Example 1: Singly Rectangular Section page 1 /1

Ref. Calculations Output

Specification

Size, b x d = 250 x 500 mm

2
Chac. strength of concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm
Chac. strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Bending Moment, M = 175 kNm
b
Determine the area of reinforcement required

Solution
K = M / f ckbd 2
2
= 175 x 106 / ( 25 x 250 x 500 )
= 0.112

Redistribution = 0% Redistribution ratio,  = 1.0 Using : EC2

K bal = 0.454( - k 1)/k 2 - 0.182[( - k 1)/k2]2 k1= 0.44
2
= 0.363 ( - k 1) - 0.116 ( - k 1) k2= 1.25
= 0.167

K < K bal
→ Compression reinforcement is not required

Lever arm
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K /1.134) ]
= 0.89 d < 0.95 d

Area of tension reinforcement

As = M / 0.87 f yk z
6
= 175 x 10 (0.87 x 500 x 0.89 x 500 )
2
= 905 mm Use : 3H 20
2
( 943 mm )
Example 2: Singly Rectangular Section page 1 /2

Ref. Calculations Output

Specification

Size, b x d = 300 x 500 mm

d
Chac. strength of concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm2
Chac. strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Reinforcement:
b Tension: 3 H20 As = 943 mm2

Determine the following from the given beam

a) Stress and strain diagram of the section
b) Depth of neutral axis (x ) and the expected failure mode
c) Strain at tension steel (ε st )
d) Calculate the moment of resistance of the beam section

Solution
a) Stress and strain distribution diagram
Assuming initially that the steel stresses f st reaches the
design yield values 0.87f yk
εcc= 0.0035

x 0.8x Fcc
d

Fst
εst
bw

Section Strain Stress

b) Determination of x and failure mode

Internal forces:
F cc = 0.567f ckb (0.8x ) = 0.567 x 25 x 300 x 0.8 x
= 3402 x N
F st = 0.87 f yk A s = 0.87 x 500 x 943
= 410031 N

Equilibrium of forces
F cc = F st
3402 x = 410031
x = 410031 / 3402
= 120.5 mm
< 0.617d = 308.5 mm
→ Under-reinforced failure
Example 2: Singly Rectangular Section page 2 /2

Ref. Calculations Output

c) Determination of strain of steel

From strain distribution,
ε st = ε cc
d-x x
ε st = ε cc (d - x) / x
= 0.0035 x ( 500 - 120.5 ) / 120.5
= 0.011

d) Moment of resistance
Lever arm
z = d - 0.4x
= 500 - (0.4 x 120.5 ) = 452 mm

Moment of resistance
M = F st . z
-6
= 410031 x 452 x 10
= 185.2 kNm
Example 3: Doubly Rectangular Section page 1 /1

Ref. Calculations Output

Specification
d' = 50 mm
Size, b x d = 250 x 500 mm
2
d
Chac. strength of concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm
Chac. strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Bending Moment, M = 300 kNm
b
Determine the area of reinforcement required

Solution
K = M / f ckbd 2
2
= 300 x 106 / ( 25 x 250 x 500 )
= 0.192

Redistribution = 0% Redistribution ratio,  = 1.0 Using : EC2

K bal = 0.454( - k 1)/k 2 - 0.182[( - k 1)/k2]2 k1= 0.44
2
= 0.363 ( - k 1) - 0.116 ( - k 1) k2= 1.25
= 0.167

K > K bal
→ Compression reinforcement is required

z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K bal /1.134) ] = 0.82 d < 0.95 d

x = (d - z ) / 0.4 = 0.45 d
d '/x = 50 ( 0.45 x 500 )
= 0.22 < 0.38
→ Compression steel has yielded
→ f sc = 0.87f yk

Area of tcompression reinforcement

A s' = (K - K bal) f ckbd 2 / 0.87f yk(d - d ')
2
(0.192 -0.167) x (25 x 250 x 500 )
=
0.87 x 500 x (500 - 50 )
= 201 mm2 Use : 2H 12
2
( 226 mm )
Area of tension reinforcement
As = K bal f ckbd 2 / 0.87f yk z bal + A s'
2
0.167 x (25 x 250 x 500 )
= + 201
0.87 x 500 x 0.82 x 500
= 1661 mm2 Use : 6H 20
2
( 1885 mm )
Example 4: Doubly Rectangular Section page 1 /2

Ref. Calculations Output

Specification
d' = 50 mm
Size, b x d = 250 x 450 mm
2
d
Chac. strength of concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm
Chac. strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Reinforcement:
2
b Compression: 3 H16 As = 603 mm
2
Tension: 5 H20 A s = 1571 mm
Determine the following from the given beam
a) Stress and strain diagram of the section
b) Depth of neutral axis (x ) and the expected failure mode
c) Strain at tension and compression steel (ε st and ε sc )
d) Calculate the moment of resistance of the beam section

Solution
a) Stress and strain distribution diagram
Assuming initially that the steel stresses f st and f sc reach the
design yield values 0.87f yk
d' εcc= 0.0035
Fsc
x εsc 0.8x Fcc
d

z1 z
Fst
εst

bw

Section Strain Stress

b) Determination of x and failure mode

Internal forces:
F cc = 0.567f ckb (0.8x ) = 0.567 x 25 x 250 x 0.8 x
= 2835 x N
F sc = 0.87 f yk A s = 0.87 x 500 x 603
= 262420 N
F st = 0.87 f yk A s = 0.87 x 500 x 1571
= 683385 N
Example 4: Doubly Rectangular Section page 2 /2

Ref. Calculations Output

Equilibrium of forces
F st = F cc + F sc
683385 = 2835 x + 262420
x = (683385 - 262420) / 2835
= 148 mm
< 0.617d = 278 mm
→ Tension steel has yielded

d '/x = 50 148
= 0.34 < 0.38
→ Compression steel has yielded
→» Under-reinforced failure

c) The strain of steel

From strain distribution,
ε st = ε cc
d-x x
ε st = ε cc (d - x) / x
= 0.0035 x ( 450 - 148 ) / 148
= 0.0071 > 0.0021
→ Tension steel has yielded

ε sc = ε cc
x - d' x
ε sc = ε cc (x - d') / x
= 0.0035 x ( 148 - 50 ) / 148
= 0.0023 > 0.0021
→ Compression steel has yielded

d) Moment of resistance
Lever arm:
z = d - 0.4x
= 450 - (0.4 x 148 ) = 391 mm
z1 = d - d'
= 450 - 50 = 400 mm

Moment of resistance:
M = F cc . z + F sc . z 1
= 2835 x 148 x 391) +( 262420 x 400) ] x 10-6
= 269 kNm