Examples for Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Q#1. A simply supported RC beam having a clear span length of 5 m is subjected to a LL of 10

kN/m in addition to self-weight. The support condition of the beam is shown below. Design
the beam using C25/30 concrete, S-300 reinforcement steel for flexure and shear
reinforcement, class-I work, unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m 3, s = 6 mm,  = 20 mm, CC
= 25 mm.

Solution:
Step1. Given
Clear span=5m
Live load=10kN/m
Concrete: C25/30, fck = 25 MPa, fcu = 30 MPa
Reinforcement steel: S300, fyk = 300MPa, E s= 200 GPa
Diameter of bars ❑20 for main bars and ❑6 for stirrups
Step2. Design constants
α cc f ck 0.85∗25
f cd = = =¿14.17 MPa
γc 1.25
f yk 300
f yd =¿ = = 260.87 MPa
γ s 1.15
f ywk 300
f ywd = = = 260.87 MPa
γ s 1.15
Kx , max=0.448 assuming 0% moment redistribution
ε cu= 0.0035
f yd
ε yd =
Es

1
 λ ε cu Es f cd
max = 0.75 b = 0.75 ( )
Es ε cu + f yd f yd
Where λ = 0.8 for fck≤ 50 MPa
 = 1 for fck≤ 50 MPa
λ ε cu Es f cd
max = 0.75 ( )
Es ε cu + f yd f yd
0.8∗0.0035∗2∗105 14.17
= 0.75 ( ) = 0.0237
2∗10 ∗0.0035+260.87 260.87
5

f yd
Mechanical reinforcement ratio = ω , max = max
f cd
260.87
= 0.0237 = 0.436
14.17
fctm
ρmin =0.26 ≥ 0.0013
fyk
Where:
f ctm :is the mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete .
f yk :isthe characteristic yield strength of reinforcement .

f ctm=0.3 f ck2 /3…………….for f ck ≤50 Mpa

2
( )
f ctm=0.3 f ck 2 /3=0.3 25 ¿ ¿ ¿ =2.565 MPa
3
Therefore,
0.26∗f ctm 0.26∗2.565
ρmin = = =0.002223
f yk 300
0.08 √ f ck 0.08 √ 25
ρ sw, min= = =¿0.001333
f ywk 300
Step3. Compute depth for deflection requirement
f yk L e
(
d ≥ 0.4 +0.6 )
400 β a
300 5000
(
d ≥ 0.4 +0.6
400 20)
d ≥212.5mm
Now to compute the overall depth (D), let us assume two layer of reinforcement at the bottom
section of the beam.

2
 ❑l 20
Effective concrete cover (d’) =CC + s + =25 + 6 + =41mm
2 2
D = d + d’= 212.5 + 41=253.5 mm
For ease of construction case use D as a multiple of 10, Let us use D = 300 mm.
20
dact = D – d’ = 300 – (25 + 6 + ) = 259 mm
2
Step4. Loading
Assume the width of the beam=250mm
Dead load
DL = γDb = 25*0.3* 0.25 = 1.875 kN/m
LL = 10 kN/m (given)
Design load = Pd = 1.35 DL + 1.5 LL
= 1.35 (1.875) + 1.5 (10) = 17.53 kN/m
Step5. Design moment and shear
For simply supported member the ultimate moment and shear is obtained by using simple
equation as:
P d L2 17.53∗52
M U =M sd =¿ = = 54.78kNm.
8 8
P d L 17.53∗5
V max = = = 43.825 kNm.
2 2

3
 A. Design for flexure
Step6. Check depth for flexure
M max M max
d required ≥
√ 0.8∗b∗❑max∗m∗f cd∗(1−0.4∗❑max∗m)
or d required ≥
√
0.3415 b f cd
f yd 260.87
Where m= = = 23.01
0.8∗f cd 0.8∗14.17

54.78∗106 M max
=
√ 0.8∗250∗0.0237∗23.01∗14.17∗( 1−0.4∗0.0237∗23.01)
or ≥
√
0.3415 b f cd
= 212.92

mm
If d used > drequired then the depth provided is ok to be designed as singly reinforced member
If d used < drequired then the depth provided is not ok to be designed as singly reinforced member,
rather it should be designed as doubly reinforced or else change the depth for serviceability to be
a larger than the initial value.
Thus, d used =259 mm¿ d required =212.92 mm ………OK!
 The beam can be designed as a singly reinforced section.
Step7. Reinforcement for flexure

ηfcd 2M fcd 2M
ρcalc =
f yd ( √
1 ± 1− 2
ηb d fcd
= ) ( √
f yd
1 ± 1− 2
b d fcd )
4
 14.17
¿ (1± 0.734)=¿ 0.01444 taking the negative sign to be economical and ductility reason
260.87
For controlling crack and ductility reason the following should be satisfied
ρmin ≤ ρcalc ≤ ρmax

0.002223<0.0 1 444 <0.0237

Use ρ=ρcalc =0.01444
A s=ρbd=0.01444∗250∗259=934.99 mm 2
Step8. Bar arrangement
As
Number of reinforcement steel (N) =
as
934.99 mm 2
For 20 N =
❑ =¿2.976≅3
314.159m m 2
934.99 mm 2
For❑16 N = =¿ 4.65≅5
201.062m m 2
934.99 mm 2
For❑14 N = =¿6.0737≅6
153.94 mm 2
Among the above select the economical one as per minimum wastage of reinforcement
Let it be 3❑20
Number of bars in one row (n)
Minimum spacing
diameter
¯

{
Smin =max the maximum ¿ aggregate+5 mm
20 mm
Assume aggregate size of 20mm for beam construction
20
{
Smin =max 20+5
20
The effective width (b eff ) = b –2(cc+s) =nl + (n-1) s
=250 mm-2(25+6) mm=188mm
beff + S 188+25
n= = =4.733>3(actual value)
l+S 45
So our assumption of one raw is acceptable
Now let calculate the c/c spacing between longitudinal reinforcement for detailing purpose

5
 b eff =l+(n−1) S c/ c
beff −l 188−20
Sc /c = = =84 mm also Sclear =S c /c −l=64 mm
n−1 3−1
Use 3❑20 for main bar and 214 mm reinforcement bars as holding bars
B. Design for shear
Step9. Check the crushing strength(Check maximum shear at face of support)
From similarity of triangle
Vmax V Ef
= as shown on shear force diagram
2.5 m 2.5−C /2
Vmax C 43.825 0.3
⇒ V Ef = (
2.5 m 2)
2.5− =
2.5 m
2.5− (2 )
=41.196 kN

Crushing strength V Rd ;max of diagonal strut, assuming angle ϴ 22, cot ϴ=2.5 is
25
V Rd ;max =0.5 f cd bw z v 1 sin 2 ϴ=0.5∗14.17∗250∗0.9∗259∗0.6 1− ( 250 )
sin 44

=154.88kN¿ V Ef =41.196 kN satisfactory

Step10. Compute critical shear force (Vsd )
From similarity of triangle
Vmax Vsd
= as shown on shear force diagram
2.5 m 2.5−X
Where
C=support width
Solving for Vsd = 39.285 kN = Vcr

Step11. Check for shear and design for it

Compute design shear resistance of concrete (Vrdc)

6
 1 3 1
VRd , c=0.12 k ( 100 ρfck ) bw d ≥ 0.035 k fc k bwd if there is no axial load
3 2 2

Where
A sl 3∗π∗202
❑l= = =¿0.01456< 0.02
b d 250∗259
200 200
K=1+
√
d
=1+
259 √
=1.879< 2 use K = 1.879

1 3 1
3 2 2
V Rd , c=0.12∗1.879 ( 100∗0.01456∗25 ) ∗250∗259 ≥ 0.035 ( 1.879 ) ∗ ( 25 ) ∗250∗259
48.39 kN >29.18 kN
VRd, c=48.39kN
If V Rd ;max ≤V Ef redesign the section
If V sd ≤ V rd ,c provide nominal shear reinforcement
If V sd >V rd, c design for shear
V Rd ,c =48.39 kN >Vsd=39.285 kN hence, provide nominal shear reinforcement.
Step12. Compute minimum shear reinforcement (links)
A sw ,min 2
=❑sw ,min b w =0.00133∗250=0.333m m /mm
S
Taking s = 6 mm❑sw
62
A sw=2∗(π ) = 56.55m m2
4
Solving for S gives
A sw 56.55 m m2
S= = =169.65 mm ≅ 160 mm but here no need for shear design so
0.333 m m2 /mm 0.333 m m2 / mm
we can take S ≅ 170 mm or maximum spacing with any link can be used.
Compute for Smax = 0.75 d (1+cotα )
Smax = 0.75∗259(1+cot 90) = 194 mm
Scal = 170 mm < Smax = 194≅ 190mm thus use 6 @170 mm c /c .Also it is possible to use
6 @190 mm c /c b/c doesn’t need design shear reinforcement.
The transverse spacing of the legs in a series of shear links should not exceed St ,max
St ,max =0.75 d ≤ 600 mm
St ,max =0.75 d=0.75∗259=194.25mm
St ,act =b−2 cc−st =250−2∗25−6=194 mm<194.25 mm satisfactory

7
Step13. Detailing

Q#2. If a simply supported RC beam having a clear span length of 5 m is subjected to a LL of

20kN/m in addition to self-weight. The dimensions of the beam are limited to b/D =
250mm/300mm for architectural reason. The support condition of the beam is shown below.
Design the beam using C25/30 concrete, S-300 reinforcement steel for flexure and shear
reinforcement, class-I work, unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m 3, s = 6 mm,  = 20 mm, CC
= 25 mm.

8
 Solution:
Step1. Given
Clear span=5m
Live load=15kN/m
Concrete: C25/30, fck = 25 MPa, fcu = 30 MPa
Reinforcement steel: S300, fyk = 300MPa, E s= 200 GPa
Diameter of bars ❑20 for main bars and ❑6 for stirrups
Step2. Design constants
α cc f ck 0.85∗25
f cd = = =¿14.17 MPa
γc 1.25
f yk 300
f yd =¿ = = 260.87 MPa
γ s 1.15
f ywk 300
f ywd = = = 260.87 MPa
γ s 1.15
Kx , max=0.448 assuming 0% moment redistribution
ε cu= 0.0035
f yd 260.87
ε yd = = =0.0013
Es 200000
λ ε cu Es f cd
max = 0.75 b = 0.75 ( )
Es ε cu + f yd f yd
Where λ = 0.8 for fck≤ 50 MPa
 = 1 for fck≤ 50 MPa
λ ε cu Es f cd
max = 0.75 ( )
Es ε cu + f yd f yd

9
 0.8∗0.0035∗2∗105 14.17
= 0.75 ( ) = 0.0237
5
2∗10 ∗0.0035+260.87 260.87
f yd
Mechanical reinforcement ratio = ω , max = max
f cd
260.87
= 0.0237 = 0.436
14.17
fctm
ρmin =0.26 ≥ 0.0013
fyk
Where:
f ctm :is the mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete .
f yk :isthe characteristic yield strength of reinforcement .

f ctm=0.3 f ck2 /3…………….for f ck ≤50 Mpa

2
( )
f ctm=0.3 f ck 2 /3=0.3 25 ¿ ¿ ¿ =2.565 MPa
3
Therefore,
0.26∗f ctm 0.26∗2.565
ρmin = = =0.002223
f yk 300
0.08 √ f ck 0.08 √ 25
ρ sw, min= = =¿0.001333
f ywk 300
Step3. Compute actual depth
Let us assume two layer of reinforcement at
the bottom section of the beam.

S 25
Effective concrete cover (d’) =CC + s +❑l+ =25 + 6+20+ =63.5mm
2 2
dact = D – d’ = 300 – 63.5 = 236.5 mm
Step4. Loading
The width of the beam=250mm given
Dead load

10
 DL = γDb = 25*0.3* 0.25 = 1.875 kN/m
LL = 15 kN/m (given)
Design load = Pd = 1.35 DL + 1.5 LL
= 1.35 (1.875) + 1.5 (20) = 32.5313kN/m
Step5. Design moment and shear
For simply supported member the ultimate moment and shear is obtained by using simple
equation as:
P d L2 32.5313∗52
M U =M sd =¿ = = 101.66kNm
8 8
P d L 32.5313∗5
V max = = = 81.328kN
2 2

C. Design for flexure

Step6. Check depth for flexure
M max
d required ≥
√ 0.8∗b∗❑max∗m∗f cd∗(1−0.4∗❑max∗m)
f yd 260.87
Where m= = = 23.01
0.8∗f cd 0.8∗14.17

11
 101.66∗106 101.66∗10 6
=
√ 0.8∗250∗0.0237∗23.01∗14.17∗( 1−0.4∗0.0237∗23.01)
=
√
1208.361
mm2

=290.053mm
Thus, d used =236.5 mm mm¿ d required =290.053 mm
 The beam cannot be designed as a singly reinforced section. The section has to be
designed as doubly reinforced
 M 1=µmax fcdb d 2=0.341∗14.17∗250∗236.52 =67.566 kNm
 M 2=M u−M 1=( 101.66−67.566 ) kNm=34.094 kNm
Step7. Reinforcement for flexure
ρmax =0.0237 ¿ step2

A s1 =ρmax bd=0.0237∗250∗236.5=1401.2625m m 2
Assuming single row compression zone reinforcement
❑l 20
d ' 2=¿CC + s + =25 + 6+ =41mm
2 2
M2 20.627∗106
As = '
= =305.29 mm2
2
f yd (d −d 2 ) 260.87∗(300−41)
A S= A s + A s =1401.2625+305.29=1706.5525 mm2
1 2

For compression zone check whether the steel is yield or note

ω max d 0.436∗236.5
X max= = =128.8925 mm
λ 0.8

'ε cu ( X max −d ' 2) 0.0035∗(128.8925−41)

ε s= = =0.0024
X max 128.8925
ε ' s=0.0024> ε yd =0.0013 therefore the compression steel has yield

' M2 2
A s =A s = '
=305.29 mm
2
f yd (d−d 2)
Step8. Bar arrangement
As
Number of reinforcement steel (N) =
as
For tension zone reinforcement
1706.5525m m 2
For 20 N =
❑ =5.4 ≅6
314.159m m 2

12
 1706.5525m m 2
For 16 N =
❑ =¿8.4≅8
201.062m m 2
1706.5525m m 2
For❑14 N = =¿11.1≅12
153.94 mm 2
Among the above select the economical one as per minimum wastage of reinforcement and with
design satisfaction.
Let it be 6❑20
For compression zone reinforcement
305.29m m 2
For 20 N =
❑ =0.97 ≅2 because two bar must be provided at top for a
314.159m m 2
rectangular section
305.29m m 2
For❑16 N = =¿ 1.52≅2
201.062m m 2
305.29 mm 2
For❑14 N = =¿1.98≅2
153.94 mm 2
Among the above select the economical one as per minimum wastage of reinforcement and with
design satisfaction.
Let it be 2❑14
Number of bars in one row (n)
Minimum spacing
diameter
¯

{
Smin =max the maximum ¿ aggregate+5 mm
20 mm
Assume aggregate size of 20mm for beam construction
20
{
Smin =max 20+5
20
The effective width (b eff ) = b –2(cc+s) =nl + (n-1) s
=250 mm-2(25+6) mm=188mm
beff + S 188+25
n= = =4.733<6( actual value) mean we can put 4❑20 in a single raw
l+S 45

13
 So our assumption of two raw for tension zone reinforcement is acceptable as the remaining 2
❑20 bar is lied on the second layer similarly the assumption of one row compression zone reinforcement
is acceptable.
Now let calculate the c/c spacing between longitudinal reinforcement for detailing purpose
For tension zone reinforcement
b eff =l+(n−1) S c/ c
beff −l 188−20
Sc /c = = =56 mm also Sclear =S c /c −l=36 mm
n−1 4−1
For compression zone reinforcement
b eff =l+(n−1) S c/ c
beff −l 188−20
Sc /c = = =168 mm also Sclear =S c /c −l=148 mm
n−1 2−1

Use 6❑20 for main bar in tension zone and 214 mm reinforcement in compression zone.
D. Design for shear
Step9. Check the crushing strength(Check maximum shear at face of support)
From similarity of triangle
Vmax V Ef
= as shown on shear force diagram
2.5 m 2.5−C /2
Vmax C 81.328 0.3
⇒ V Ef =
2.5 m(2.5− =
2 )
2.5
2.5− (2 )
=76.448 kN

Crushing strength V Rd ;max of diagonal strut, assuming angle ϴ =45, cot ϴ=1 is
25
V Rd ;max =0.5 f cd bw z v 1 sin 2 ϴ=0.5∗14.17∗250∗0.9∗236.5∗0.6 1− ( 250)sin 90

=203.5857kN¿ V Ef =76.448 kN satisfactory

V Ef
ϴ=0.5sin−1 ≥22
V Rd ;max (45)
V Ef 76.448
ϴ=0.5sin−1 =¿ 0.5sin−1 =11.02 ¿
V Rd ;max (45) 203.5857
Use ϴ=22
Step10. Compute critical shear force (Vsd )
From similarity of triangle

14
 Vmax Vsd
= as shown on shear force diagram
2.5 m 2.5−X
Where
c 300
C=support width, X = +d= +236.5=386.5 mm
2 2
Vmax (2.5−X ) 81.328 (2.5−0.386 .5)
Vsd=Vcr= = kN=68.755 kN
2.5 m 2.5

Step11. Check for shear and design for it

Compute design shear resistance of concrete (Vrdc)
1 3 1
VRd , c=0.12 k ( 100 ρfck ) bw d ≥ 0.035 k fc k bwd if there is no axial load
3 2 2

Where
A sl 6∗π∗202 /4
❑l= = =0.032>0.02 so use ❑l=0.02
b d 250∗236.5
200 200
K=1+
√
d
=1+
√
236.5
=1.92<2 use K = 1.92

1 3 1
3 2 2
V Rd , c=0.12∗1.92 ( 100∗0.02∗25 ) ∗250∗236.5≥ 0.035 ( 1.92 ) ∗( 25 ) ∗250∗236.5
50.184 kN >27.53 kN
VRd, c=50.184kN
V Rd ,c =50.184 kN <Vsd=69.682 kN hence, design for shear reinforcement.
Step12. Compute minimum shear reinforcement (links)
A sw Vsd 69.682∗1000 69682 2
= = = =0.507 mm /mm
S z f ywd cotϴ 0.9∗236.5∗260.87∗cot 22 137432.1169
A sw ,min 2
=❑sw ,min b w =0.00133∗250=0.333m m /mm
S

15
 A sw A sw , min
must ≥
S S
A sw 2
Hence take =0.507 mm /mm
S
Taking s = 6 mm
62
A sw=2∗(π ) = 56.55m m2
4
Solving for S gives
A sw 56.55m m 2
S= = =111.53mm ≅ 110 mm
0.507 m m 2 /mm 0.507 mm 2 /mm
Compute for Smax = 0.75 dfor vertical links
Smax = 0.75∗236.5= 177.375mm
Scal = 110mm <Smax = 177.375≅ 170mm thus use 6 @110 mm c /c .
The transverse spacing of the legs in a series of shear links should not exceed St ,max
St ,max =0.75 d ≤ 600 mm
St ,max =0.75 d=0.75∗236.5=177.375mm
St ,act =b−2 cc−st =250−2∗25−6=194 mm>177.375 mm not satisfactory
There are two possible solution
1. Increase number of stirrup legs i.e. from two leg to three
2. Increase depth of the section and redesign but not allowed due to architectural reason
62
A sw=3∗(π ) = 84.823m m2
4
Solving for S gives
A sw 84.823 mm 2
S= = =167.304 mm ≅ 160 mm
0.507 m m 2 / mm 0.507 mm 2 /mm
Scal = 160mm < Smax thus use 6 @160 mm c /c .
The transverse spacing of the legs in a series of shear links should not exceed St ,max
b−2 cc−st 250−2∗25−6
St ,act = = =97 mm<177.375 mm satisfactory
2 2
Hence use three leg stirrups 6 @160 mm c /c
Step13. Detailing

16
 Q#3. A simply supported RC beam having a clear span length of 6m is subjected to a LL of
20kN/m in addition to self-weight. The support condition of the beam is shown below.
Design the beam using C25/30 concrete, S-300 reinforcement steel for flexure and shear
reinforcement, class-I work, unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m 3, s = 6 mm,  = 20 mm, CC
= 25 mm.

Solution:
Step1. Given
Clear span=5m
Live load=10kN/m
Concrete: C25/30, fck = 25 MPa, fcu = 30 MPa
Reinforcement steel: S300, fyk = 300MPa, E s= 200 GPa
Diameter of bars ❑20 for main bars and ❑6 for stirrups
Step2. Design constants

17
 α cc f ck 0.85∗25
f cd = = =¿14.17 MPa
γc 1.25
f yk 300
f yd =¿ = = 260.87 MPa
γ s 1.15
f ywk 300
f ywd = = = 260.87 MPa
γ s 1.15
Kx , max=0.448 assuming 0% moment redistribution
ε cu= 0.0035
f yd
ε yd =
Es
λ ε cu Es f cd
max = 0.75 b = 0.75 ( )
Es ε cu + f yd f yd
Where λ = 0.8 for fck≤ 50 MPa
 = 1 for fck≤ 50 MPa
λ ε cu Es f cd
max = 0.75 ( )
Es ε cu + f yd f yd
0.8∗0.0035∗2∗105 14.17
= 0.75 ( ) = 0.0237
2∗10 ∗0.0035+260.87 260.87
5

f yd
Mechanical reinforcement ratio = ω , max = max
f cd
260.87
= 0.0237 = 0.436
14.17
fctm
ρmin =0.26 ≥ 0.0013
fyk
Where:
f ctm :is the mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete .
f yk :isthe characteristic yield strength of reinforcement .

f ctm=0.3 f ck2 /3…………….for f ck ≤50 Mpa

2
( )
f ctm=0.3 f ck 2 /3=0.3 25 ¿ ¿ ¿ =2.565 MPa
3
Therefore,
0.26∗f ctm 0.26∗2.565
ρmin = = =0.002223
f yk 300

18
 0.08 √ f ck 0.08 √ 25
ρ sw , min= = =¿0.001333
f ywk 300
Step3. Compute depth for deflection requirement
f yk L e
(
d ≥ 0.4 +0.6 )
400 β a
300 6000
(
d ≥ 0.4 +0.6 )
400 20
d ≥255mm
Now to compute the overall depth (D), let us assume two layer of reinforcement at the bottom
section of the beam.

S 25
Effective concrete cover (d’) =CC + s +❑l+ =25 + 6 +20+ =63.5mm
2 2
D = d + d’= 255 + 63.5mm =328.5mm
For ease of construction case use D as a multiple of 10, Let us use D = 330 mm.
dact = D – d’ = 330 – 63.5= 266.5mm
Step4. Loading
Assume the width of the beam=250mm
Dead load
DL = γDb = 25*0.33* 0.25 = 1.875 kN/m
LL = 20 kN/m (given)
Design load = Pd = 1.35 DL + 1.5 LL
= 1.35 (1.875) + 1.5 (20) = 32.5313kN/m
Step5. Design moment and shear
For simply supported member the ultimate moment and shear is obtained by using simple
equation as:

19
 P d L2 32.5313∗52
M U =M sd =¿ = = 101.66kNm
8 8
P d L 32.5313∗5
V max = = = 81.328kN
2 2

E. Design for flexure

Step6. Check depth for flexure
M max
d required ≥
√ 0.8∗b∗❑max∗m∗f cd∗(1−0.4∗❑max∗m)
f yd 260.87
Where m= = = 23.01
0.8∗f cd 0.8∗14.17

101.66∗106 101.66∗10 6
=
√
0.8∗250∗0.0237∗23.01∗14.17∗( 1−0.4∗0.0237∗23.01)
=
√
1208.361
mm2

=290.053mm
Thus, d used =259 mm mm¿ d required =290.053 mm
 There are two options to design the beam
A. Revise the section by increasing the section depth
B. Design the beam as doubly reinforced beam
Let revise by increasing the depth

20
 Take D = d revised + d’= 290.053 + 41=331.053mm≅350mm
Step7. Revised design Load, Design moment ,shear and depth
P pd revised =P pd old +1.35∗ΔD∗b∗γ c =32.5313 kN + 1.35∗0.05∗0.25∗25 kN =32.953 kN

P d , new L2 32.953∗52
M U ,new = M sd ,new =¿ = = 102.978kNm
8 8
P d , new L 32.953∗5
V max , new = = = 82.3825 kN
2 2
From simplified equation for iteration of depth for flexure
M sd ,new d new 2 Pd ,new
= =
M sd , old d old2 Pd , old

M sd ,new Pd ,new
d new =d old
√ M sd , old
=d old
√P d , old

102.978
d new =290.053
√ 101.66
mm=291.927 mm

d new <d revised new =350−41=311 mm………ok the section can resist the applied moment
Step8. Reinforcement for flexure

ηfcd 2M fcd 2M
ρcalc =
f yd ( √
1 ± 1− 2
ηb d fcd
=
f yd ) ( √
1 ± 1− 2
b d fcd )
14.17 2∗102.978∗106
¿
260.87
(1± 1−
√
250∗311 2∗14.17
)=¿ 0.0200 taking the negative sign to be economical and

ductility reason
For controlling crack and ductility reason the following should be satisfied
ρmin ≤ ρcalc ≤ ρmax

0.002223<0.0200< 0.0237
Use ρ=ρcalc =0.0199
A s=ρbd=0.020∗250∗311=1555 m m2
Step9. Bar arrangement
As
Number of reinforcement steel (N) =
as
1555 mm 2
For❑20 N = =¿4.9≅5
314.159m m 2

21
 1555 m m 2
For 16 N =
❑ =¿ 7.7≅8
201.062m m 2
1555 mm 2
For❑14 N = =¿10.1≅11
153.94 mm 2
Among the above select the economical one as per minimum wastage of reinforcement and
arrangement consideration.
Let it be 8❑16
Number of bars in one row (n)
Minimum spacing
diameter
¯

{
Smin =max the maximum ¿ aggregate+5 mm
20 mm
Assume aggregate size of 20mm for beam construction
20
Smin =max 20+5
20 {
The effective width (b eff ) = b –2(cc+s) =nl + (n-1) s
=250 mm-2(25+6) mm=188mm
beff + S 188+25
n= = =5.2 ≅ 5<8 (actual value)
l+S 41
So our assumption of two raw is acceptable since the 1st five are in the first row and the last three
bares are placed on the second layer.
Now let calculate the c/c spacing between longitudinal reinforcement for detailing purpose
b eff =l+(n−1) S c/ c
beff −l 188−16
Sc /c = = =43 mm also Sclear =S c /c −l=27 mm
n−1 5−1
Use 8❑16 for main bar and 214 mm reinforcement bars as holding bars
F. Design for shear
Step10. Check the crushing strength(Check maximum shear at face of support)
From similarity of triangle
Vmax V Ef
= as shown on shear force diagram
2.5 m 2.5−C /2

22
 Vmax C 82.3825 0.3
⇒ V Ef =
2.5 m (
2.5− =
2 2.5 m) 2.5−
2 ( )
=77.44 kN

Crushing strength V Rd ;max of diagonal strut, assuming angle α 22, cot α=2.5 is
25
V Rd ;max =0.5 f cd bw z v 1 sin 2 a=0.5∗14.17∗250∗0.9∗311∗0.6 1− ( 250)sin 44

=267.717kN¿ V Ef =77.44 kN satisfactory

V Ef 77.44
ϴ=0.5sin−1 =¿ 0.5sin−1 =8.4 ¿
V Rd ;max (45) 267.717
Use ϴ=22
Step11. Compute critical shear force (Vsd )
From similarity of triangle
Vmax Vsd
= as shown on shear force diagram
2.5 m 2.5−X
Where
C=support width and X=0.15+0.311=0.461
Solving for Vsd = 67.191 kN = Vcr
Step12. Check for shear and design for it
Compute design shear resistance of concrete (Vrdc)
1 3 1
VRd , c=0.12 k ( 100 ρfck ) bw d ≥ 0.035 k 2 fc k 2 bwd if there is no axial load
3

Where
A sl 8∗π∗16 2
❑l= = =¿0.0207> 0.02 ….. use ❑l=0.02
b d 4∗250∗311
200 200
K=1+
√d
=1+
√
311
=1.802<2 …..ok use K = 1.802

1 2 1
3 3 2
V Rd , c=0.12∗1.802 ( 100∗0.02∗25 ) ∗250∗311≥ 0.035 ( 1.802 ) ∗( 25 ) ∗250∗311
61.938 kN > 20.148 kN
VRd, c=61.9381kN
V Rd ,c =61.938 kN <Vsd=67.19 kN <V Rd ;max =267.717 kN hence design for shear reinforcement.
Step13. Compute minimum shear reinforcement (links)
A sw Vsd 67.191∗1000 67191 2
= = = =0.371787 mm /mm
S z f ywd cotϴ 0.9∗311∗260.87∗cot 22 180724.68

23
A sw ,min 2
=❑sw ,min b w =0.00133∗311=0.41363 mm /mm
S
A sw A sw , min
must ≥
S S
A sw 2
Hence take =0.41363 mm /mm
S
Taking s = 6 mm
62
A sw=2∗(π ) = 56.55m m2
4
Solving for S gives
A sw 56.55 m m2
S= = =136.72 mm ≅ 130 mm
0.41363 m m2 /mm 0.41363 m m2 /mm
Compute for Smax = 0.75 dfor vertical links
Smax = 0.75∗311= 233.25mm
Scal = 130mm < Smax = 233.25≅ 230mm thus use 6 @130 mm c /c .
The transverse spacing of the legs in a series of shear links should not exceed St ,max
St ,max =0.75 d ≤ 600 mm
St ,max =0.75 d=0.75∗311=233.25 mm
St ,act =b−2 cc−st =250−2∗25−6=194 mm<233.25 mm satisfactory
Hence use two leg stirrups 6 @130 mm c /c

24
Step14. Detailing

25