Section design

Rectangular, T or L
section?

First principle EC2 method

Singly reinforced Doubly reinforced Singly reinforced Doubly reinforced

section section section section
 Reinforcements are only provided in the tension zone (As)

b η0.85fck/1.50
= 0.567fck
Fcc = 0.567fck.s.b

0.4x
s = 0.8x
= 0.454fck bx
x

d N. A N.A
z = d – 0.4x

As
fyk/1,15 = Fst = 0.87fykAs
0.87fyk

Section Stress Action

For equilibrium;
Fcc = Fst
0.454fckbx = 0.87fykAs
x = (0.87fykAs) / (0.454fckb)

Taking moment either towards Fcc or Fst:

M@steel = Fcc × z
= 0.454fckbx (d – 0.4x)

M@conc = Fst × z
= 0.87fykAs (d – 0.4x)
The equation shows that M increases with x and hence with As

To avoid concrete failure in compression due to over-reinforced

section, EC2 limit the value of x = 0.45d

When x = xbal = 0.45d, M represent the maximum ultimate moment

capacity of the section which is known as the ultimate moment of
resistance of singly reinforced section or balanced moment, Mbal

Take M@steel and replace x = 0.45d, therefore:

M = Mbal = [0.454 fck⋅b(0.45d)] ⋅[d – 0.4(0.45d)]
= [0.454 fck⋅b(0.45d)] ⋅[0.82d]
= 0.167fckbd2
= Kbalfckbd2 where Kbal = 0.167

Mbal = Ultimate moment of resistance for singly reinforced section

If M < Mbal, ONLY tension reinforcement

is required and this is known as Single
Reinforced Section
A rectangular section beam is required to resist a design moment, M = 175
kNm. If fck = 25 N/mm2 and fyk = 500 N/mm2, determine As and the required
number of steel bars.

b = 250 mm

d = 500 mm
Mbal = 0.167 fckbd2
= 0.167(25)(250)(500)2
= 261 kNm > M = 175 kNm (Only tension reinforcement is required)

Determine N.A. depth, x:

M = 0.454fckbx (d – 0.4x)
175 x 106 = 0.454(25)(250x)(500 – 0.4x)
x = 138.7 mm or 1111 mm

x = 138.7 mm < 0.617d (308.5 mm)

Lever arm, z = d – 0.4x = 500 – 0.4(138.7) = 444.5 mm < 0.95d = 475 mm

As = M/0.87fykz
= 175 x 106 / 0.87(500)(444.5) = 905 mm2

Provide 3H20 (As = 943 mm2)

3H20
Determine the moment of resistance of the beam provided with 3H20
bars. Use fck = 25 N/mm2 and fyk = 500 N/mm2.

b = 250 mm

d = 500 mm

3H20
 b = 250 mm

Fcc = 0.454fck bx

0.4x
0.8x
x
d= 500 mm

N. A
z = d – 0.4x

3H20
(943 mm2) Fst = 0.87fykAs

Determine x and from equilibrium;

Fcc = Fst
0.454fckbx = 0.87fykAs
x = 0.87(500)(943) / (0.454)(25)(250)
= 144.5 mm < 0.617d = 309 mm
Steel has yielded as assumed (under reinforced section)
Check x/d = 144.5/500 = 0.289 < 0.45  OK
What happens if x/d > 0.45?

Moment of resistance, M
M = Fst.z = 0.87fykAs.z = 0.87(500)(943) × [500 – (0.4)(144.5)] × 10-6
= 181 kNm
Maximum limit, x = 0.45d  Mbal = 0.167fckbd2 (tension reinforcement)

If M > Mbal, COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT IS REQUIRED to take the

remaining moment (M – Mbal)

b
εcc = 0.0035 0.567fck
d’ Fsc = 0.87fyk As’
As’

0.4x
s = 0.8x
εsc
x Fcc = 0.454fck bx

d
N.A
z z1 = d – d’

As
εst Fst = 0.87fyk As

Section Strain Stress and Action

For equilibrium;
Fst = Fcc + Fsc
0.87fykAs = 0.454fckbx + 0.87fykAs’ ------------ (1)
x = (0.87fykAs – 0.87fykAs’) / (0.454fckb)

Taking moment resistance towards the tension reinforcement:

M = Fcc.z + Fsc.z1
= 0.454fckbx (d – 0.4x) + 0.87fykAs’ (d – d’)

For design according to EC2, x = 0.45d

M = 0.454fckb(0.45d) [d – 0.4(0.45d)] + 0.87fykAs’ (d – d’)
= 0.167fckbd2 + 0.87fykAs’ (d – d’)
= Mbal + 0.87fykAs’ (d – d’)
Required area for COMPRESSION reinforcement
As’ = (M – Mbal) / 0.87fyk (d – d’)
or
As’ = (K – Kbal)fckbd2 / 0.87fyk (d – d’)

From Eq. (1):

0.87fykAs = 0.454fckbx + 0.87fykAs’ (× z)
0.87fykAs. z = 0.454fckbx. z + 0.87fykAs’. z
When x = 0.45d ∴ z = d – 0.4x = 0.82d

0.87fykAs. z = 0.454fckb (0.45d).(0.82d) + 0.87fykAs’. z

0.87fykAs. z = 0.167fckbd2 + 0.87fykAs’. z

Required area for TENSION reinforcement

As = (0.167fckbd2/ 0.87fy.z) + As’
or
As = (Kbal fckbd2/ 0.87fyk.z) + As’
The equation is derived by assuming the compression reinforcement has
yield at 0.87fyk.

εsc / (x – d’) = 0.0035 / x  Only for Concrete Class < C50/60

(x – d’) / x = εsc / 0.0035
d’/x = 1 – (εsc / 0.0035)

To reach 0.87fyk;
εsc = 0.87fyk / Es
d’/x = 1 – [0.87fyk / Es (0.0035)] --------------------- (2)
From Eq. (2) and for fyk = 500 N/mm2 and Es = 200 kN/mm2
∴ d’/x = 0.38

Therefore, for compression reinforcement to reach its yielding point;

d’/x < 0.38 and fsc= 0.87fyk

If d’/x > 0.38  fsc < 0.87fyk

fsc = Es.εsc where εsc = 0.0035(x – d’) / x
= 200 × 103 (0.0035)(1 – d’/x)
= 700 (1 – d’/x)
Therefore the revised As and As’ are:

Required area for COMPRESSION reinforcement

As’ = (M – Mbal) / fsc (d – d’)
or
As’ = (K – Kbal)fckbd2 / fsc(d – d’)

Required area for TENSION reinforcement

As = (0.167fckbd2/ 0.87fyk.z) + As’ (fsc/0.87fyk)
or
As = (Kbal fckbd2/ 0.87fyk.z) + As’ (fsc/0.87fyk)
A rectangular section beam is required to resist a design moment M = 300
kNm. If fck = 25 N/mm2 and fyk = 500 N/mm2, determine As and the
required number of steel bars. Assumed d’ = 50 mm.

b = 250 mm

d = 500 mm
Mbal = 0.167 fckbd2
= 0.167(25)(250)(500)2
= 261 kNm < M = 300 kNm
(Compression reinforcement is required)

Check whether the compression steel has yielded:

d’ = 50 mm
x = 0.45d = 225 mm
d’/x = 0.22 < 0.38  Therefore the compression steel will have yielded

Therefore, fsc = 0.87fyk

and z = d – 0.4x = 410 mm
Required area for compression reinforcement:
As’ = (M – Mbal) / 0.87fyk(d – d’)
= (300 – 261) × 106 / 0.87(500)(500 – 50)
= 200 mm2

Required area of tension reinforcement:

As = (Mbal/ 0.87fyk.z) + As’
= 261× 106 / 0.87(500)(410) + 200 = 1663 mm2

Provide 2H12 (As’ = 226 mm2) for Compression Reinforcement

Provide 6H20 (As = 1885 mm2) for Tension Reinforcement
 b = 250 mm

2H12

d = 500 mm

6H20
Determine the moment of resistance of the beam provided with 6H20 and
2H12 for tension and compression reinforcement, respectively. Use fck =
25 N/mm2 and fyk = 500 N/mm2. Take d’ = 50 mm.

b = 250 mm

2H12

d = 500 mm

6H20
 b = 250 mm

2H12 Fsc = 0.87fyk As’

0.4x
(226 mm2)

0.8x
x Fcc = 0.454fck bx
d= 500 mm

N. A z1 = d – d’
z

6H20
(1885 mm2) Fst = 0.87fykAs

Determine x and from equilibrium;

Fst = Fcc + Fsc
0.87fykAs = 0.454fckbx + 0.87fykAs’
x = 0.87fyk(As – As’) / (0.454fckb)
= 0.87(500)(1885 – 226)/0.454(25)(250)
= 254 mm < 0.617d = 309 mm
Tension steel has yielded as assumed
Check d’/x = 50/254 = 0.20 < 0.38  Compression steel has yielded
as assumed

Moment of resistance, M
M = Fcc.z + Fsc.z1
= 0.454fckbx (d – 0.4x) + 0.87fykAs’ (d – d’)
= 0.454(25)(250)(254)[500 – 0.4(254)] +
0.87(500)(226)(500 – 50)
= 332 × 106 Nmm
= 332 kNm
or xbal ≤ (δ - k1)
d k2
Depth of stress block, sbal = 0.8xbal where xbal = xu
Lever arm, zbal = d – 0.5sbal

Moment of resistance of concrete (in compression):

Mbal = Fcc × zbal = 0.567fckbsbal × zbal
and
Kbal = Mbal / fckbd2 = 0.567sbal × zbal/d2

Arranged Kbal with previous equation gives:

Kbal = 0.454(δ - k1)/k2 – 0.182 [(δ - k1)/k2]2

where k1 = 0.44
k2 = 1.25(0.6 + 0.0014/εcu2) = 1.25 (only for concrete class ≤ C50/60)
∴ Kbal = 0.454 (δ - 0.44)/1.25 – 0.182 [(δ - 0.44)/1.25]2
= 0.363 (δ - 0.44) – 0.116 (δ - 0.44)2

where
δ = Moment at section after redistribution
≤ 1.0
Moment at section before redistribution
Concrete action (in compression), Fcc = 0.567fckbs
Lever arm, z = d – s/2 or s = 2(d – z)

Moment, M = Fcc . z = 0.567fckbs . z

= [0.567 fckb . 2(d – z)] . z
= [1.134fckb (d – z)] . z
= 1.134fckbdz – 1.134fckbz2 (÷ fckbd2)
M/fckbd2 = 1.134fckbdz/fckbd2 – 1.134fckbz2/fckbd2
K = 1.134(z/d) – 1.134(z/d)2
0 = (z/d)2 – (z/d) + K/1.134

Quadratic solution for z/d gives:

z = d [0.5 +√ (0.25 – K/1.134)]
 Determine K = M/fckbd2

Determine δ =
Moment at section after redistribution
Moment at section before redistribution

Determine Kbal
Kbal = 0.167 (if δ > 1.0)
Kbal = 0.454(δ - k1)/k2 – 0.182 [(δ - k1)/k2]2 (if δ ≤ 1.0)

Compression reinforcement Yes No Compression reinforcement

K < Kbal required
not required

A B
 A

z = d [0.5 + √(0.25 – K/1.134)]

Tension reinforcement
As = M/0.87fyk.z
 B

z = d [0.5 + √(0.25 – Kbal/1.134)]

x = (d – z) / 0.4

Check
If d’/x ≤ 0.38 If d’/x > 0.38
d’/x

Compression reinforcement Compression reinforcement

As’= (K – Kbal)fckbd2 As’= (K – Kbal)fckbd2
0.87fyk(d – d’) fsc(d – d’)

where fsc = 700(1 – d’/x)

Tension reinforcement
As = Kbalfckbd2 + As’ fsc
0.87fykz 0.87fyk
Determine the area of reinforcement required for a rectangular beam
subjected to an ultimate design moment of 350 kNm after a 20%
reduction due to moment redistribution. Use fck = 30 N/mm2 and fyk =
500 N/mm2. Take d’ = 45 mm.

b = 225 mm

d = 600 mm
K = M/fckbd2 = 350 × 106 / 30 × 225 × 6002
= 0.144

Redistribution = 20%, therefore δ = 0.8

∴Kbal = 0.454(δ - k1)/k2 – 0.182 [(δ - k1)/k2]2 where k1 = 0.44 and k2 = 1.25
= 0.363 (δ - k1) – 0.116 (δ - k1)2
= 0.116

Since K > Kbal, compression reinforcement is required

z = d [0.5 +√ (0.25 – Kbal/1.134)]
= 0.88d = 0.88 × 600 = 530.8 mm

x = (d – z) / 0.4 = 172.9 mm

d’/x = 45/172.9 = 0.26 < 0.38  The compression steel will have yield
Therefore, use fsc= 0.87fyk
Area for compression steel:
As’ = (K – Kbal)fckbd2 / 0.87fyk(d – d’)
= 286 mm2
Provide 3H12 (As’ = 339 mm2)
b = 225 mm
Area for tension steel:
3H12
As = [Kbalfckbd2 / 0.87fyk .zbal] + As’

d = 600 mm
= 1503 mm2
Provide 5H20 (As = 1571 mm2)

5H20
 Actual width Actual width

Effective width Effective width

Slab

Beam Beam Beam

L-Beam T-Beam
 beff = bw + ∑ beff,i < b

where beff, i = 0.2bi +0.1lo ≤ 0.2lo and also beff, i ≤ bi

(a) Neutral axis lies in the flange

(b) Neutral axis falls below the flange

(c) Neutral axis falls below the flange

with M > Mbal
 This occur when s = 0.8x < flanged depth (hf)

b
0.567fck

x h s = 0.8x Fcc = 0.454fck bx

N.A f

h d z = d – 0.4x

As
Fst = 0.87fykAs
bw
Section Stress and Action
Moment of resistance
Mf = Fcc.z
= (0.567fck.b.0.8x) . (d – 0.4x)

In this case, 0.8x = hf

M = Mf = (0.567fck.b.hf) . (d – hf/2)
where Mf is the flange ultimate moment of resistance

If M < Mf, N.A lies in the flange. Therefore, design similar to

Rectangular Section
A T-beam is required to resist a design moment M = 225 kNm. If fck = 25
N/mm2 and fyk = 500 N/mm2, determine the area of reinforcement and the
required number of steel bars.
b = 1150 mm

hf = 100 mm

d = 320 mm

bw = 250 mm
Flange moment of resistance
Mf = (0.567fck.b.hf) . (d – hf/2)
= 0.567(25)(1150)(100)(320 – 100/2)
= 440.1 kNm > M = 225 kNm

Neutral axis LIES in the flange

K = M/fckbd2
= 225 × 106 / (25)(1150)(320)2 = 0.076 < Kbal

z = d {0.5 + √(0.25 – K/1.134)}

= 0.93d < 0.95d
As = M/0.87fyk.z
= 225 × 106 / 0.87(500)(0.93 × 320)
= 1738 mm2
Provide 4H25 (As = 1964 mm2)

4H25
(a) Neutral axis lies in the flange

(b) Neutral axis falls below the flange

(c) Neutral axis falls below the flange

with M > Muf
 This occur when M > Mf

b
0.567fck

2 2 hf
1 x s = 0.8x

d N.A
h
z2 z1
As

Fst = 0.87fykAs
bw
Section Stress and Action
Internal forces
Fcc1 = (0.567fck)(bw.0.8x) = 0.454fcubwx
Fcc2 = (0.567fck)(b – bw)hf
Fst = 0.87fykAs

Lever arm,
z1 = d – 0.4x and z2 = d – 0.5hf

Moment of resistance
M = Fcc1.z1 + Fcc2.z2
= (0.454fckbwx)(d – 0.4x) + (0.567fckhf)(b – bw)(d – 0.5hf)
Ultimate moment of resistance is when x = xbal = 0.45d
Mbal = 0.454fckbw 0.45d[d – 0.4(0.45d)] + (0.567fckhf)(b – bw)(d – 0.5hf)
= 0.167fckbwd2 + (0.567fckhf)(b – bw)(d – 0.5hf)

If M < Mbal, compression reinforcement is NOT

required. As can be determined by taking
moment towards Fcc2
 M = Fst.z2 – Fcc1. (z2 – z1)
= 0.87fykAs (d – 0.5hf) – 0.567fckbwx [(d – 0.5hf) – (d – 0.4x)]

As = M + 0.567fckbwx (0.4x – 0.5hf)

0.87fyk (d – 0.5hf)

Taking x = 0.45d as required in EC2:

As = M + 0.1fckbwd (0.36d – hf)

0.87fyk (d – 0.5hf)

Equation above only applicable for hf < 0.36d

A T-beam is required to resist a design moment, M = 445 kNm. If fck = 25
N/mm2 and fyk = 500 N/mm2, determine As and the required number of steel
bars.
b = 1150 mm

hf = 100 mm

d = 320 mm

bw = 250 mm
Flange moment of resistance
Mf = (0.567fck.b.hf) . (d – hf/2)
= 0.567(25)(1150)(100)(320 – 100/2)
= 440.1 kNm < M = 445 kNm
∴ Neutral axis FALLS BELOW the flange

Mbal = 0.167fckbwd2 + (0.567fckhf)(b – bw)(d – 0.5hf)

= 0.167(25)(250)(320)2
+ 0.567(25)(100)(1150 – 250)[320 – 0.5(100)]
= 451.3 kNm > M = 445 kNm

∴Compression reinforcement NOT required

As = M + 0.1fckbwd (0.36d – hf)
0.87fyk (d – 0.5hf)
= 445 × 106 + 0.1(25)(250)(320)(0.36 × 320 – 100)
0.87(500)(320 – 0.5 × 100)
= 3815 mm2

Provide 5H25 + 5H20 (As = 4026 mm2)

 b = 1150 mm

hf = 100 mm

d = 320 mm

5H25 + 5H20

bw = 250 mm
(a) Neutral axis lies in the flange

(b) Neutral axis falls below the flange

(c) Neutral axis falls below the flange

with M > Muf
Compression reinforcement REQUIRED so that x < 0.45d

b
As’ 0.567fck

2 2 hf
s = 0.8x
1 x
d N.A
z2 z1 z3
As
Fst = 0.87fykAs
bw
Section Stress and Action
Internal forces
Fcc1 = 0.454fckbwx and Fcc2 = (0.567fck)(b – bw)hf
Fst = 0.87fykAs and Fsc = 0.87fykAs’

Lever arm,
z1 = d – 0.4x, z2 = d – 0.5hf and z3 = d – d’

Moment of resistance
M = Fsc.z3 + Fcc1.z1 + Fcc2.z2
= (0.87fykAs’)(d – d’) + (0.454fckbwx)(d – 0.4x)
+ (0.567fckhf)(b – bw)(d – 0.5hf)
When x = 0.45d
M = 0.87fykAs’ (d – d’) + Mbal
As’ = (M – Mbal)
0.87fyk (d – d’)

From equilibrium of forces

Fst = Fcc1 + Fcc2 + Fsc
0.87fykAs = 0.454fckbwx + (0.567fck)(b – bw)hf + 0.87fykAs’

When x = 0.45d
0.87fykAs = 0.167fckbwd2 + (0.567fck)(b – bw)hf + 0.87fykAs’
As = 0.167fckbwd + 0.567fckhf (b – bw) + 0.87fykAs’
0.87fyk
A T-beam is required to resist a design moment M = 500 kNm. If fck = 25
N/mm2 and fyk = 500 N/mm2, determine the required area of reinforcement
and number of steel bars.
b = 1150 mm
d’ = 50 mm hf = 100 mm

d = 320 mm

bw = 250 mm
Flange moment of resistance
Mf = 440.1 kNm < M = 500 kNm
Neutral axis FALLS BELOW the flange

Mbal = 451.3 kNm < M = 500 kNm

Compression reinforcement is REQUIRED

As’ = (M – Mbal) / 0.87fyk(d – d’)

= (500 – 451.3) / 0.87(500)(320 – 50)
= 415 mm2
As = 0.167fckbwd + 0.567fckhf (b – bw) + 0.87fykAs’
0.87fyk
= 0.167(25)(250)(320) + 0.567(25)(100)(1150 – 250) + 0.87(500)(415)
0.87(500)
= 4115 mm2

Provide 5H25 + 5H16 (As = 4153 mm2)

Provide 4H12 (As’ = 453 mm2)
 b = 1150 mm
d’ = 50 mm
4H12 hf = 100 mm

d = 320 mm

5H25 + 5H16

bw = 250 mm
 Start

Yes
M < Mf N.A lies in the flange

No
K = M/fckbd2
N.A below the flange z = d {0.5 + √(0.25 – K/1.134)}
As = M/0.87fyk.z

Calculate
Mbal = βffckbd2
Check Mbal with M
Check hf < 0.36d

A
 A

Compression No Yes Compression

reinforcement M < Mbal reinforcement is NOT
required required

As = M + 0.1fckbwd (0.36d – hf)

As = 0.167fckbwd + 0.567fckhf (b – bw) + 0.87fykAs’
0.87fyk (d – 0.5hf)
0.87fyk
As’ = (M – Mbal) / 0.87fyk (d – d’)

End