REINFORCED CONCRETE - I

Lecture :
SIMPLE BENDING
Res.Ass. Idris Bedirhanoglu

room : Reinforced Concrete Group Room:526

and Structure and Earthquake Engineering Lab.
url : www.ins.itu.edu.tr/ibedirhanoglu
e-mail : ibedirhanoglu@.ins.itu.edu.tr
topics:
9Beam under bending moment-calculate with
Equivalent rectangular stress block
RC tables

9Balanced beam

9Beam under bending moment and small axial

loads-calculate with
Equivalent rectangular stress block
RC tables

9Double reinforced beam under bending moment-

calculate with
Equivalent rectangular stress block
RC tables
Example 1:

q=11 kN/m εc
g=22.5 kN/m materials
h Concrete: C20
As εs Steel : S420 k1=0.85
L=4000 mm
bw
dimensions
bw=300 mm h=500 mm
d’=50 mm
• As=? ( εs = εsu= 10 %) total area of the required bars.
• εc =? max. compression strain
• Obtain the reinforcement ratio ρ =?
• Compare the obtained reinforcement ratio with the minimum
reinforcement ratio given in the TS500 Code for beams ρmin.
 Meterial models
σc σs
0.85fcd fyd

ε Es
ε εyd
εs
εco=0.002 εcu=0.003 c εsu=0.01

concrete steel

Solution:
εc σc 0.85fcd
Fc a Fc=0.85*fcd*a*bw
x
N/A
h
As εs Fs=AS*fyd
Fs
bw

Design load: p = 1.4*g + 1.6*q = 49.1 kN/m

Maximum Bending Moment: Md = p*l2 / 8 = 49.1 * 42 / 8 =98.2 kNm

• Moment Equilibrium : 9first: we should calculate x

• Mr = Md (equality of internal and external moment)
σc
• Fc * (d-a/2) = Md (with reference to the point Fs acts on)
• 0.85*fcd*a*bw*(d-a/2) = Md fc
N/A
• 0.85*13*a*300*(450-a/2) = 98.2*106 fs1
fs2 fs
fs3 =
• a = 72 mm x = a/k1 = 72/0.85 = 84.7 mm fs4

• Using the strain diagram : x = kx * d

 9now: from strain diagram we can calculate εc
εc
x
εc Similar triangles
x= * 450 ⇒ ε c = 2.32%
εc/x=εs/d-x
(ε c + ε s) εs
d-x

Calculate Fc ?

σc
0.85fcd V=integration (F =V)
bw
fc c
N/A
x
fs1
f
fs3s2 = fs
fs4

0.85fcd V=0.85fcd*bw*a (Fc=V)

σc bw
fc a a=k1*x k1=0.85
N/A
fs1
fs2
fs3 = fs
fs4
Compression force Fc is obtained as,
Fc = 0.85 * 13 * 72 * 300 = 238680 N
Writing the horizontal equilibrium we calculate the required amount of steel reinforcement :
Fc – Fs = 0 → 238680 = As * 365 → As = 653.9 mm2
Selection of reinforcement : 6 Φ12 (= 679 mm2) or 5 Φ14 (= 770 mm2) Note: check whether we
have enough place to settle the bars! (RC table page 4)

Checking the minimum reinforcement ratio given by TS500 :

ρmin = 0.8 * fctd / fyd = 0.8 * 1 / 365 = 0.00219 (TS500 page 23)
ρ = As / (bw * d) = 679 / (300*450) = 0.00503
ρ > ρmin

ρmin : In reinforced concrete beams a certain minimum amount of steel

must be used in order to develop a resisting moment greater than the
initial cracking moment. Before tension cracking occurs on the beam,
most of the tensile force is carried by concrete and as soon as the
concrete cracks this tensile force is transferred to steel.
Example 2:
Calculate the required reinforcement for the question above by using RC tables.

Solution:
Md= 98.2 kNm C20/S420

As=ks * Md / d – Nd / σs K = bw*d2/Md = 0.3 * 0.452 / 98.2 = 61.86 * 10-5

For C20 concrete and S420 steel K=64.2 or K=61.7 (take the closest one) , ks=2.99,
kx=0.213, j=0.916, εc=2.7%, εs=10% .
x = kx * d = 95.85 mm

As we have no axial forces, N=0. Then the required reinforcement area is,
As = 2.99 * 98.2 / 0.45 = 652.5 mm2 ⇒ Choose 5 Φ14 (= 770 mm2) or 6 Φ12 (= 679 mm2)

x
N/A

500 mm

5 Φ14

300 mm
BALANCED BEAM
Example 3:
Since the R-C cross-section given in the figure belongs to balanced beam, calculate the values :
h=?, M=?, ρb=?, ρmax=?, Asmax=?
Materials: C16 concrete and S220 steel
k1= 0.85 , d' = 30 mm, bw=250 mm, Asb=3400 mm2

Solution: Strain and stress diagrams are given below. εyd= 191/ (2*105) = 0.000955
x = kx*d
From strain diagram :
kx=εc / (εc+εs)=3/(3+0.955)
=0.759
x = kx*d = O.759*d

Rectangular stress block depth:

a=k1*x=0.85*0.759*d = 0.645*d
Writing the horizontal equilibrium:
Fc - Fs = 0
0.85*11*0.645*d*250=3400*191---d=430 mm
Beam height: h=d+d' = 430+30 = 460 mm
a= 0.645*d=0.645*430=277.4 mm
• Writing the moment equilibrium:

• Md=0.85*a*bw*(d-a/2)=Fs*(d-a/2)
• 3400 * 191 * (430-277.4/2) = Md
• Md = 189.17 kNm

• Balanced reinforcement ratio : ρb=Asb/(bw*d) = 3400/(250*430) = 0.0316

• Maximum reinforcement raito: ρmax= 0.85*ρb= 0.85 * 0.0316 = 0.0269
• Asmax=ρmax*bw*d=2890 mm2
Beam subjected to bending moment and axial force
Example 4:
A beam under aggressive environmental conditions is subjected to bending moment and axial force.
Obtain the required reinforcement at the ultimate state cansidering εcu=0.003 and εsu= 0.010 .
Materials: C20 concrete and S220 steel , k1=O.85.

Solution:

Writing the moment equilibrium:

Md=Fc*(d-a/2)-Nd*(h/2-d)=O.85*fcd*a*bw*(d-a/2)-Nd*(h/2-d)
0.85*13*a*400*(540-a/2)=150*106 + 300*103*(300-60)
a=102.8 mm ---- x=102.8/0.85=120.9 mm

Let's check the strain ratios :

Under the assumption that εc=εcu=0.003
x = kx*d ----- 120.9=540*εc/(εc+εs) =540 1< 31 (3+εs) ----εs=10.4 %o > εsu=10 %o
This is not possible, we need to make another assumption:
Assume that: εs = εsu = 10 %o

Then, 120.9=540*εc/(εc+εs)=540*εc/(εc+10) ----εc=2.88 %0 < εcu=3 %o

This one is OK.

From the equilibrium of horizontal forces: Fc - Fs = Nd

0.85*13*102.8*400 - As*191=300000
454376 - 300000=As*191 --- As=808.3 mm2

Choosing the reinforcement from table: 6Φ14 (= 924 mm2)

Double reinforced beam
Example 5:
A beam cross-section subjected to bending moment and axial force is given below.
Calculate the needed compression and tension steel areas.
Materials: C25 concrete and S220 steel.

Solution:

Evaluating the x value: kx=εc/(εc+εs)=3/(3+4)=0.4285

x=kx*d=0.4285*450=192.8 mm

Checking whether the compression reinforcement is yielding or not?

εc/x=εs'/(x-d') --- εs'=3*(192.8-50)/192.8=2.22 %0

εyd=fyd/Es=191/105=0.955 %0 εs>εyd then σs=fyd=191 N/mm2

a=k1*x=0.85*192.8=163.88 mm
Fs'=As'*191
Fc=0.85*17*163.88*250=592016.5 N
Fs=As*191

Writing the moment equilibrium:

Md+Nd*(h/2-d')=Fc*(d-a/2)+Fs'*(d-d')
202.5*106+105*103* (250-50)=592016.5*(450-163.88/2)+As'*191*(450-50)
As'=73.3 mm2 --- (minimum reinforcement 24Φ12=226 mm2)

Writing the horizontal forces equilibrium:

Fc+Fs'-Fs = Nd
592016.5+73.3*191-As*191=105000
As=2623.1 mm2 --- 7Φ22 (=2661 mm2)
Double reinforced beam (By Using Tables)

Example 6:

Calculate the required reinforcement for the given section by using the table.

Material: C20/5220

Solution:

As=ks*Md/d - Nd K=bw*d2/Md=0.25*0.462/24066=21.98*10-5<24.4*10^-5
When we look at the table on page 1, this is less than the given underlined value for C20
concrete and S220 steel. This underlined value corresponds to the maximum
reinforcement ratio (ρmax=0.85 ρb) of the beam. Our section does not behave in a ductile
way. To prevent this, instead of changing the beam dimensions, we can use an
alternative way : Adding compression reinforcement.
Let's find the maximum amount of tensile steel and the maximum amount of moment that
can be carried (supplying the required level of ductility) by that section:
M*=0.25*0.462/(24.4*10-5)=216.8 kNm and the max reinforcement is
As*=ks*Md*/d=7.08*216.8/0.46
As* = 3337 mm2
∆M=Md-M*=240.66-216.8=23.86 kNm. This additional moment should be created
by the compression reinforcement.
Checking whether the compression reinforcement is yielding or not?

x=kx*d=0.644*460=296.2 mm
εcu/x=εs'/(x-d') --- εs'=3*(296.2-40)/296.2=2.59 %0
εyd=fyd/εs=191/105=0.955 %0
εs’>εyd then σs'=fyd=191 N/mm2

Moment equation: ∆M=Fs'*(d-d')=As'*fyd*(460-40)

As'=23.86*106/(191*(460-40))=297.4 mm2
Horizontal equilibrium: Fs' = Fsadd 297.4 * 191 = Asadd Then: Asadd = 297.4 mm2
Compression Steel: As'=297.4 mm2--- 3Φ12 (=339 mm2)
Tension Steel : As=As*+Asadd=3337+297.4=3634.4 mm2 - 10Φ22 (=3801 mm2)