAK (GAY LINGO)
It is cant or argot derived from Taglish (Tagalog-English pidgin) used by the Filipino
LGBT community.
Uses elements of Tagalog, English, Spanish, and Japanese, celebrities' names, and
trademarked brands, giving them new meanings in different contexts.
Uses words from indigenous languages like Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray, and Bicolano.

Swardspeak, a language used by the LGBT community, allows speakers to identify as

homosexual, promoting recognition and resistance to cultural assimilation. However, it has
also gained use by straight individuals in industries like fashion and film.
 Open Table MCC Church in Mandaluyong cites freedom of religion to conduct holy
unions for same-sex couples, although these are not legally recognized.
Ang Ladlad, an LGBT political party in the Philippines, represents the LGBT
community and participated in the 2013 party elections after government
recognition.
LGBT NGOs and transnational networks promote global goals and strategies, like
the anti-discrimination bill prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation
and gender identity.
The "immoRALLY" protest occurred after COMELEC's 2010 rejection of Ang Ladlad's
petition for party-list accreditation, bringing together various LGBT and political
POLICTICS

organizations.
Geraldine Roman became the first transgender person elected to the Philippine
Congress and advocates for anti-discrimination legislation.
Notable LGBT appointees include Aiza Seguerra and Amell Ignacio, appointed by
Former President Rodrigo Duterte to government positions, along with Dindi Tan.
The Communist Party of the Philippines recognized same-sex relationships within
its membership since 1998.
 MEDIA
The Philippine media and show business significantly impact LGBT culture, with prominent
LGBT celebrities like Vice Ganda and Boy Abunda featured in major programs and
endorsements

Gay stereotypes Lesbian stereotypes Transgender

Feminine gays: Often Butch-femme dichotomy: Die Beautiful (2016):
cross-dress and exhibit Masculine-feminine roles Comedy-drama about a
stereotypically feminine in lesbian couples. transgender beauty
traits
queen, won awards at
Markova: Comfort Gay. Femme-to-femme Tokyo International
Aishite Imasu: 1941: relationships: Often Film Festival.
Mahal Kita portrayed as ridiculed or
Ang Pagdadalaga ni abused.
Maximo Oliveros The Rich Man’s
Petrang Kabayo Daughter (2015),
Baka Bukas (2016).
Masculine gays: Appear
masculine but are attracted
to the same sex.
In My Life
 EVENTS
Metro Manila Pride Marches Can't Live in the Closet: Lesbian activist group in Metro
Manila
2015 - Fight For Love Lesbian Advocates Philippines (LeAP)
2016 - Let Love Lunduyan ng Sining (Sanctuary of Art)
2017 - #HereTogether IWAG
2018 - #RiseUpTogether Northern Samar LGBT Community (NSLGBT)
2019 - #ResistTogether GAHUM
Rainbow Rights (R-Rights) Philippines (formerly the Rainbow
Advocacy Rights Project)
Society of Transsexual Women of the Philippines (STRAP)
Alpha Nu PinoyFTM
USeP Maharlika Order of St. Aelred
PUP Kabaro Gorgeous and Young (GAY
UP Babaylan
Philippine Financial and Inter-Industry Pride
Doll House
ProGay Philippines (Progressive UPLB Babaylan
Organization of Gays in the Metro Manila Pride
Philippines) Quezon City Pride Council (QCPC)
Open Table Metropolitan Community Equality Philippines (EqualityPH)
Church True Colors Coalition (TCC)
 HIV/AIDS

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) harms the

immune system by destroying a type of white blood cell
that helps the body fight infection. This puts people at risk
for serious infections and certain cancers.

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) It is the

final stage of infection with HIV. It happens when the
body's immune system is badly damaged because of the
virus. Not everyone with HIV develops AIDS.
 HOW DOES HIV SPREAD? WHO IS AT RISK FOR
HIV INFECTION?
HIV can spread in different ways:
Anyone can get HIV, but some groups are at
Through unprotected sex with a person
higher risk:
with HIV. This is the most common way
People with another sexually transmitted
that it spreads.
disease (STD) have increased risk of
By sharing drug needles.
getting or spreading HIV.
Through contact with the blood of a
People who inject drugs using shared
person with HIV.
needles.
From mother to baby during pregnancy,
Gay and bisexual men, particularly those
childbirth, or breastfeeding
who are Black/African American or
Hispanic/Latino American.
People who engage in risky sexual
behaviors, such as not using condoms.
 SYMPTOMS OF HIV/AIDS

Early symptoms (acute HIV infection) Chronic HIV infection:

Fever Often no symptoms.

Chills If untreated, HIV weakens the
Rash immune system over time
Night sweats
Muscle aches Progression to AIDS
Sore throat (late-stage HIV infection)
Fatigue
Swollen lymph nodes Immune system severely
Mouth ulcers damaged.
Symptoms appear 2-4 weeks after Increased risk of severe
infection and may come and go. infections (opportunistic
infections).
 WHAT ARE THE TREATMENTS FOR
HIV/AIDS?

No cure for HIV, but it can be treated

with antiretroviral therapy (ART).
HOW DO I KNOW IF I HAVE HIV?
ART makes HIV a manageable
chronic condition and reduces the
HIV can be detected through a blood
risk of transmission.
test.
People on ART can live long, healthy
Testing can be done by a health care
lives with proper treatment and self-
provider or at home with a testing
care.
kit.
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle,
The CDC Testing Locator helps find
support system, and regular medical
free testing sites.
care improves quality of life.
PREVENTING HIV/AIDS: KEY POINTS
Get tested for HIV regularly.
Engage in safer sexual behaviors:
Limit the number of sexual partners.
Use latex or polyurethane condoms every time during sex.
Get tested and treated for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
Avoid injecting drugs.
Consider HIV prevention medicines:
PrEP (Pre-exposure prophylaxis): Daily medicine for individuals at high risk of HIV.
PEP (Post-exposure prophylaxis): Emergency medicine taken within 72 hours after
potential HIV exposure.
 DEVIANT BEHAVIOR

Deviant behavior refers to actions that exceed the

expected or approved behavior of a group.
It can be tolerated, approved, or disapproved by the
group.
Deviance varies across societies; what is considered
deviant in one society may not be in another.
Behavior seen as deviant in a specific society, place, or
time may not be viewed the same way in the future.
 1. Social Pathology- Physical or mental illness, malfunctions, or deformities cause
deviant behavior.
Solutions: Education, re-education, hospitalization, rehabilitation, imprisonment,
capital punishment.
2. Biological Theory- Behavior results from genetic aberrations.
Cesare Lombroso: Italian criminologist; claimed criminals exhibit "animalistic"
physical traits (e.g., large jaws, high cheekbones).
Charles Goring: British physician; found no significant physical differences between
criminals and non-criminals.
Witkin (1976): Suggested that prisoners with an extra Y chromosome (XYY) might
THEORIES

have a predisposition to deviance.

Danish study: Men with an extra Y chromosome are speculated to be less intelligent
and more prone to being caught by police.
Solutions: Education, re-education, hospitalization, rehabilitation, imprisonment,
capital punishment, behavior modification.
 3. Psychological Theory- Behavior arises from inner tensions, the inability to control
impulses, or the failure to structure behavior normally.
Solutions: Psychiatry, psychological counseling, hospitalization, rehabilitation, shock
therapy.
4. Social Disorganization Theory- Deviant behavior stems from breaking societal
norms, laws, and values.
Solutions: Modification or rehabilitation of disorganized societal systems.
5. Labeling Theory- Deviant behavior results from society labeling behaviors as deviant.
Solutions: Relabeling or delabeling individuals previously considered deviant (e.g.,
criminals, prostitutes, schizophrenic).
THEORIES

6. Anomie Theory (Structural Stress Theory)- Deviance arises when individuals are
denied access to accepted means to achieve approved goals.
Durkheim: introduced "anomie" as a society where social norms are weak or
conflicting, leading to joblessness and illegitimacy, causing individuals to resort to
illegal means.
Solutions: Ensure access to approved goals and promote equal opportunities for all.
 7. Conflict Theory- Deviant behavior results from an unjust social structure with
unequal distribution of wealth and power.
Moderates' Solution: Propose reforms in social institutions.
Radicals' Solution: Advocate for a revolutionary overhaul to achieve equal wealth,
power, and prestige distribution.

8. Cultural Transmission (Differential Association Theory)- Deviance is learned

through socialization and transmission of norms within a group or community.
Solutions: Focus on education, re-education, positive role models, hospitalization,
THEORIES

rehabilitation, imprisonment, fines, censures, and capital punishment.

POSITIVE FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL DEVIATIONDS

Social deviations result from legitimate and conventional controls.

Social deviance raises awareness of potential dangers linked to such deviations.
Recognizing deviance helps groups define the limits of tolerance for certain norms
and standards.
A certain level of deviance can ensure the safety of individuals and reduce societal
strain.
Deviance acts as a warning signal for societal imperfections, potentially leading to
changes that improve morale and efficiency.
 TYPES OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR AND THE MEANS OF
INDIVIDUALADAPTATION

Innovators Ritualists Retreatists Rebels

Accept societal Abandon societal Are those who Reject both societal
goals but disregard goals but strictly abandon both the goals and means,
conventional follow prescribed cultural goals and but seek to
means. norms. the prescribed establish new
means to achieve norms or goals.
Example: Example: them.
Government Religious Example: Rebel
officials and fanatics; Example: Drug soldiers; New
low-wage employees who addicts, hippies, People’s Army.
earners who follow work alcoholics.
commit graft routines without
and corruption engagement.
for a better life.
 1.Infractions of the Sex Code and Laws

Rape Concubinage
Homosexuality Pornographyh
DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
SPECIFIC KINDS OF

Prostitution Sexual perversions such as zoophilia or

transvestism beastiality, pedophilia,
White slavery necrophilia,nymphomania, sex-mania,
Sex transplant exhibitionism, nudism, voyeurism,
Sexual harassment sadism, andmasochism
Pre-marital relationse
Polygamy
Live-in relations
Adultery
Extra-marital relations
 2. Infractions of Life, Liberty, Property and against the State

Abortion Embezzlement
Graft and corruption Organized crime/syndicates
DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
SPECIFIC KINDS OF

Child abuse Criminality which also includes: estafa,

Coup‘d etatc. perjury, arson, theft, robbery, smuggling,
Wife battering murder, homicide, parricide; genocide,
Rebellion/mutiny kidnapping, etc.
Violations of human rights
Plunder/economic sabotage
Juvenile delinquency
Piracy
Vandalism
White-collar crime
 3. Infractions against Self (Victimless Crime)

Illegal gambling
Mendicancy or beggary
DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
SPECIFIC KINDS OF

Alcoholism
Prostitution
Suicide
Smoking
Drug abus
Mental and psychological aberrations
Runaways
Curfew, loitering
 SANCTIONS AS MEANS OF SOCIAL CONTROL

Sanctions – refers to systems of reward and punishment in order to ensure that norms are
followed and expectations met

Formal sanctions Informal sanctions

are used for violations of formalized are gossip, unfavorable and

norms in organizationsor favorable public opinion, givingBor
associations and carried out by withdrawing of affection, love or
people with legal and moral friendship; verbal admiration or
authority to enforcethem. Examples: criticism, reprimands or verbal
penal laws, fines, death penalty commendations.
DEVIANT BEHAVIOR IN THE
The informal sanctions include the following:

Pakikisama or concession
Gossip, ridicule, ostracism, reprimands
SOCIAL CONTROL OF

Favorable or unfavorable public opinion

Bestowal or denial of affection
Approval and praise
Mob violence
PHILIPPINES

Verbal labels or censures, such as immoral, sinful, vicious, anti-social,

unethical, brusque, grotesque, obnoxious, distasteful, preposterous,
ignoramus, barbaric, uncivilized, disgusting, brutal, unconscionable, satanic,
etc.
Leveling technique or sociostat. (A person who publicly takes credit for an
actor claims any kind of superiority in the group is cut down to size.)
Curbing of antisocial attitudes by ascribing undesirable statuses or deviance
DEVIANT BEHAVIOR IN THE The formal sanctions include the following:

1. Governmental sanctions – In the form of penal or criminal laws,

administrative codes, civil service rules and regulations, statuses, ordinances;
SOCIAL CONTROL OF

scrolls certificates, and plaques of merits and recognition for exemplary

services.
2. Business group sanctions – In the forms of promotions, bonuses,
certificates of merits, citations of awards, suspensions, and expulsions.
PHILIPPINES

3. Church or religious sanctions – In the forms of a promise of salvation or a

future state of euphoria, penance, withholding of religious services at death,
or excommunication.
4. Clubs and civic organizations sanctions – In the forms of awards
andcitations for achievement and meritorious service, or fines,
temporarysuspension of membership, or expulsion from the organization
THANK
YOU!