CSE 30310 Design of

Concrete Structures
Lec# 3.
Flexural analysis and design of
Singly and doubly reinforced beams
Dr Muhammad Riaz Ahmad
mriazahmad@poly.edu.hk
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 1
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
1. Stress-strain relations

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Stress-strain curve of steel reinforcement

Es = 200 GPa (kN/mm2)

3
Compressive stress-strain curve of concrete

0.67 =0.85(size effect, rate of loading, long-term effect)0.80(cube to cylinder)

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2. Distribution of stresses
and strains across a section

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Basic assumptions for sectional analysis

?
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Distribution of stresses and strains across a section

Mechanics of RC beam under flexure (a) Simply supported beam (b) Segment of beam at
mid-span (c) Cross section of beam (d) Elastic stress–strain distribution (e) Stress–Strain distribution
after cracking 7
Distribution of stresses and strains across a section

Behaviour of an RC beam under different stages of loading (a) Before cracking

(b) After cracking but before yielding of steel (working load) (c) Ultimate and final stage
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Notations (Distribution of stress and strain)

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Distribution of stress and strain

The cross-section of a member subjected to bending, and the resultant strain diagram, together with three different
types of stress distribution in the concrete are shown above:
1. The triangular stress distribution applies when the stresses are very nearly proportional to the strains, which
generally occurs at the loading levels encountered under working conditions and is, therefore, used at the
serviceability limit state.
2. The rectangular–parabolic stress block represents the distribution at failure when the compressive strains are
within the plastic range, and it is associated with the design for the ultimate limit state.
3. The equivalent rectangular stress block is a simplified alternative to the rectangular–parabolic distribution.
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 Distribution of stress and strain
Limit on neutral axis depth
The steel strains εst in tension and εsc in compression can be determined from the strain diagram. The
relationships between the depth of neutral axis (x) and the maximum concrete strain (εcu) and the steel
strains are given by
For analysis of a section with known steel strains,
the depth of the neutral axis can be determined by
rearranging equation

At the ultimate limit state, the maximum compressive strain εcu=0.0035, and for steel with fy=500kN/mm2,
the yield strain εst=0.00217, （steel yields and concrete crushes at the same time）

Hence, to ensure yielding of the tension steel at the ultimate limit state:

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Distribution of stress and strain
Limit on neutral axis depth

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Distribution of stress and strain
Limit on neutral axis depth
CoP2013 places the limit at x < 0.5d, (for fcu ≤ 45N/mm2, Page 46)

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3. Singly reinforced rectangular section

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Equivalent rectangular stress block

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Singly reinforced rectangular section
For equilibrium, ultimate design
moment (M), must be balanced by
the moment of resistance of section

For equilibrium: M = Fcc  z = Fst  z

and 𝐹𝑐𝑐 = stress × area = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 × 𝑏𝑠

substitute z = d − s/2 s =2(d-z)

to give: M = 0.45 fcubs  z = 0.9 fcub(d − z) z

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Singly reinforced rectangular section

Re-arrange and substitute K = M / bd 2

f cu

to give ( z / d ) 2
− ( z / d ) + K / 0.9 = 0

solve z = d[0.5 + (0.25 − K / 0.9)] Eq. A

Fst = ( f y /  s ) As = ( f y / 1.15) As = 0.87 f y As

M
As =
hence: 0.87 f y  z 17
The balanced section

zbal = d-s/2 = d-0.45d/2 = 0.775d

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Lever arm curve

The upper limit lever

arm is z= 0.95d,
where as lower limit
is z= 0.775d, when
depth of NA is x =
A d/2=0.5d

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Design a singly reinforced rectangular section
The ultimate design moment to be resisted is 185kN.m. Determine the area of tensile
reinforcement As required given the characteristic material strengths
fy = 500 N/mm2 and fcu =30 Mpa.

Check if Compression reinforcement is required

b= 260 M 185 106
K= 2 = = 0.122  0.156
bd f cu 260  4402  30
Compression steel not required , It is singly reinforced section
Lever Arm:
d = 440

K
z = d{0.5 + 0.25 − }
0.9
As
0.122
= 440{0.5 + 0.25 − } = 369mm2
0.9

M 185 106 2@25+1@20 = 1296 mm2 or

As = = = 1152.5mm 2@25+1@16 = 1183 mm2
2

0.87 f y z 0.87  500  369 20

Design a singly reinforced rectangular section
b= 260

d = 440

As

2@25+1@16 = 1183 mm2

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 Analyze a singly reinforced rectangular section
Determine the ultimate moment of resistance for the given section. Given fy
=500 N/mm2; and fcu =25 Mpa, As = 1470 mm2. 0.45f
b = 300 cu

x s F

d = 520
neutral cc
axis z
2
As = 1470 mm
F
st

Solution
r equilibrium: M = Fcc  z = Fst  z z= d-s/2

Equilibrium : Fcc = Fst

0.45 f cu bs = 0.87 f y As
0.45  25  300  s = 0.87  500 1470
 s = 189.5mm and x = s / 0.9 = 189.5 / 0.9 = 210.5mm  0.5d
Hence steel has yielded 22
Analyze a singly reinforced rectangular section
Determine the ultimate moment of resistance. Given fy =500 N/mm2; and
fcu =25 MPa.
0.45f cu
b = 300

x s
Fcc
d = 520

neutral
axis z

2
As = 1470 mm
Fst
Moment of Resistance of the section:
M = Fst  z = 0.87 f y As (d − s / 2) = 0.87  500 1470(520 −189.5 / 2) 10 −6
= 271.9kNm

The moment of resistance can also be calculated as: M = Fcc  z

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Flexural design of an RC beam

Effect of different parameters on ultimate moment capacity (a) Effect of yield strength of steel
(b) Effect of compressive strength of concrete (c) Effect of percentage of steel reinforcement
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4. Doubly reinforced rectangular section

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Doubly reinforced rectangular section

If the concrete alone cannot resist the applied moment in

compression (K’ > 0.156), reinforcement should be
provided in the compression zone as well. This is the
doubly reinforced design. The design formulae for a
doubly reinforced beam are derived using the simplified
stress block.
The following assumptions are always used:
The depth of neutral axis x = 0.5d and the depth of
the simplified stress block is s=0.9x. That is:

z = d- s/2 = 0.775d 26
Doubly reinforced rectangular section
0.0035 0.45f
b cu
Fsc
d'
A's s=0.9x
x = 0.5d F
neutral cc
d axis zbal
e
sc
As
F
est st

Section Strains Stress Block

For a doubly reinforced section :

M  0.156 f cubd 2 Compression reinforcement is required

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If the design moment (M) exceeds moment capacity of section (Mbal)
then x<0.5d (HK2013) to ensure steel yielding and a ductile failure,
Therefore:
z = d − sbal / 2 = d − 0.9xbal / 2 = d − 0.9  0.50d / 2 = 0.775d

For equilibrium of Forces in section:

Fst = Fcc + Fsc

So with reinforcement at yield:
0.87 f y As = 0.45 f cubs + 0.87 f y As'
s = 0.9  0.5d = 0.45d
0.87 f y As = 0.2025 fcubd + 0.87 f y As'
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Doubly reinforced rectangular section
Taking moments about the centroid of the tension steel:
M = Fcc  zbal + Fsc (d − d ' )
= 0.201 f cubd  0.775d + 0.87 f y As' (d − d ' )
= 0.156 f cubd 2 + 0.87 f y As' (d − d ' )
Re-arrange to give:
M − 0.156 f bd 2
As' = cu Eq. B
0.87 f y (d − d ' )
Substituting K' =0.156 and K = M/bd2fcu (M =Kbd2fcu )into these
equations
( K − K '
) f bd 2
As' = cu Eq. C
0.87 f y (d − d ')
(0.226 − 0.156)  25  260  4402 29
= = 519.3mm 2
Doubly reinforced rectangular section
0.87 f y As = 0.2025 fcubd + 0.87 f y As'
Multiply both sides of equation by z=0.775d and rearranging gives:
K’=0.156 and K=M/bd2fcu:

0.156 f cubd 2
As = + As'
0.87 f y zbal
In this analysis, it has been assumed that compression steel
has yielded, hence fsc = 0.87fy was used.
the compression steel will have yielded only if:

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Doubly reinforced rectangular section

For f y = 500N / mm2

d' 0.002175
 1− = 0.38 with x = 0.5d
x 0.0035
or

The ratio of d'/d for the yielding of other grades of steel can be
determined by using their yield strain in above equation, but for
values of fy less than 500 N/mm2, the application of d’/x ≤ 0.38
will provide an adequate safe check.

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Doubly reinforced rectangular section

(x − d ' )
e sc = 0.0035
x
f sc = Ese sc = 200 103  e sc (N/mm2 )
This value of stress for the compressive steel
must then be used in the denominator of Eq. B
or C in place of 0.87fy in order to calculate the
area As’ of compression steel.
M − 0.156 f cubd 2
As =
'

f sc (d − d '' )
The area of tension steel is calculated from a
modified equation as given below
0.156 f cubd 2 f sc
As = + As 
'

0.87 f y z 0.87f y 32
Doubly reinforced rectangular section
Design Charts
Taking moments about the neutral axis
M = 0.45 f cu 0.9bx( x − 0.9x / 2) + f sc As ( x − d ' ) + f st As (d - x)
'

f st As = 0.2025 f cu bs + f sc As'

As x As '
f st = 0.2025 fcu + f sc
bd d bd
'
M x2 As x d ' As x
2
= 0.401 f cu 2
(1 − 0.45) + f sc ( − ) + f st (1 - )
bd d bd d d bd d
AS‘ /bd, x/d, d’/d.
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Design Charts

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Design chart for singly reinforced rectangular section

BS8110 35
Design chart for doubly reinforced rectangular section

BS8110 36
Design chart for doubly reinforced rectangular section

Manual for Design and Detailings of Reinforced Concrete to Code of Practice for
37
Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Design a doubly reinforced rectangular section
b = 260
The section shown in figure is to resist an ultimate design
moment of 285 kN m. The characteristic material strengths
d' = 50 are fy = 500 N/mm2 and fcu = 25 N/mm2. Determine the
A's areas of reinforcement required.
d = 440

Check if Compression reinforcement is required

As M 285 106
K= 2 = = 0.226  0.156
bd f cu 260  440  30
2

 Compression steel is required

f cu = 25 f y = 500 x=0.5d=165mm
M = 285kN  m d' / x = 50 / 165 = 0.303  0.38
 Compression steel has yielded

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Simply Supported Beam rebars | Beam reinforcement details
Design a doubly reinforced rectangular section

( K − K '
) f bd 2
As' = cu
0.87 f y (d − d ')
(0.226 − 0.156)  25  260  4402
= = 519.3mm2
0.87  500
460  (440 − 50) 2@20 = 628 mm2

K ' f cu bd 2 0.156  25  260  4402

As = + As =
'
+ 519.3 = 1842.7mm2
0.87 f y zbal 0.87  500(0.775  440)
b = 260 2@32+1@20 = 1922 mm2
d' = 50
2@20 = 628 mm2 A's
d = 440

As
2@32+1@20 = 1922 mm2
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Simply Supported Beam rebars | Beam reinforcement details
Analyze a doubly reinforced rectangular section
Example 2: analyze a doubly reinforced rectangular section
Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of the cross-section, given that the
characteristic strengths are fy =500 N/mm2 for the reinforcement and fy =30 N/mm2
for the concrete.
0.45f cu
b = 280
F
d' = 50 sc
A' = 628 s=0.9x
F
d = 510

s
cc

A = 2410
s
F
st
f cu = 25 f y = 500 M = ? kNm
Section Stress Block

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Analyze a doubly reinforced rectangular section
Equilibriu m : Fst = Fcc + Fsc
Assuming that both tension and compression reinforcement has yielded
0.87 f y As = 0.45 fcu bs + 0.87 f y As'
0.87  f y ( As − As' )
so s =
0.45 fcu b
0.87  500(2410 − 628)
= = 246.1
205.1 mm
mm
0.45  30  280
x =s/0.9=205.1/0.9=227.8 < 0.5d (255mm)

Hence tension steel has yielded

Also d '/ x = 50 / 273.4

227.8 = 0.183
0.219  0.38

Hence compression steel has also yielded as assumed

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Analyze a doubly reinforced rectangular section
0.45f ck
b = 280

d' = 50
Fsc
A' = 628 s=0.9x
s Fcc
d = 510

As = 2410
Fst
Section Stress Block

Taking moments about the tension steel

M = Fcc (d − s / 2) + Fsc (d − d ')
= 0.45 f cu bs(d − s / 2) + 0.87 f y As' (d − d ')
= 0.45  25  280  246.1(510 − 246.1/ 2) + 0.87  500  628(510 − 50)
M= 0.45 ×30×280 ×205.1(510-205.1/2) + 0.87 ×500 ×628 (510-50)
M= = 425.63 10 N  mm = 425.63 kN  m
6
441.54×10 6 N.mm = 441.54 kN.m
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Flexural design of an RC beam
Reinforcement details d = h − clear cover − diameter of stirrup −
diameter of main bar/2

Effective depth of an RC beam (a) Beam with

single layer of reinforcement (b) Beam with two
layers of reinforcement

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Design Principles from Beam Failures
Others

Clear cover, clear side cover, and spacing between bars

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Others

Side face reinforcement

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Others
• Minimum tension reinforcement requirement
• Maximum tension reinforcement requirement
………
Self Reading Assignment
Refer to Chapter 9 in the code of practice
(Section 9.2 and 9.9.1 for the beams)

Under-Reinforced Concrete Beam Test (youtube.com) 46

Over-Reinforced Concrete Beam Test (youtube.com)
Over Reinforced V/S Under Reinforced Beam Section | Reaction Test (youtube.com)
Others

End of Lecture 3

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