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nd Logic Design
Lecture 1

Digital Electronics and Logic Design

 Assessment
• Total assessment = 100
• 15 – Class Test on Unit 1 (7.5) + HA (6*5 = 30 ------ 7.5)
• 20 – Mid Sem (Online test)
• 65 – End Sem (100 marks to be converted to 65)

• Lab assessments = 100

• 70 – Regular assessment – Viva + File
• 30 – End sem Prac exam.
 Your Responsibility
• Be regular with assignment completions and
course work.
• Required attendance will be 75% else will be
detained.
• Keep your mobile phones on silent mode /
switched off.
 Syllabus
I. Number system and Codes
a. Number systems : Binary , Octal, Hexadecimal, Operations related to number systems
b. Codes : BCD , Excess-3 , Gray, Code Conversions,
c. Boolean Algebra : Theorems, K-Maps, Truth Tables, SOP and POS forms, Minimization of
SOP and POS using K-maps.
II. Combinational & Sequential logic circuits
a. Multiplexers and Demultiplexers
b. Decoders and Encoders
c. Parity checkers and Generators
d. Flip-Flops
e. Counters
III. Design of sequential circuits
a. Moore/Mealy M/c's: representation techniques
b. State Diagrams, State tables, State reduction , State assignment, Implementation using
Flipflops
c. Applications : Sequence Generators and detectors , Shift registers,
d. ASM charts , notations and design of simple and multiplexer controllers methods.
e. RTL notation and implementation
 Syllabus
IV. Logic Families
a. Characteristics of Digital ICs:
b. TTL
c. CMOS
V. Programmable Logic Devices
a. Programmable Logic array
b. Introduction to :FPGA, CPLD.
c. Introduction to VHDL
 Text Books
1. "Modern Digital Electronics", R.P. Jain, Tata
McGraw-Hill, 2003, ISBN 0 - 07 - 049492 – 4,
3rd Edition.
2. “A VHDL Primer”, J. Bhaskar, Englewood
Cliffs, Prentice Hall, 1994, ISBN-13: 978-
0131814479, 2nd Edition.
 Reference Books
1. "Digital Design", M. Mano, Pearson
Education, 2002, ISBN - 81 - 7808 - 555 – 0,
3rd Edition
2. "Digital Principles and Applications", A.
Malvino, D. Leach, Tata McGraw Hill, 2003,
ISBN 0 - 07 - 047258 – 05, 5th Edition.
 Why Do I need this Course ?
1. To understand the basics of digital systems.
2. To understand how Integrated Chips (IC) and
Integrated circuits are constructed.
3. To understand how programmable devices
can be used.
4. To sharpen your Logical skills.
Why do I need Digital Electronics ?
• Digitization helps in representation of discrete
elements . eg,. Alphabets , numbers
• Digital systems understand either a 0 or a 1 .
• Analog to digital converters are used to digitize
analog data.
• Equipment built with digital integrated circuits
can perform at a speed of hundreds of millions of
operations per second.
• To understand the operation of each digital
module, it is necessary to have a basic knowledge
of digital circuits and their logical function.
 Number system and Codes
• Binary , Octal and Hexadecimal number
systems for the building blocks of Digital
Electronics.
• It is important to know mathematical
operations using these number systems
• Decimal number representation of 7,392
7*103 + 3*102 + 9*101 + 2*100

So how so we represent the same using only 0 and 1 ?

With I bit we can represent only 0 and 1
With 2 bits we can represent 0 , 1 , 2 and 3 how ?
0 – 00
1 – 01
2 – 10
3 – 11
• Hence by this yard stick if the number of bits
used to represent binary numbers is n the we
can represent a maximum f 2n distinct
numbers
N values
1 2 = 21
2 4 = 22
3 8 = 23
. .
. .
n 2n
 Complements of numbers
• Complements are used in digital computers to simplify the
subtraction operation and for logical manipulation.
• There are two types of complements for each base‐r
system:
– The radix complement
– diminished radix complement.
• The first is referred to as the r’s complement and the
second as the (r -1)s complement.
• For the binary system we have 2’s complement and 1’s
complement
• For the octal system we have 8’s complement and 7’s
complement
• For the hexadecimal system we have the 16’s complement
and 15’s complement.
Diminished Radix complement (1’s,7’s
9’s, 15’s complement)
• The 1’s complement of 1011000 is
0100111.
• The 7’s complement of ( 546 )8 is 777 – 546 =
231
• T h e 9’s complement of 546700 is 999999 -
546700=453299
• The 15’s complement of A6BF is FFFF – A6BF =
594O
 Radix complement (2’s,8’s 10’s, 16’s
complement)
• We simply add 1 to the Diminished Radix
complement to obtain the radix complement.
• The 2’s complement of 1011000 is 0100111
+1 = 0101000
• The 8’s complement of ( 546 )8 is 777 – 546 =
231 +1 = 232
• T h e 10’s complement of 546700 is 999999 -
546700=453299 + 1 = 453300
• The 16’s complement of A6BF is FFFF – A6BF =
594O + 1 = 59401
 Arithmetic Operations on number
systems
• We will consider the binary number system
first and then apply the same rules to the
octal and hexadecimal number systems later.
Operations :
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
 Binary Arithmetic
• Rules for binary addition
0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1 + 1 = 0 with carry 1
Ex 1 .
11100
01111
--------------
101011
 Signed binary numbers
If the most significant bit (MSB ) is 1 then the
number is negative.
If the MSB is 0 then the number is positive.

Case 1 : Adding two positive numbers

53 + 44 = 97
00110101
00101100
01100001
Case 2 : Adding a bigger positive number to a smaller negative number
120 + (-55) = 65
Here we make use of the 2’s complement. Adding the 2’s complement of a negative
number to the positive number is the same as subtracting
120 = 01111000
55 = 00110111

1’s complement of 55 = 11001000

2’s complement of 55 = 11001001

Adding
01111000
11001001
1 01000001 = 65

Ignore the carry bit

Case 3 : adding a smaller positive number to a greater negative
number
32 + (-50) = -18
32 = 00100000
50 = 00110010
1’s complement of 50 = 11001101
2’s complement of 50 = 11001110

00100000
11001110
11101110 – this is the 2’s complement of 18

Note : In this case we get the answer in the 2’s complement form.
Case 4 : addition of two negative numbers
-30 + -20 = -50
2’s complement of 30 = 11100010
2’s complement of 20 = 11101100
Adding the two = 1 11001110
We get the 2’s complement of 50 after ignoring
the carry.
 Binary Subtraction
Case 1 : Both positive. Subtracting smaller from larger
positive number
52 – 18 = 34 Same as adding a small negative value to a
large positive number.
Case 2 : positive and small Negative . 48 – (-12) . This is
the same as simple addition of two positive integers.
Case 3 : Positive and large Negative. 12 – (-50). Again
same as simple addition of two positive integers.
Case 4 : Both Negative . -15 – (-68 ) . Same as subtracting
a smaller value from a larger positive value.
 Binary Multiplication
1000
x 1001
---------------
1000
0000+
0000++
1000+++
----------------
1001000
 Binary Division

1001 - Quotient
Divisor 1000) 1001010 <- Dividend
1000
00010
000101
0001010
1000
0010 - Remainder
• Octal system
– The numbers used is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
(127.4)8 = 1*82+2*81+7*80+4*8-1 = (87.5)10
• Hexadecimal system
– The numbers used are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C,
D, E & F
– (B65F)16 =11*163+6*162+5*161+15*160=(46,687)10
 Why do we need Octal and
Hexadecimal System ?
• Binary numbers are difficult to work with because
they require three or four times as many digits as
their decimal equivalents.
• When Human Machine interaction is required a
condensed binary system like octal or
hexadecimals are used.
• When humans communicate with each other
about binary numbers , it is easier to represent
them in octal or hexadecimal.
• Thus most computer manuals use either the octal
or hexadecimal system of representation.
 Conversions
• Decimal to Binary
• Binary to Decimal
• Octal to Decimal
• Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Decimal to octal
• Octal to Binary
• Decimal to Hexadecimal
• Binary to octal
• Octal to Hexadecimal
• Binary to Hexadecimal
• Hexadecimal to Binary
• Hexadecimal to Octal