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ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

TUTORIAL QUESTIONS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

STRUCTURES I FOR NATIONAL EXIT EXAM

JANUARY, 2024

ADAMA, ETHIOPIA
Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

1. The following is true regarding mechanical properties of concrete?

A) Strength of concrete can be increased by increasing water-to-cement ratio
B) The effect of shrinkage can be reduced by using high cement content
C) The effect of creep can be increased with the age of concrete
D) The modulus of elasticity of a concrete is controlled by the modulus of elasticity of
aggregate
2. Reinforcing steel and concrete may work readily in combinations due to the following
reasons except:
A) Possibility of to develop perfect bond between concrete and reinforcing steel by using
deformed bars
B) Impermeability of concrete improves bars corrosion against aggressive environments
C) There is negligible stresses between steel and concrete under temperature changes
because sufficiently similar rates of thermal expansion coefficient.
D) The tensile stresses developed in the section are transferred to reinforcing steel by the
bond between the interfaces of the two materials to increase the tensile strength of the
section.
E) None
3. Which one is the role of reinforcement in the reinforced concrete structures?

A) Resist tensile stresses

B) Prevent temperature and shrinkage stresses
C) Reduced creep deformation
D) Assist the concrete resisting compression
E) Increase ductility

4. All Under proper conditions, strength of concrete with passage of time

A) Increases C) Decreases
B) Fluctuates D) Remains constant

5. Assume yourself as structural designer, to achieve safe and economic concrete

structures, which design philosophy you are going to be used for designing of the
structural members?
A) Working Stress Design philosophy (WSD)
B) Ultimate Strength Design philosophy (USD)
C) Limit State Design philosophy (LSD)

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

D) All

7. The following are the way to reduce shrinkage of concrete except

A) Keep the cement content as low as possible

B) Proper curing
C) Using accelerator admixtures
D) None
8. Which one is true regarding design philosophy?

A) In the ultimate strength design philosophy, there is way to account for different
degrees of uncertainty associated with different types of loadings
B) In the working stress design philosophy, there is way to account the uncertainty in
material strengths variation
C) The concrete structures design as per the ultimate strength design philosophy required
less reinforcement areas as compared with the working stress design philosophy
D) In the limit state design philosophy, there is way to account for both material
strengths and loadings uncertainty
E) All are true
9. Which conditions of structure is included in the ultimate limit state?
A) Loss of equilibrium of a part of the structure
B) Collapse of critical parts of the structure
C) An overload on one member may cause transferring their load to adjacent members
and them to fail one after another until a major part of the structure has collapsed.
D) Formation of a plastic mechanism and instability due to deformations of the structure
E) All
10. In the ultimate limit state, the partial factors for materials γ m takes into account:
A) The strength of the material as determined from laboratory tests may not achieved in
the structure
B) Method of manufacture of the material
C) Duration of loading
D) All

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

α cc f ck
11. The value of the design compressive strength is defined as f cd = . From this
γc
equation α ccis the coefficient that introduced for

A) Design assumptions and inaccuracy of calculation

B) Long term effects on the compressive strength and unfavorable effects resulting from
the way loading is applied
C) Possible unusual increases in the magnitude of the actions
D) Unforeseen stress redistributions and constructional inaccuracies
12. For the given concrete strength C 50 /60 as per ES EN 1992-1-1:2015, the
characteristics cube compressive strength and cylindrical compressive strength of
concrete respectively are:

A) 50 MPa and 60 MPa C) 60 MPa and 50 MP a

B) 28.333 MPa and 34 MPa D) None
α cc f ck
13. The value of the design compressive strength is defined as f cd = . From this
γc
equation α ccis the coefficient that introduced for

A) Design assumptions and inaccuracy of calculation

B) Long term effects on the compressive strength and unfavorable effects resulting from
the way loading is applied
C) Possible unusual increases in the magnitude of the actions
D) Unforeseen stress redistributions and constructional inaccuracies

14. Which one of the following is not correct about the stress-strain curve of concrete
A) The higher the concrete grade the larger the peak value of the curve
B) The higher the concrete grade the steeper is the initial portion of the curve
C) The lower the concrete grade the sharper the peak of the curve
D) The lower the concrete grade, the higher the failure strain
15. In a reinforced concrete section under flexure, the assumption that “section’s
perpendicular to the axis of bending that are plane before bending remains plane after
bending” leads to
A) Strain distribution being linear across the depth
B) Stress distribution being linear across the depth
C) Both stress and strain distribution being linear across the depth

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

D) Strain distribution being uniform across the depth

16. As per ES EN 1992-1-1:2015; the minimum grade of concrete for structural reinforced
concrete members should be

A ¿ C 12/15 C) C 25 /30
B ¿C 20/25 D) C 30 /37

17. The tensile strain in the reinforcement is limited because of:

A) To limit crack-width with in tension zone of section to the acceptable limit.

B) It has not capacity to undergo large strains.
C) It carries tension forces
D) None

18. In reinforced concrete structures subjected to bending, in which zone reinforcement is

needed?

A) Generally in tension zone

B) In compression zone depending on design limitations
C) Not needed in compression zone
D) A and B
19. Which of the following is the reason for providing compression reinforcements
A) Decrease Ductility
B) Change the mode of failure from tension to compression
C) To increase flexural capacity of the section
D) Increase sustained-load deflection
20. Which one of the following is preferable in designing of reinforced concrete structures
for flexure?
A) Yielding of tension reinforcement with uncrushed concrete
B) Yielding of tension reinforcement with crushing concrete
C) Concrete crushing with unyielding of tension reinforcement
D) Rupturing of tension reinforcement with uncrushed concrete
21. In which situations we are enforced to design reinforced concrete beam as doubly
reinforced sections?
A) If a beam cross section is limited because of architectural or other considerations and
the concrete cannot develop the compression force required to resist the given bending
moment

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

B) If the negative bending region of continuous beams and mid-span regions of long-span
or heavily loaded beams where deflections need to be controlled
C) If the effect of creep is particularly important in beams
D) All
22. For the singly reinforced beam section shown in the figure, determine the moment of
resistance and depth of neutral axis respectively. Materials used are C 25 /30 strength
and steel S−400 steel grade. Use simplified stress block.

A) 86.45 kNm ,115.7 mm C) 90.45 kNm ,215.7 mm

B) 84.65 kNm ,105.7 mm D) Not given

23. Forquestion 2 2, what is the flexural failure types of the given section?

A) Compression failure C) Balanced failure

B) Tension failure D) Unknown

24. A double reinforced concrete beam section has

2 2 '
A s 1=2581 mm , A s 2=645 mm , b=280 mm ,d =580 mm , d =50 mm and is made with
C 30 /37 concrete and S−500 steel. The moment carrying capacity of the section will
be:

A) 150.45 kNm C) 148.63 kNm

B) 1.825 kNm D) Not given

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

25. The spacing between vertical stirrups in a rectangular reinforced beam is:
A) Minimum near the supports
B) Maximum near supports
C) Minimum near the mid-span
D) Decreased towards the mid-span of the beam
26. The governing dimension of beam design for the ultimate limit state of shear is:

A) Width C) Both
B) Depth D) Not possible to judged

27. Regarding the analysis and design of reinforced concrete ribbed slab all statements are
correct except:
A) It is preferable to use the ribbed slab for slab with long spans and relatively lighter
loads.
B) Center to center spacing the ribs should not exceed 1.5 m
C) The thickness of the toping should not be less than 50 mm or one tenth of clear
distance between the ribs
D) Mesh reinforcement with cross sectional area of not less than 1 % of the area of
topping has to be provided in each direction
28. Which one of the following is correct about two way reinforced concrete slab beam
supported tension reinforcement arrangements?
A) First layers of main reinforcement arranged in the longer span of the slabs then second
layers in the shorter span of the slabs
B) First layers of main reinforcement arranged in the shorter span of the slabs then
second layers in the longer span of the slabs
C) Both layers reinforcements are placed at the same effective depth
D) Both layers reinforcements can be placed as site engineer wants
29. For the simply supported slab on all sides given in the figure below, calculate the
design moment and required area of reinforcements respectively. The slab is subjected
kN
to a uniformly distributed dead load excluding self-weight of 1.6 2 and a uniformly
m
kN
distributed live load of 3 2 casted using normal weight concrete with slab thickness
m

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

of150 mm. Materials used

are C 20 /25 strength and
steel S−500 steel grade.
Concrete cover ¿ 20 mm
and ϕ 12 mm bars

A) 2.29 kNm , 161.2 mm2

B) 9.16 kNm ,178.85 mm 2
C) 9.45 kNm ,141.856 mm 2
D) Not given

30. The reason why we are providing anchorage length l b for reinforced concrete
structural member is:
A) To safely transfer load from one bar to another bar
B) To hold two concrete members together
C) To develop a desired bond strength between concrete and steel
D) B and C
31. In some cases, the bending moments of the two-way solid slabs at a common support
may different because of:
A) Differing edge condition at the far supports
B) Differing span lengths
C) The two adjacent panels may different functionally
D) All
32. Which one is not the approximate analysis method of two way slab?

A) Yield line method C) Moment coefficient method

B) Finite element method D) None

33. For flexural analysis and design of reinforced concrete members:

A) The stress at any point in a member must correspond to the strain at that point
B) Internal forces must exceed the external load effects

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

C) Yielding of steel and concrete accompanied simultaneously is desirable mode of

failure
D) All

34. For a simply supported floor where beams are spaced at 1 m and have a span of4 m,
what is the minimum area of beam’s tension reinforcement with the given design
parameters?
The rectangular beam sections are designed with the following properties:
Factored super-dead load Diameter of main bar in one
from slab ¿ 100 kN /m layer ¿ ϕ 24 mm
Factored imposed load Diameter of compression
¿ 40 kN /m reinforcement ¿ ϕ 16 mm
Breadth b=300 mm Diameter of stirrup ¿ ϕ 8 mm
Depth D=400 mm Concrete grade ¿ C 30 /37
Concrete cover ¿ 30 mm Steel grade ¿ 500 MPa

A) 1477 mm2 C) 2784 mm 2

B) 2201 mm2 D) 1357 mm2
E) None

35. For the question 34, what is the minimum area of beam’s compression reinforcement?

A) Not required D) 1249.9 mm2

B) 624.94 mm2 E) None
C) 724 mm 2

36. For the simply supported continuous slab shown in question 34 with the following
design data, what is the minimum area and length respectively for maximum hogging
moment?
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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Slab thickness to be designed Concrete cover ¿ 30 mm

¿ 150 mm Diameter of main bar ¿ ϕ 10 mm
Un-factored dead load including Concrete grade ¿ C 30 /37
self-weight ¿ 60 kN /m2 Steel grade ¿ 500 MP a
Un-factored live load including
2
¿ 4 kN /m

A) 784 mm 2 /m and 1 m C) 784 mm 2 /m and 0.667 m

B) 196 mm2 /m and 0.5 m D) 196 mm2 /m and 0.667 m
E) None

37. What is the depth of the neutral axis for an under-reinforced beam section whose
width is 200 mm and effective depth is 357 mm having tensile reinforcement of 3 ϕ 24 mm
bars of S−400 grade and concrete of gradeC 20 /25? Use the simplified stress block.

A) 100.2 mm D) 72.94 mm
B) 94.23 mm E) None
C) 56.32 mm

38. Two rectangular under-reinforced concrete beam sections X and Y are similar in all
aspects except that the longitudinal compression reinforcement in section Y is 10 %
more. Which one of the following is the correct statement regarding the two beams?
A) Section X has less flexural strength and less ductile than section Y
B) Section X has less flexural strength but is more ductile than section Y
C) Sections X and Y have equal flexural strength but different ductility
D) Sections X and Y have equal flexural strength and ductility
39. One of the following requirements is not the basic condition for analysis of two way
slab by coefficient method:
A) The all edges of slab must be supported.
B) The shape of slab is only rectangle.
C) The loads act on slab should be uniformly distributed.
D) There must be no a hole and concentrated load in the panel.
E) There must be a minimum number of 3 panels.
40. The shear reinforcement in RC beam is provided to resist

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

A) Vertical shear C) Diagonal tension

B) Horizontal shear D) Diagonal compression

41. For 8.5 kN /m2 and 5 KN /m2 dead and imposed load RC slab respectively calculate the
design load for ultimate and serviceability limit state respectively.

A) 13.55 kN /m2 and 13.55 kN /m2 C) 18 kN /m2 and 18 kN /m2

B) 13.55 kN /m2 and 18 kN /m2 D) 18 kN /m2 and 13.55 kN /m2

42. Distribution reinforcement in a simply supported slab is provided to distribute

A) Load C) Temperature stress

B) Shrinkage stress D) All of the above

43. The amount of reinforcement for main bars in a slab is based upon

A) Minimum shear force C) Minimum bending moment

B) Maximum shear force D) Maximum bending moment

44. Analysis is referred to _____________

A) Determination of cost of structure
B) Determination of axial forces, bending moment, shear force, deflection, etc.
C) Determination of factor of safety
D) Drafting architectural plans and drawings
45. What is under reinforced section of beam?
A) Steel reaches maximum permissible stress earlier than concrete due to external load.
B) Concrete reaches its ultimate strain earlier than steel yield due to external load.
C) Both steel and concrete attain their allowable values simultaneously
D) All
46. What is over reinforced section?
A) Steel reaches maximum permissible stress earlier than concrete due to external load.
B) Concrete reaches its ultimate strain earlier than steel yield due to external load.
C) Both steel and concrete attain their allowable values simultaneously
D) All
47. What is balanced reinforced section
A) Steel reaches maximum permissible stress earlier than concrete due to external load.
B) Concrete reaches its ultimate strain earlier than steel yield due to external load.

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

C) Both steel and concrete attain their allowable values simultaneously

D) All
48. When determining the ultimate moment resistance of reinforced concrete beam cross-
sections, which of the following assumptions is made as per ES EN 1992-1-1:2015?
A) Plane sections before bending remain plane after bending
B) The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.
C) The strain in the reinforcing steel is equal to that of the surrounding concrete
D) All of the above.
49. Which of the following statement is true for design of singly reinforced concrete
beams?
A) Singly reinforced beams are designed only with tensile reinforcement
B) Singly reinforced beams are designed only with compression reinforcement
C) Singly reinforced beams are provided only with single reinforcement bar
D) All
50. What are the conditions for provision of doubly reinforced beam?
A) When the applied moment exceeds the moment resisting capacity of a singly
reinforced beam
B) When the dimensions b and d of the section are restricted for architectural purposes.
C) In continuous T-beam where the portion of beam over middle support has to be
designed as doubly reinforced.
D) All

51. Which type of section is not permitted in designing of beam as per ES EN 1992-1-
2015?

A) Under reinforced section

B) Balanced section
C) Section that permit tension failure
D) Section which permit compression failure
E) Over reinforced section
F) A and C

52. Which of the following factor do not affects the shear strength of reinforced concrete
beams?
A) The percentage of flexural steel in a member

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

B) Effective depth of the member

C) Type of aggregates
D) Compressive strength of concrete
E) None
53. What are the factors considers for limit state of collapse?

A) Deflection D) Vibration
B) Cracking E) Fire resistance
C) Durability

54. Which property of a RC beam section influences its resistance to bending?

A) Modulus of elasticity C) Shear modulus

B) Area moment of inertia D) Poisson's ratio

55. In the design of cantilever beam, main steel reinforcement is provided along
__________ face of the beam.

A) Tension C) Central
B) Compression D) Side

56. The creep strains are:

A) Caused due to dead loads only
B) Caused due to live load only
C) Caused due to both dead load and live load only
D) Independent of loads
58. A reinforced concrete beam has a rectangular cross section of width 300 mm and
overall depth400 mm. The tension steel are 4 ϕ 20 bars and the compression steel are
2 ϕ 16 bars all placed with 30 mm of cover to the steel centroid. The concrete has
cylinder strength of25 MPa, a modulus of rupture of3.5 MPa and a modulus of
elasticity of31 GPa. The steel has yield strength of 500 MPa and a modulus of
elasticity of210 GPa. What are the moment and curvature at just prior to cracking of
the concrete respectively?

A) 66 kNm and 8.3 x 10−4 rad /m

B) 87 kNm and 1.94 x 10−4 rad /m
C) 33.8 kNm and 5.83 x 10−4 rad /m

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

D) 15.8 kNm and 3.43 x 10−4 rad /m

E) None
59. Which one of the following is not true?

A) The strength of a beam is affected considerably more by its depth than its breadth
B) The water to cement ratio is the single most important factor affecting concrete
strength
C) Tensile splitting test is the destructive test on hardened concrete
D) The failure that steel yields after the strain in the concrete at the compression face
reaches the maximum permissible value is desirable for design
E) For durability, adequate concrete cover for structural member shall be provided
60. Considering rectangular stress block of a rectangular RC section, which one of the
following is the correct expression for the neutral axis depth?

A s f yd A s f yd
A) 2 C)
0.8 b d f cd 0.8 b f cd
A s f yd D) None
B)
0.8 bd f cd

61. One of the following is not true about the neutral axis depth and flexural failure types
in rectangular RC sections.
A) Compression failure results in larger neutral axis depth
B) Under tension failure, the neutral axis depth decreases
C) The lever arm is independent of the failure type
D) None
62. Choose the correct expression about the width of a flanged RC beam (T-beam) to be
considered in analysis and/or design.
A) For a T-beam subjected to negative moment, take the web width ( b w )
B) For a T-beam subjected to positive moment, we always take the flange width ( b f )
C) If a T-beam subjected to negative moment, the neutral axis might be in the flange or in
the web, and the width in calculation depends on the location of the neutral axis
D) The width used for analysis and/or design is the average of the ( b w ) and ( b f )
63. One of the following is not the use of concrete cover

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

A) Protect the reinforcement against corrosion

B) To protect the reinforcement against overheating in case of the fire
C) To provide additional tension strength at the most stressed end fiber
D) None
64. Shear cracks
A) are characterized by their diagonal nature
B) are characterized by their vertical nature
C) occur at the point of maximum bending moment
D) are results of compression stress
65. One of the following is not correct regarding the factors affecting the shear strength of
beams without stirrups
A) The concrete tensile strength affects the shear strength
B) Longitudinal reinforcement is provided for the flexural capacity and doesn’t affect the
shear capacity
C) The shear span to depth ration (a /d) affects the shear capacity
D) Larger aggregates increase the shear strength

66. Horizontal cracks occur in RC beams

A) When bond failure between concrete and flexural reinforcement occurs
B) When bond failure between concrete and shear reinforcement occurs
C) When maximum shear force and maximum bending moment occurs at the support
D) All
67. One of the following is not true about slabs
A) One-way slabs theoretically require supports in one direction only
B) Secondary reinforcements are not necessary in one-way slabs
C) Ribbed are one-way by default
D) The support condition of two-way slabs affects the design calculations
68. Moment adjustment is performed in two-way slabs
A) When the support moment is greater than the span moment at least by 10 % in
magnitude
B) When the support moments of consecutive panels differ by at most 10 % in magnitude
C) When the support moments of consecutive panels differ by at least 10 % in magnitude

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

D) When the span moments of the consecutive panels differ by at least 10 % in magnitude
69. At the point of contra flexure

A) Bending moment is maximum C) Bending moment is zero

B) Shear force is maximum D) B and C

70. Choose the correct combination of the limit state with its corresponding structural
effect
A) ULS: rupture, fatigue, instability
B) SLS: fatigue, excessive deflection, instability
C) ULS : loss of equilibrium, progressive collapse, formation of plastic hinge
D) Special Limit State: undesirable vibration, explosion, fire
71. Strain compatibility of RC members is described as
A) The strain at any point in in the steel is inversely proportional to that in the adjoining
concrete
B) The strain at any point in in the steel is greater than that in the adjoining concrete
C) The strain at any point in in the steel is less than that in the adjoining concrete
D) The strain at any point in in the steel is equal to that in the adjoining concrete

72. Which one of the following is true about the difference between plain concrete and
reinforced concrete (RC)?
A) Reinforced concrete is a composite material and plain concrete is a homogeneous
material.
B) Plain concrete contains no rebar while RC contains at least minimum area of rebar.
C) Comparing to RC, plain concrete has better strength in compression.
D) Plain concrete has a constant density while RC has a varying density.
73. One of the following is not among the advantages of concrete over steel.
A) Fire resistance
B) Economical
C) Strength in compression and shear
D) Durability under hostile environment
74. Concrete undergoes time dependent volume change which may cause stresses,
cracking or deflections that affect the in-service behavior of reinforced concrete
structures. These includes except
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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

A) Hydration C) Creep
B) Shrinkage D) Thermal expansion or contraction

75. Limit state design is a process that involves except

A) Identification of all potential modes of failure
B) Identification working loads and allowable stresses
C) Determination of acceptable levels of safety against occurrence of each limit state
D) Structural design for the significant limit state
76. A singly reinforced concrete section has dimensions width b=300 mm, gross depth
h=600 mm and effective depthd=550 mm. Calculate the neutral axis depth at balanced
failure for 0 % redistribution of moment

A) 400 mm C) 275 mm
B) 250 mm D) 350 mm

77. Which one of the following does not contribute to the shear strength of RC beams
without web reinforcement?
A) Tensile resistance of the longitudinal bar
B) Dowel action
C) Aggregate interlock
D) Shear resistance due to un-cracked part of the concrete
78. What is the purpose of mixing water in concrete?
A) To increase the workability of fresh concrete
B) To increase the strength of hardened concrete
C) To delay the hydration reaction with cement
D) To increase the density of hardened concrete
79. The environmental factors influencing the strength of concrete at early age of
development include except
A) Moisture conditions during curing
B) Light conditions during curing
C) Pressure conditions during steam curing
D) Temperature conditions during curing
80. Minimum concrete cover is provided in RC members to provide except
A) Increased bond strength
B) Increased durability such as protecting the reinforcement from corrosion
C) Increased fire resistance
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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

D) Increased flexural strength

81. Which one of the following parameters contribute less to the shear strength of
reinforced concrete beams?
A) Longitudinal reinforcement ratio
B) Shear reinforcement amount
C) Compression reinforcement ratio
D) Concrete strength
82. The reinforcement which is inserted in plain concrete makes the structure

A) Strong in tension C) Prevent shrinkage stresses

B) Prevent temperature D) All

83. Which type of modulus of elasticity is the slope of a line through the origin and
through the point on the curve representing that stress?
A) Secant Modulus of Elasticity
B) Initial tangent modulus of Elasticity
C) Tangent Modulus of Elasticity
D) All

84. Structural members that do not requires shear reinforcement are

A) Beams C) Slabs
B) Columns D) All
85. The shrinkage in a concrete slab

A) Causes shear cracks C) Causes compression cracks

B) Causes tension cracks D) Does not cause any cracking

86. The ultimate design moment to be resisted by the section given is 185 kNm. Determine
the area of tension reinforcement ( A s ) required given the characteristics material
strengths are f yk =500 N /mm2 and f ck =25 N /mm 2

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87. Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of the cross-section shown below

A) M =284 kNm C) M =294 kNm

B) M =384 kNm D) M =194 kNm

88. Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of the cross-section shown below given
that the characteristics strengths are f yk =500 N /mm2 for reinforcement and
2
f ck =25 N /mm for concrete.

A) M =434 kNm C) M =343 kNm

B) M =443 kNm D) M =334 kNm

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