Digital Logic Design

01 - Number Systems and Codes

Binary Arithmetic
Addition
• Decimal Addition

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Addition
• Arithmetic operations in digital systems are usually done in binary
• Design of logic circuits for binary arithmetic is much easier than for
decimal

• The addition table for binary numbers is

•
•
•
• and carry 1 to the next column

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Addition
• Binary Addition

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Addition
• Example: 1101 + 1011
• Answer: 11000

• Example: 101101 + 100111

• Answer: 1010100

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Subtraction
• Decimal subtraction

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Subtraction
• Decimal subtraction

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Subtraction
• The subtraction table for binary numbers is
•
• and borrow 1 from the next column
•
•

• Borrowing 1 from a column is equivalent to subtracting 1 from that

column

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Subtraction
• Binary Subtraction

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Subtraction
• Example: 11101 – 10011
• Answer: 1010

• Example: 111001 – 1011

• Answer: 101110

• Example: 10000 – 11
• Answer: 1101

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Multiplication
• Decimal Multiplication

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Multiplication
• The multiplication table for binary numbers is
•
•
•
•

• Multiplication is done bit by bit

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Multiplication

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Multiplication
• Example: 1011 * 101
• Answer: 110111

• Example: 1101 * 1011

• Answer: 10001111

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Representation of Negative Numbers
Representation of Negative Numbers
• To represent negative integers, a notation for the negative values
is needed
• It is customary to represent the sign with a bit placed in the
leftmost position of the binary number
• The convention is to make the sign bit 0 for positive and 1 for
negative
• The most common methods for representing both positive and
negative numbers are:
• Signed-magnitude
• 2’s complement
• 1’s complement

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Signed-Magnitude Numbers
• Consider an n-bit sign and magnitude number
bit 0
0 +ve bit 1 bit 2 … bit n-2 bit n-1
1 -ve

• 1 bit for the sign and n-1 bits for the magnitude
• Number in the range to are represented
• Including +0 and -0

• Designing logic circuits to perform arithmetic on sign and magnitude is not

easy
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Signed-Magnitude Numbers
•
• Can represent numbers between -7 and +7
+𝑁 Positive Integers −𝑁 Sign and
Magnitude
+0 0000 -0 1000
+1 0001 -1 1001
+2 0010 -2 1010
+3 0011 -3 1011
+4 0100 -4 1100
+5 0101 -5 1101
+6 0110 -6 1110
+7 0111 -7 1111
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2’s Complement Numbers
• Consider n-bits numbers
• A positive number is represented by a 0 followed by the magnitude of
• A negative number is represented by its 2’s complement ∗ , where
∗

• The magnitude of a negative number can be obtained by taking it’s 2’s

complement
∗

• The range of representable numbers is to

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1’s Complement Numbers
• For binary numbers, r = 2 and r - 1 = 1, so the 1’s complement of N is (2n - 1) - N. Again,
2n is represented by a binary number that consists of a 1 followed by n 0’s.
• 2n - 1 is a binary number represented by n 1’s.
• For Example: if n = 4, we have 24 = (10000)2 and 24 - 1 = (1111)2. Thus, the 1’s
complement of a binary number is obtained by subtracting each digit from 1.
However, when subtracting binary digits from 1, we can have either 1 - 0 = 1 or 1 - 1 =
0, which causes the bit to change from 0 to 1 or from 1 to 0, respectively. Therefore,
the 1’s complement of a binary number is formed by changing 1’s to 0’s and 0’s to 1’s.
The following are some numerical examples:
The 1’s complement of 1011000 is 0100111.
The 1’s complement of 0101101 is 1010010. 42
2’s Complement Numbers
• Examples:
2’s Complement Numbers
• Examples:
2’s Complement Numbers
•
• Can represent the numbers between -8 and +7
+𝑁 Positive Integers −𝑁 2’s Complement
+0 0000 -0 ____
+1 0001 -1 1111
+2 0010 -2 1110
+3 0011 -3 1101
+4 0100 -4 1100
+5 0101 -5 1011
+6 0110 -6 1010
+7 0111 -7 1001
-8 1000
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Addition of 2’s Complement Numbers
• Addition is carried out as if all the numbers were positive, and any
carry form the sign position is ignored
• This will always yield the correct result except when an overflow
occurs
• An overflow occurs when the correct representation of the sum
(including the sign) requires more than bits

• Assume , the different cases will be illustrated in the next

pages

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Addition of 2’s Complement Numbers
1. Addition of two positive numbers, sum

2. Addition of two positive numbers, sum

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Addition of 2’s Complement Numbers
3. Addition of positive and negative numbers (negative number has a
greater magnitude)

4. Addition of positive and negative numbers (positive number has a

greater magnitude)

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Addition of 2’s Complement Numbers
5. Addition of two negative number, |sum|

6. Addition of two negative numbers, |sum|

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Binary Codes for Decimal Numbers
Binary Codes for Decimal Numbers
• Digital systems use signals that have two distinct values and circuit
elements that have two stable states
• There is a direct analogy between binary signals, binary circuit
elements, and binary digits
• However, the input and output equipment generally use decimal
numbers
• Therefore, decimal numbers must be coded in terms of binary signals

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Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD) Code
• Each decimal digit is replaced by its binary equivalent

• A number with decimal digits will require bits in BCD.

• A decimal number in BCD is the same as its equivalent binary number only
when the number is between 0 and 9
• The binary combinations 1010 through 1111 are not used and have no
meaning in BCD

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 Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD) Code
• A decimal number in BCD is
the same as its equivalent
binary number only when
the number is between 0
and 9
• The binary combinations
1010 through 1111 are not
used and have no meaning
in BCD

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Other Decimal Codes

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 Gray Code
• Used in applications in which the
normal sequence of binary numbers
generated by hardware may produce
errors or ambiguity during the
transition from one number to the
next
• In Gray code, only one bit changes its
value during any transition between
two numbers

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ASCII Code
• American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) Character
Code
• A popular code used to represent information sent as character-based
data.
• It uses 7-bits to represent:
• 94 Graphic printing characters.
• 34 Non-printing characters.
• Some non-printing characters are used for text format (e.g. BS =
Backspace, CR = carriage return).
• Other non-printing characters are used for record marking and flow
control (e.g. STX and ETX start and end text areas).

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ASCII Code

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