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Vectors

The document discusses vectors and their properties. It defines scalars and vectors, and describes how to add and subtract vectors geometrically and by components. It also explains unit vectors and how to multiply vectors using the dot product and cross product.

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Vikash Shivani
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© © All Rights Reserved
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13 views

Vectors

The document discusses vectors and their properties. It defines scalars and vectors, and describes how to add and subtract vectors geometrically and by components. It also explains unit vectors and how to multiply vectors using the dot product and cross product.

Uploaded by

Vikash Shivani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Applied Physics

NS (101)
LECTURE # 2
DATE: 22ND SEPTEMBER , 2020
Vectors
• Vectors and their components
• Unit Vector , adding vector by components
• Multiplying Vectors
VECTORS AND THEIR COMPONENTS

Objectives:

Add vectors by drawing them in head-to-tail arrangements, applying the


commutative and associative laws.
Subtract a vector from a second one.
Calculate the components of a vector on a given coordinate system, showing
them in a drawing.
Given the components of a vector, draw the vector and determine its
magnitude and orientation
Scalars
Not all physical quantities involve a direction. Temperature, pressure, energy,
mass, and time, for example, do not “point” in the spatial sense. We call such
quantities scalars, and we deal with them by the rules of ordinary algebra. A
single value, with a sign (as in a temperature of 40°F), specifies a scalar

Examples of Scalar Quantities:


Length
Area
Volume
Time
Mass
Vectors
A vector has magnitude as well as direction, and vectors follow certain
(vector) rules of combination, which we examine in this chapter. A vector
quantity is a quantity that has both a magnitude and a direction and thus can be
represented with a vector.

Examples of Vector Quantities:


Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
Force
Vectors
The simplest vector quantity is displacement, or change of position. A
vector that represents a displacement is called, reasonably, a
displacement vector.
Adding Vectors Geometrically
Suppose that, as in the vector diagram of Fig. 3-2a, a particle
moves from A to B and then later from B to C.We can represent
its overall displacement (no matter what its actual path) with
two successive displacement vectors, AB and BC.
The net displacement of these two displacements is a single
displacement from A to C.We call AC the vector sum (or
resultant) of the vectors AB and BC. This sum is not the usual
algebraic sum.

We can represent the relation among the three


vectors in Fig. 3-2b with the
vector equation
Properties of Vector Addition
Vector addition, defined in this way, has two important
properties.
1. Commutative Law
2. Associative Law
Properties of Vector Addition
Vector Subtraction
Components of Vectors
Components of Vectors
Check points
Unit Vector , Adding vector
by components

Objectives:
Convert a vector between magnitude-angle and unit vector Notations.

Add and subtract vectors in magnitude-angle notation and in unit-vector


notation.

Identify that, for a given vector, rotating the coordinate system about the
origin can change the vector’s components
but not the vector itself.
Unit Vector
A unit vector is a vector that has a magnitude of exactly 1 and points in a particular
direction. It lacks both dimension and unit. Its sole purpose is to point—that
is, to specify a direction.
The unit vectors in the positive directions of the x, y, and z axes are labeled , , and ,
where the hat is used instead of an overhead arrow as for other vectors (Fig. 3-13).The
arrangement of axes in Fig. 3-13 is said to be a right-handed coordinate system.
Unit Vector
The quantities ax and ay are vectors,
called the vector components of .The
quantities ax and ay are scalars, called
the scalar components of :a (or, as before,
simply its components).
ADDING VECTORS BY COMPONENTS
We can add vectors geometrically on a sketch or directly on a vector-capable
calculator. A third way is to combine their components axis by axis.

To subtract, we add (a ) and (–b) by components, to


Check points
Example
MULTIPLYING VECTORS
MULTIPLYING VECTORS
There are three ways in which vectors can be multiplied, but none is exactly like
the usual algebraic multiplication.

Multiplying a Vector by a Scalar

Multiplying a Vector by a Vector


Dot Product
The dot product says something
about how parallel two vectors
are.
The dot product (scalar product)
of two vectors can be thought of
as the projection of one onto the
direction of the other.
Components
θ
Projection of a Vector: Dot Product

The dot product says something


about how parallel two vectors
are.
The dot product (scalar product)
of two vectors can be thought of
as the projection of one onto the
Projection is
direction of the other.
zero

π/2

Components
The Scalar Product
The Scalar Product
The Vector Product
Vector Product
The cross product of two vectors says something
about how perpendicular they are. θ

Magnitude:
y
◦ θ is smaller angle between the vectors
◦ Cross product of any parallel vectors = zero j i
◦ Cross product is maximum for perpendicular vectors x
k
◦ Cross products of Cartesian unit vectors: z

j k
Vector Product
Direction: C perpendicular to
both A and B (right-hand rule)
◦ Place A and B tail to tail
◦ Right hand, not left hand
◦ Four fingers are pointed along
the first vector A
◦ “sweep” from first vector A into
second vector B through the
smaller angle between them
◦ Your outstretched thumb points
the direction
Vector Product
The quantity ABsinθ is the area of the
parallelogram formed by A and B
The direction of C is perpendicular to the
plane formed by A and B
Cross product is not commutative

The distributive law

The derivative of cross product


obeys the chain rule
Calculate cross product
Commutative property
Check points
Example: Finding the Components of an Acceleration
Vector
Example: Finding the Components of an Acceleration
Vector
Example Finding the Direction of Motion
Example Finding the Direction of Motion
Example 3.5 Run Rabbit Run!
Examples

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