0% found this document useful (0 votes)

11 views

Ma3351 Tpde Notes

Uploaded by

esomnath2006

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

11 views

Ma3351 Tpde Notes

Uploaded by

esomnath2006

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 321

EnggTree.

com

UNIT – I

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

A partial Differential Equation is an equation involving a function of two

or more variables and some of its partial derivatives. Therefore a PDE contains
one dependent variable and more than one independent variable. Hence the
main difference between partial and ordinary differential equation is the number
of independent variables involved in the equation.
The order of a PDE is the order of the highest partial derivatives
occurring in the equation.
FORMATION OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS:
There are two methods to form a PDE.
1. By Elimination of arbitrary constants.
2. By Elimination of arbitrary functions.
1. Formation of PDE by elimination of arbitrary constants:
Let f (x, y, z, a,b) =0 − − − − − − − (1) be an eqn which contains two
arbitrary constants a and b. To eliminate this two constant we need atleast
three eqn. Therefore partially differentiating eqn (1) w.r.to x and y, we get
two more eqn.
From these three eqn we can eliminate a and b. Similarly , for eliminating
three constants we need four equations and so on.
We use the following notations
∂z ∂z ∂2 z ∂2 z ∂2 z
p= , q= ,r = 2 ,s= ,t = 2
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x∂y ∂y
PROBLEMS:
1. Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants from
( )(
z = x2 + a y 2 + b . )
Sol:
(
2 2
)(
Given z = x + a y + b ....(1))
Diff (1) partially w.r.to x and y
From (2) and (3) we get,

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

(
p = 2x y2 + b ) .....( 2 )
q = 2 y (x 2
+ a) .....( 3 )
p
= y2 + b .....( 4 )
2x
q
= x2 + a ......( 5 )
2y

Substituting (4) and (5) in (1) , we get,

p q
z=
2x 2 y

⇒ pq = 4 xyz

2. From a PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants a and b from

log(az −1) = x + ay + b .
Sol:
Given log(az −1) = x + ay + b ……(1)
Diff (1) partially w.r.to x and y
From (2)and (3),
ap
=1 .....( 2)
az − 1
aq
=a .....( 3)
az − 1
ap = ( az − 1)
1
⇒a= .....( 4)
z− p
q = ( az − 1) .....( 5)
Substituting (4) and (5)
z
q= −1
z− p
⇒ q( z − p) = p
⇒ p (q + 1) = zq

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

3. Form a PDE by eliminating arbitrary constants a,b,and c from

z = ax + by + cxy.
Sol:
Given z = ax + by + cxy .....(1)
Diff (1) partially w.r.to x and y,
p = a + cy .....( 2)
q = b + cx .....( 3)
∂2z
s= = c .....( 4)
∂x ∂ y

From (1) , (2) ,(3)we cannot eliminate the arbitrary constants,

So diff (2) and (3) partially w.r.to x and y
∂2z
r = 2 =0 .....(5)
∂x
∂2z
t = 2 = 0 .....(6)
∂y
Sub (4) in (3) , we get
q = b + sx
⇒ b = q − sx .....(7)
Sub (4) in (2) , we get
p = a + sy
⇒ a = p − sy .....(8)
Sub (7), (8), and (4) in (1) , we get
z =( p − sy)x + (q − sx) + sxy.
4. Form a PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants a and b from
(x − a )2 + ( y − b)2 = z 2 cot2 α .
Sol:
Given (x −a) +( y −b) =z cot α.
2 2 2 2
……(1)
Diff (1) partially w.r.to x and y

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

2( x − a ) = 2 zp cot 2 α
⇒ ( x − a ) = zp cot 2 α .....( 2)
2( y − b) = 2 zp cot 2 α
⇒ ( y − b) = zp cot 2 α .....(3)
Sub (2) and (3) in (1) , we get
z 2 p2 cot4 α + z 2q2 cot4 α = z 2 cot2 α
⇒ p2 + q2 = tan2 α
5. Find the PDE of all planes having equal intercepts on the x and y axis.
Sol:
x y z
Equation of such plane is + + =1 ..... (1)
a a b
Diff (1) partially w.r.to x and y
1 p
+ =0
a b
−b
⇒ p= .....( 2)
a
1 q
+ =0
a b
−b
⇒ q= .....( 3)
a
From (2) and (3) , we get
p = q .

3 3
6. Form the PDE from z = ax + by
Sol:
3 3
Given z = ax + by .....(1)
Diff partially w.r.to x and y
p
p = 3ax 2 ⇒ a = .....(2)
3x 2
q
q = 3by 2 ⇒ b= 2 .....(3)
3y
sub (2) and (3) in (1)

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

px + qy = 3 z
n n
7. Form the PDE from
z = ax + by
Sol:
Diff partially w.r.to x and y
p
p =3axn−1 ⇒ a = .....(2)
3xn−1
q
q =3byn−1 ⇒ b = n−1 .....(3)
3y
sub (2) and (3) in (1)
px + qy = zn
2
8. Form the PDE from z = ( 2 x + a )(3 y − b)
Sol:
2
Given z =(2x + a)(3y − b) .....(1)
Diff partially w.r.to x and y
p
p = (3y − b)4x ⇒ (3y − b) = .....(2)
4x
q
q = (2x2 + a)(3) ⇒(2x2 + a) = 2 .....(3)
3y
Sub (2) and (3) in (1)
12 xz = pq
9. Find the PDE of all planes having equal intercepts on the x and y
axis.
Sol:
x y z
The Plane is + + =1 ..... (1)
a b c
Diff partially w.r.to x and y
1 p
+ =0 .....( 2)
a c
1 q
+ =0 .....( 3)
b c
From (2) and (3) ,we get

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

p
=1
q
⇒ p=q

Formation of PDE by elimination of arbitrary functions:

The elimination of one arbitrary function from a given relation
gives a PDE of first order while elimination of two arbitrary function
from a given relation gives a second or higher order PDE.

(2 2
10. Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary function from z = f x − y . )
Sol:
( 2
Given z = f x − y
2
) …..(1)
Diff (1) partially w.r.to x and y
( )
p = f ' x 2 − y 2 (2 x)
p
(
⇒ f ' x2 − y2 = ) 2x
.....( 2)
'
( 2 2
)
q = f x − y ( −2 y )
−q
(
⇒ f ' x2 − y2 = ) 2y
.....( 3)

From (2) and (3) , we get

p −q
=
2x 2 y
⇒ py = − qx
py + qx = 0 .

 xy 
11. Eliminate the arbitrary function f from z = f   and form the PDE.
z

Formation of PDE by eliminating the function φ from φ(u, v) =0 where u

and v are functions of x , y and z.
Let φ(u,v)=0 …..(1) be a given function of u and v.
Diff (1) partially w.r.to x and y we get,
∂φ ∂u ∂φ ∂v
+ =0 .....(2)
∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x
∂φ ∂u ∂φ ∂v
+ =0 .....(3)
∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y
∂φ ∂φ
To eliminate φ , it is enough to eliminate and
∂u ∂v
Eliminating φ from (2) and (3) , we get
∂u ∂v
∂x ∂x = 0
∂u ∂v …..(4)
∂y ∂y
The above four partial derivatives can be derived from u and v.
2
23. Form the PDE by eliminating f, from f (xy+ z , x + y + z)=0.

Sol:
2
Given f ( xy + z , x + y + z ) = 0 .....(1)
∴ (1) is of the form φ (u , v ) = 0
2
Let u = xy+ z and v = x + y + z
∂u ∂v
= y + 2 zp =1 + p
∂x ∂x
∂u ∂v
= x + 2 zq =1 + q
∂y ∂y
∂u ∂v
∂x ∂x = 0
Sub the above derivatives in ∂u ∂v
∂y ∂y

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

y + 2zp 1 + p
=0
y + 2zq 1 + q
(1 + q)( y + 2zp) − (1 + p)( y + 2zq) = 0
(2z − x) p + ( y − 2 z)q = x − y.

2 x
24. Form the PDE by eliminating f, from f (z − xy , ) = 0.
z

Sol:
2 x
Given f ( z − xy , ) = 0.
z
∴ (1) is of the form φ(u,v)=0
2 x
Let u = z − xy and v =
z
∂u ∂v z − px
= 2zp − y = 2
∂x ∂x z
∂u ∂v − xq
= 2zq − x =
∂y ∂y z 2
∂u ∂v
∂x ∂x = 0
Sub the above derivatives in ∂u ∂v
∂y ∂y
z − px
2 zp − y
z2 =0
− xq
2 zq − x
z2
 − xq   z − px 
( 2 zp − y ) 2  −  2 ( 2 zq − x ) = 0
 z   z 
multiplyin g by z 2
( 2 zp − y )( − xq ) − ( z − px )( 2 zq − x ) = 0
px 2 − q ( xy − 2 z 2 ) = zx.

2 2 2
(
25. Form the PDE by eliminating f, from f x + y + z , xyz =0. )

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Sol:
( 2
Given f x + y + z , xyz =0.
2 2
)
∴ (1) is of the form φ(u,v)=0
2 2 2
Let u = x + y + z and v = xyz
∂u ∂v
= 2x + 2zp = y( xp + z)
∂x ∂x
∂u ∂v
= 2 y + 2zq = x( yq + z)
∂y ∂y
∂u ∂v
∂x ∂x = 0
Sub the above derivatives in ∂u ∂v
∂y ∂y

z2 = p2 + q2 +1
41. Solve

Sol:
2 2 2
Given z = p + q + 1 .....(1)
This is of the type F ( z , p, q ) = 0
Let z = f (x + ay) be the solution of (1).
Put x +ay =u
dz dz
p= , q =a .....(2)
du du
Sub (2) in (1), we get
2 2
2  dz  2  dz 
z =  +a   +1
 du   du 
2
 dz  2 2
  (1 + a ) = z − 1
 du 
2
 dz  z2 −1
  = 2
 du  1 + a
dz 1
= z2 −1
du 1+ a2
dz du
∫ z2 −1 = ∫ 1+ a2

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

1
cosh−1 z = .u + b
1+ a2
1
cosh−1 z = ( x + ay) + b
1+ a2

TYPE 4:
EQUATION OF THE FORM F1(x, p) =F2 ( y, q)
Let F1 ( x, p) = F2 ( y, q) = k (say) .....(1)
From (1) we get p = f1 ( x, k ) , q = f 2 ( y, k ) .....(2)
We know that
dz = pdx + qdy .....(3)
Sub (2) in (3) we get
dz = f1 ( x, k )dx + f 2 ( y, k )dy
Integrating we get z = ∫ f1 ( x, k )dx + ∫ f 2 ( y, k )dy + b is the complete
integral.
2 2
42. Solve p − q= x + y .

2 2
Sol:Given p−q=x + y .
p − x2 = q − y 2 = k (say)
p − x2 = k , q − y 2 = k
p = k + x2 , q = k − y 2
z =∫ pdx+ ∫ qdy
=∫(x2 + k)dx+ ∫(k − y2 )dy
x3 y3
= + kx+ ky− + a
3 3

1
z = (x3 − y3 ) + k(x + y) + a
3

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

43. Solve p + q =x + y .
Sol:
Given p + q =x + y
p − x = y − q = k (say)
p − x=k , y − q = k
p =k + x , q = y − k
p = (k + x)2 , q = ( y − k )2
We know that
z = ∫ p dx + ∫ q dy

= ∫ (k + x) 2 dx + ∫ ( y − k ) 2 dy
( k + x) 3 ( y − k ) 3
= + +b
3 3
y x
44. Solve pe =qe .

Sol:
y x
Given pe =qe
p q
= = k (say)
ex ey
p = ke x , q = ke y
We know that
z = ∫ p dx+ ∫ q dy
= ∫ kex dx+ ∫ key dy
= k (e x + e y ) + b
2 2
45. Solve p + q =x + y .

Sol:

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

2 2
Given p + q = x + y
p2 − x = y − q2 =k
p2 =k + x , q2 = y − k
p= k + x , q= y − k
We know that
z = ∫ p dx+ ∫ q dy
= ∫ k + x dx+ ∫ y − k dy
3 3
2 2
= (k + x) 2 + ( y − k) 2
3 3

TYPE 5:
m n m n
EQUATION OF THE TYPE F(x p, y q)=0 and F(z, x p, y q) =0.
1−m 1−n
CASE 1: If m≠1 and n ≠1, then put x = X , y =Y .....(1)
∂z ∂z ∂X  ∂X ∂z 
Now = . = P(1 − m).x −m Q = (1 − m ) x −m
and = P
∂x ∂X ∂x  ∂x ∂X 
−m
p = P(1 − m) x
x m p = (1 − m) P .....(2)
∂z ∂z ∂Y  ∂Y ∂z 
Similarly = . = Q(1 − n). y −n −n
Q ∂y = (1 − n) y and ∂Y = Q 
∂y ∂Y ∂y  
q =Q(1− n) y −n ∂z ∂z
n where P = ,Q=
y q = (1− n)Q .....(3) ∂X ∂Y
Sub (2) and (3) in the given eqn we get a diff eqn of the form F(P,Q) =0 (Type 1)
and F ( z , P , Q ) = 0 (Type 3) which can be easily solved.
CASE 2: If m=n=1 , then
Put log x = X , log y = Y

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

∂z ∂z ∂X
p= = .
∂x ∂X ∂x
1  ∂z ∂X 1 
p = P. Q P = , =
x ∂X ∂x x 
xp = P .....( 4)
 ∂z 
similarly yq = Q q =  .....( 5)
 ∂Y 
Sub (4) and (5) in the given eqn we get a diff eqn of the form F ( P, Q) = 0 and
F ( z, P, Q) = 0 (Type 3) which can be easily solved.

x2 y 2
46. Solve + = z
p q
Sol:
1 1
Given equation can be written as −2
+ −2
=z .....(1)
x p y q
m n
This is of type F ( z, x p, y q) = 0.
Here m =-2 and n = -2
x1−(−2) = X ⇒ X = x3
y1−(−2) =Y ⇒Y = y3
x3 p =3P
y3q =3Q .....(2)

Sub (2) in (1) , we get

1 1
+ = 3z
P Q
P + Q=3zPQ .....(3)

This is of F(z, P,Q) =0 (type 3)

Let z = f ( X + aY) be the solution of (3)

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

X + aY =u
z = f (u)
dz dz
P= , Q = a .....(4)
du du
Sub (4) in (3) we get

dz dz  dz  dz 
+a = 3z  a 
du du  du  du 
2
dz  dz 
(1 + a ) = 3 az  
du  du 
dz 1 + a
=
du 3 az
1+ a
zdz = du
3a
1+ a
∫ zdz = ∫ 3a du
z2 1+ a
= .u + b
2 3a
z2 1+ a
= ( X + aY ) + b
2 3a
z2 1+ a 3
= ( x + ay 3 ) + b
2 3a

Solve p 2 x + q 2 y = z.
47.
Sol:
2 2
 12   12 
Given  px  +  qy  = z .....(1)
   
m n
This is of the type (5) , F(z, x p, y q) =0.
Here

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Sol:
Given z 2 p2 + z 2q2 = x + y
(zp)2 + (zq)2 = x + y .....(1)
This is of the type (6)
Z = z2
∂Z ∂Z
P= = 2zp , Q = = 2zq .....(2)
∂x ∂y
Sub (2) in (1), we get
P2 + Q2 = 4( x + y) .....(3)
This is of type (4).
P 2 + Q 2 = 4( x + y ) = 4 k
P 2 − 4 x = 4 y − Q 2 = 4k
P 2 − 4 x = 4k , 4 y − Q 2 = 4k
P2 = 4x + 4k , Q2 = 4 y − 4k
P = 2 x+k , Q = 2 y −k .....(4)
We know that
dZ = Pdx + Qdy .....(5)
Sub (4) In (5) ,and integrating we get
∫ dZ = 2∫ x + k dx + 2∫ y − k dy

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

3 3
4 4
Z = (x + k) 2 + ( y − k) 2 + b
3 3
3 3
2 4 4
z = (x + k) + ( y − k) 2 + b
2
3 3

LAGRANGE’S LINEAR EQUATIONS :

The equation of the form Pp + Qq = R .....(1) is known as Lagrange’s linear

equation, where P,Q and R are the functions x,y and z. To solve this equation to
solve the subsidiary equations
dx dy dz
= = .....(2)
P Q R
If the solution of the subsidiary equation is of the form
u( x, y) = c1 and v( x, y) = c2 then the solution of the lagrange’s equation is φ(u, v) = 0 .
To solve the subsidiary equation we have two methods

1. Method of grouping , 2. Method of multipliers

The complete solution is

φ (u , v ) = 0
 x y
φ  ,  = 0
y z
2 2
44. Solve xp − yq = y − x

Sol:
2 2
Given xp− yq = y − x
dx dy dz
The subsidiary equation are = = 2 2
x − y y −x
Taking 1st two members , we get
dx dy
=
x −y

Integrating we get
log x = − log y + log c1
log x + log y = log c1
log( xy ) = log c1
xy = c1
u = xy = c1
Taking x , y ,1 as multipliers, we get

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

dx dy dz xdx + ydy + dz
= = 2 2
= 2
x −y y −x x − y2 + y2 − x2
xdx + ydy + dz
=
0
xdx + ydy + dz = 0
Integrating we get,
x2 y2
+ + z = c2
2 2
v = x 2 + y 2 + 2 z = c2
The complete solution is
φ (u , v ) = 0
φ (xy , x 2 + y 2 + 2 z )= 0

45. Solve x( y − z) p + y(z − x)q = z(x − y)

Sol:
Given x( y − z) p + y(z − x)q = z(x − y)
dx dy dz
The subsidiary equation are = =
xy − xz yz − yx xz − zy
Choosing 1 ,1, 1as multipliers, we get
dx+ dy+ dz dx+ dy+ dz
=
xy− xz+ yz− yx+ xz− zy 0
d(x + y + z) = 0
Integrating we get
u = x + y + z = c1
1 1 1
Choosing , , as multipliers, we get
x y z

1 1 1 1 1 1
dx + dy + dz dx + dy + dz
x y z x y z
=
y−z+z−x+x− y 0
dx dy dz
+ + =0
x y z
Integrating we get

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

log x + log y + log z = log c 2

log( xyz ) = log c 2
xyz = c 2
The complete solution is
φ (u , v ) = 0
φ (x + y + z , xyz ) = 0
46. Solve ( y + z) p + (z + x)q = x + y .

Sol:
Given ( y + z) p + (z + x)q = x + y
dx dy dz
The subsidiary equation are = =
y+z z+x x+ y
dx − dy dy − dz dx + dy + dz
= =
y−x z−y 2( x + y + z )
dx − dy dy − dz
=
y−x z−y
d ( x − y) d ( y − z)
=
− ( x − y) − ( y − z)
Integrating we get
p 2 + q 2 = z( x 2 + y 2 ) .....(1)
d ( x − y) d ( x + y + z)
=
− ( x − y ) 2( x + y + z )
Integrating we get
1
− log(x − y) = log(x + y + z) − logc2
2
1
log(x + y + z ) + log(x − y) = log c2
2
log(x − y) x + y + z = log c2
v = ( x − y ) x + y + z = c2

The complete solution is

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

φ (u, v ) = 0
 y−z 
φ  , ( x − y) x + y + z  = 0
 x− y 
47. Solve ptanx+qtany=tanz.
Sol:
Given p tanx +q tany = tanz.
Auxillary equation is
dx dy dz
= =
tan x tan y tan z
Taking 1 and 2nd eqn
st

dx dy
=
tan x tan y
cot x dx = cot y dy

∫ cot x dx = ∫ cot y dy
log sin x = log sin y + log c1
log sin x − log sin y = log c1
 sin x 
log  = log c1
 sin y 
sin x
u= = c1
sin y
Taking 2nd and 3rd eqns
dy dz
=
tan y tan z
cot y dy = cot z dz

∫ cot y dy = ∫ cot z dz
log sin y = log sin z + log c2
log sin y − log sin z = log c2
 sin y 
log  = log c2
 sin z 
sin y
v= = c2
sin z
The solution is

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

φ (u, v) = 0
 sin x sin y 
φ  ,  = 0
 sin y sin z 

( 2 2 2
)
48. Solve y + z − x p − 2xyq+ 2zx = 0
Sol:
The auxillary eqn is
dx dy dz
2 2 2
= =
y +z −x − 2xy − 2zx
Consider first set of multipliers as (x,y,z)
dx dy dz xdx + ydy + zdz
2 2 2
= = =
y +z −x − 2 xy − 2 zx − x( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
dy xdx + ydy + zdz
=
− 2 xy − x( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
dy xdx + ydy + zdz
=
2y (x2 + y2 + z 2 )
int egrating
log(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = log y + log c1
log(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) − log y = log c1
 x2 + y2 + z 2 
log  = log c1
 y 
x2 + y2 + z2
u= = c1
y
similarly take

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

dz xdx + ydy + zdz

=
− 2 zx − x ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
dz 2 xdx + 2 ydy + 2 zdz
=
z (x2 + y2 + z2 )
int egrating
log z = log( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + log c 2
log( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) − log z = log c 2
 x2 + y2 + z2 
log   = log c 2
 z 
x2 + y2 + z2
v= = c2
z
The solution is
φ (u, v) = 0
 x2 + y2 + z 2 x2 + y2 + z 2 
φ  ,  = 0
 y z 

HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:

A homogeneous linear PDE is of the form
∂n z ∂n z ∂n z ∂n z
a0 n + a1 n−1 + a2 n−2 2 +.....+ an n = F ( x, y) .....(1)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y
where a0 , a1 , a2 , ... an are constants
Eqn (1) can be written as
(a D + a D
0
n
1
n−1
)
D'+a2 Dn−2 D'2 + .....+ an D'n z = F(x, y) .....(2)
∂ ∂
Where D = , D' = .
∂x ∂y
The complete solution of homogeneous PDE consists of
1. Complementary Function
2. Particular integral
1. To find the complementary function(C.F):
The C.F is the solution of the eqn
(a D
0
n
+ a1 Dn−1 D'+a2 Dn−2 D'2 + .....+ an D'n )z = 0 .....(3)
In this eqn , put D = m and D'=1 , then we get the auxillary eqn.

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

a0 mn + a1 mn−1 + a2 mn−2 + .....+ an = 0

Let the roots of this eqn be m1 , m2 , m3 , .... mn
Case 1 : If the roots are real (imaginary) and different then
z = f1( y + m1x) + f2 ( y + m2 x) +....+ fn ( y + mn x)
Case 2: If the roots are equal m1 = m 2 = m
z = f1( y + mx) + x f2 ( y + mx) + f3 ( y + m3 x) +....+ fn ( y + mn x)
Case 3: If the roots are equal m1 = m2 = m3 = m
z = f1( y + mx) + x f2 ( y + mx) + x2 f3 ( y + mx) +....+ fn ( y + mn x)
NOTE :
If in a homogeneous PDE the RHS is zero then the C.F. gives the
complete solution, and we need not to find particular integral.

49. Solve (2D + 5DD'+2D' )z =0

2 2

Sol:
Auxiliary eqn is
2m 2 + 5m + 2 = 0 put D = m , D' = 1
(2m + 1)(m + 2) = 0
−1
m= ,− 2
2
The roots are different.
The solutions is
 1 
z = f 1  y − x  + f 2 ( y − 2 x ).
 2 

(2 2
50. Solve D − 6DD'+9D' z = 0 )
Sol:
Auxiliary eqn is

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

m 2 − 6m + 9 = 0 put D = m , D' = 1
(m − 3) 2 = 0
m = 3, 3
The roots are equal.
The solutions is
z = f1( y +3x) + x f2 ( y +3x).

(4 4
51. Solve D − D' z = 0. )
Sol:
Auxiliary eqn is
m 4 − 1= 0
(m 2
)( )
−1 m2 +1 = 0
m2 −1 = 0 , m2 +1 = 0
m = ±1 , m = ± i
The roots are different.
The solutions is
z = f1( y + x) + f2 ( y − x) + f3 ( y + ix) + f4 ( y −ix).

( 4 3 3 4
52. Solve D − 2 D D ' + 2 DD ' − D ' z = 0 . )
Sol:
Auxillary eqn is
m 4 − 2m 3 + 2m − 1= 0
( m + 1)( m − 1) 3 = 0
m = − 1 , 1 , 1 ,1
The solutions is
z = f1( y − x) + f2 ( y + x) + x f3 ( y + x) + x 2 f4 ( y + x).
To find the Particular Integral:
ax+by
Case 1 : If the RHS of a given PDE is F ( x, y) = e , then

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

1
P. I.= . eax+by
φ(D, D')
1
= . eax+by providedφ(a, b) ≠ 0
φ(a, b)
If φ(a,b)=0 , then multiply the Nr by x and differentiate the Dr w.r.to
D, then apply the
Above procedure.
2
( 2
53. Solve D − 5 DD ' + 6 D ' z = e . )
x+ y

Sol:
The auxiliary eqn is
m 2 − 5m + 6 = 0
m = 2,3
C.F.= f1( y + 2x) + f2 ( y + 3x)
1
P.I.= 2
ex+ y
D − 5DD'+6
1
= ex+ y (D =1 , D'=1)
1− 5 + 6
1
= ex+ y
2
1 x+ y
The complete solution is z = f1 ( y + 2x) + f 2 ( y + 3x) + e
2

54. Solve (D − 3D 2 D'+4D'3 )z = e x+2 y .

Sol:
The auxiliary eqn is

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

m 3 − 3m 2 + 4 = 0 ⇒ m = − 1, 2 ,2
C.F . = f1 ( y − x) + f 2 ( y + 2 x) + x f 3 ( y + 2 x)
1
P.I . = 3 2 3
e x+2 y (D = 1 , D' = 2)
D − 3D D'+4 D'
1 1 x+ 2 y
= e x+2 y = e
1 − 6 + 32 27
The complete solution is z = C.F. +P.I
1 x+2 y
z = f1 ( y − x) + f 2 ( y + 2x) + x f3 ( y + 2x) + e
27

55. Solve (D + 2DD'+ D'2 )z = e x− y .

Sol:
The auxiliary eqn is
m 2 + 2m + 1= 0
m = − 1, − 1
C .F . = f 1 ( y − x ) + x f 2 ( y − x )
1
P .I . = 2 2
e x− y ( D = 1 , D ' = − 1)
D − 2 DD '+ D '
1
= e x− y
1− 2 +1
1 x− y
= e
0
x
= e x− y
2D + 2D'
x
= e x− y
2−2
x x− y
= e
0
x 2 x− y
= e
2
x 2 x− y
z = f1 ( y − x ) + x f 2 ( y − x ) + e
2

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Case 2 : If given RHS is of the form F(x, y) =sin(mx+ ny) or cos(mx+ ny)
1
P.I .= sin(mx + ny) or cos(mx + ny)
φ(D, D' )
Replace D2 by − m2 , D'2 by − n2 and DD' = − mn in φ(D, D' ) provided the
denominator is not equal to zero. If φ(a,b)=0 , then multiply the Nr by
x and differentiate the Dr w.r.to D, then apply the above procedure.
2
( 2
)
56. Solve D − 2DD'+D' z =cos(x −3y).

Sol:

The auxiliary eqn is

m 2 − 2m + 1 = 0
m =1,1
C.F . = f1 ( y + x) + x f 2 ( y + x)

1
P.I . =
D − 2 DD'+ D ' 2
2
cos( x − 3 y ) (D 2
= − 1, D '2 = − 9 , DD' = − 3 )
1
= cos( x − 3 y )
−1 − 6 − 9
−1
= cos( x − 3 y )
16
The complete solution is
z = C.F.+ P.I
−1
= f1 ( y + x) + x f 2 ( y + x) cos(x − 3y)
16
∂2 z ∂2 z
2
+ 2 = cos2x cos y
57. Solve ∂x ∂y
Sol:
The given eqn can be written as
1
( )
D2 + DD' z = [cos(2x + y) + cos(2x − y)]
2
Auxiliary eqn is

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

m2 + m = 0
m(m + 1) = 0
m=0 , m=−1
C.F . = f1 ( y + 0 x ) + f 2 ( y − x )
1
P.I .= [P.I1 + P.I 2 ]
2
1
P.I1 = 2 cos(2x + y) (D2 = − 4 , DD' = − 2)
D + DD'
1 −1
= cos(2x + y) = cos(2x + y)
−4−2 6
1
P.I 2 = 2 cos(2x − y) (D2 = − 4 , DD' = 2)
D + DD'
1 −1
= cos(2x − y) = cos(2x − y)
−4+ 2 2
1 1
z = f1 ( y + 0x) + f 2 ( y − x) − cos(2x + y) − cos(2x − y)
6 2
Case 3:
m n
If the RHS of the form F(x, y) = x y then
1
P .I . = xm yn
φ ( D, D' ) .
= [φ ( D , D ' ) ] x y
−1 m n

Expand [φ(D, D' )] by using binomial theorem and then operate on

−1

xm yn .
1 1
Here denotes the integration w.r.to x and denotes the
D D'
integration w.r.to y.
( 2 2
)
58. Solve D − DD'−30D' z = xy + e
6 x+ y
.
Sol:
The auxiliary eqn is

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

m 2 − m − 30 = 0
m = 6,− 5
C .F . = f 1 ( y + 6 x ) + f 2 ( y − 5 x )
P .I . = P .I 1 + P .I 2
1
P .I 1 = xy
D − DD '−30 D ' 2
2

1
= xy
2 D ' 30 D ' 2 
D 1 − −
 D D 2 
1   D ' 30 D ' 2 
1 −  +   −1
= 2 ( xy )
D  D D2 
1  D ' 30 D ' 2  D ' 30 D ' 2 
2

= 2 1 + + +  +  + ...... 
D  D D2 D D2  

1  D' 
= 2 1 +  xy
D  D
1  x
= 2 
xy + 
D  D
1 1
= 2 ( xy ) + 3 ( x )
D D
3 4
x y x
= +
6 24
1
P .I 2 = 2 2
e 6 x+ y
D − DD '− 30 D '
1
= e 6 x+ y
36 − 6 − 30
1
= e 6 x+ y
0

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

x
= e6x+y
2D− D'
x 6x+y
= e
12−1
x
= e6x+y
11
x3 y x4 x 6x+y
z = f1( y + 6x) + f2 ( y −5x) + + + e
6 24 11
59. Solve (D − 2 DD')z = e + x y .
2 2x 3

Sol:
The auxiliary eqn is
m 2 − 2m = 0
m1 = 0 , 2
C.F . = f1 ( y + 0 x) + f 2 ( y + 2 x)
P.I . = P.I1 + P.I 2
1
P.I1 = 2
e2x
D − 2 DD'
1 2x
= e
4−0
e2x
=
4
1
P.I 2 = 2 x3 y
D − 2 DD'
1
= x3 y
 2 D' 
D 2 1 − 
 D 
−1
1  2 D'  3
= 1 −  x y
D2  D 
1  3 2 
= 2 
x y − ( x3 ) 
D  D 
x5 y x 6
= +
20 60
e2x x5 y x6
z = f1 ( y + 0 x ) + f 2 ( y + 2 x ) + + +
4 20 60

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

( 2 2
60. Solve D + 4DD'−5D' z = 3e )2 x− y
+ sin(x − 2 y)
Sol:
Auxillary eqn is
m 2 + 4m − 5 = 0
m = 1,−5
C.F = f1 ( x + y ) + f 2 ( x − 5 y )
1
P.I = 2 2
(3e 2 x − y )
D + 4 DD '+ D '
1
= (3e 2 x − y )
4 − 8 +1
− 1 2 x− y
= (3e )
3
1
P.I = sin(x − 2 y)
D + 4DD'−5D'2
2

1
= sin(x − 2 y)
−1 + 8 + 20
1
= sin(x − 2 y)
27
The complete solution is
1 1
z = f1 (x + y) + f 2 (x − 5y) − (3e2x− y ) + sin(x − 2y)
3 27
61. Solve (D 2 − 2 DD'+ D'2 )z = 8e x+ 2 y
Sol:
Auxillary eqn is
m2 − 2m + 1 = 0
m = 1,1
C.F. = f1 ( x + y) + xf2 ( x + y)
1
P.I . = 2 2
8e x+2 y
D − 2 DD'+ D'
1
= 8e x+2 y
1− 4 + 4
= 8e x+2 y

The complete solution is

z = f1(x + y) + xf2 (x + y) +8ex+2y

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

( 2 2
) x
62.Solve D − DD'−2D' z =( y −1)e .
Sol:
The auxiliary eqn is
m2 − m − 2 = 0
m = − 1, 2
C.F. = f1 ( y − x) + f 2 ( y + 2x)
1
P.I .= 2 2
( y −1) e x
D − DD'−D'
=
1
( y −1) e x
(D − 2D' )(D + D' )
1
=
(D − 2D' ) ∫ (c + x −1) e x dx

1
=
(D − 2D' ) ∫ cex dx + ∫ ( x −1) e x dx

1
=
( D − 2D' )
[
cex + xex − e x − e x ]
1
=
(D − 2D' )
[
cex + xex − 2e x ]
1
=
(D − 2D' )
[
( y − x)e x + xex − 2e x ] (Q c = y − x)
1
=
(D − 2D' )
[yex − xex + xex − 2e x ]
1
=
(D − 2D' )
[
( y − 2) e x ]
= ∫ (c1 − 2x − 2) e x dx (Q y = c1 − 2x)
= c1 ∫ e x dx − 2∫ xex dx − 2∫ e x dx
= c1 e x − 2xex + 2e x − 2e x
= ( y + 2x)e x − 2xex + 2e x − 2e x
= yex
z = f1 ( y − x) + f 2 ( y + 2x) + yex

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

UNIT-II
FOURIER SERIES

Periodic Function:
A function f(x) is said to be periodic function if f(x+T) = f(x) where
T is the positive constant for all x which is also called period.
Example:

f  x  2    sin  x  2    Sinx
f  x  4    sin  x  4    Sinx
 Period T  2   0

Drichlet’s conditions :
A function f(x) can be expanded as a fourier series in an interval
c  x  c  2l . If the following conditions are satisfied

(i) f(x) is periodic with period 2l in (c, c + 2l) and f(x) is bounded.
(ii)The function f(x) must have finite number of maxima and
minima.
(iii)The function f(x) must be piecewise continuous and has a finite
number of finite discontinuities.

Fourier Series:
A periodic function f(x) which satisfies Drichlet’s conditions can be
expanded , as cosine and sine series of the form

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

f x     a n cos nx   bn sin nx
a0  

2 n 1 n 1

Fourier coefficients:


1
c  2l
a0  f ( x ) dx
l c

 n x 

1
c  2l
an  f ( x) cos   dx
l c  L 
 n x 

1
c  2l
bn  f ( x) sin   dx
l c  L 
Complex Form of Fourier series:

Root mean square value :

Root mean square value

Effective value

Parseval’s Identity:

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Problems on Fourier Series of Functions With

Period 2

1. Find the Fourier series Expansion of

f ( x)  x 2 , 0  x  2 .
1 2 1 1 1
Hence deduce that, (i)      ....
6 12 22 32 42
2 1 1 1 1
(ii)      ....
12 12 22 32 42
2 1 1 1 
(iii) 8      .... 
1 3 5 
2 2 2

Solution :
We need to find a 0 , a n , bn where the formulas are given by

2 2 2
 0  0  0
1 1 1
a0  f ( x ) dx, an  f ( x) cos nx dx, bn  f ( x) sin nx dx

2 2
 0  0
1 1
a0  f ( x) dx  x 2 dx

2
1  x3 
  
  3 0
8 2

3

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

2 2
 
1 1
an  f ( x ) co s n x dx  x 2 co s n x d x
 0  0
a pplying B ern o ulli ' s form u la

2
1 1 1 
Hence 8      .... 
1 32 52 
2

2. If ( ) = ( − ) find the fourier series of period 2 in the

interval ( , ).Hence deduce that − + − +⋯=
Solution:

( )= + +
2

1
= ( )

1 1
= ( − )
2

1
= −
2 2

1 4
= 2 − − (0 − 0)
2 2

1
= 2 −2
2

=0
1
= ( )

= ( − )

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

= ( − ) −

1 2 2 1
= (− ) − +
2

1 1 1
= − +
2

1
= ( )

1 1
= ( − )
2

= ( − ) +

1 2 2
= − +
2

1
= +
2
1
=

1
=0, = 0, =

1
( )=0+0+

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

2 3
( )= + + + ⋯.
2 3

Let = this point is continuous point

= + + + ⋯.

1− + − +⋯=

3. Expand the Fourier series for ( ) = , < <

Hence deduce that + + …∞
Solution:

The Fourier series is

( )= + +
2

1
= ( )

1 ( − )
=
4

1 ( − )
=
4 −3

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

1
=− − −
12

=
6

1
= ( )

( )
=

= ( − ) − 2( − )(−1) − +

(2)(1)

= ( − ) − 2( − ) −2

1 2 2
= 2 + 0
4

1 4 1
= =
4

1
= ( )

( )
=

= ( − ) − − 2( − )(−1) − +

(2)(1)

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

= −( − ) − 2( − ) +2

1 2 2 0 0
= − +2 + −2
4
1 2 2
= − + + −
4

1
= , = , =0
6
( )= +
12

2 3
( )= + + + + ⋯ . − − − − −(1)
12 1 2 3

Let = 0 this point is discontinuous point

( ) ( )
( ) =

( ) = =
∴ (1) ⟹ = + + + +⋯
⟹ = + + +⋯

4. If f ( x)  x(2  x) for 0  x  2 , prove that

2 2  cos x cos 2 x cos 3x 
f ( x)   4 2    ...
3  1 22 32 
Solution:

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

The Fourier series is

( )= + +
2

 f ( x)dx
1
2
a0 
 0


1
2
 ( 2x  x 2
)dx
 0

1  2 x3 
2

  n   n
2
  n  0
1  sin nx   sin nx   sin nx 
2

  (2x  x 2 )   (2  2 x) 2   2 3 

  n   n   n  0
1  2 2 
  3 cos 2n  3 cos 0
 n n 
1  2 2 
   0
  n 3 n 3 
an  0

  2 cos nx
2 2  4
 f ( x) 
3 n 1 n

2 2  cos x cos 2 x cos 3x 

f ( x)   4 2    ...
3  1 22 32

5. Find the Fourier series expansion of f(x) = x sin x in ( 0, 2).

Solution:

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Since the interval is 0 to 2 we need to find all the three fourier

constants.

2 2 2
 0  0  0
1 1 1
a0  f ( x) dx, an  f ( x ) c o s n x d x , bn  f ( x ) s in n x d x

EnggTree.com

1 2 1 2 1 2
a   f (x) dx, a   f ( x) cos nx dx, b   f ( x) sin nx dx
0  n  n 
0 0 0
1 2
a 
0  
f ( x ) dx
0
1  2 
   1 dx   2 dx 

 
  0  


1
 x 0  2 x 2


1
  2 

3
1 2
a   f ( x) cos nx dx
n 
0
1  2 
   cos nx dx   2 cos nx dx
  0  

1  sin nx   sin nx 2 

    2  
  n 0  n 0 
 
0
1 2
b   f (x) sin nx dx
n 
0
1  2 
   sin nx dx   2 sin nx dx
 0  

1   cos nx 
 2 
   cos nx  
    2 
  n 0  n  

1    1n 1   2  1 n 

      2
   n n  n
 
n 



Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

1   1n 1 
   
  n n

 2
, if n is odd
1  n
bn  

 0, if n is even

f ( x)   an cos nx  bn sin nx

a0  

2 n 1 n 1
Hence the Fourier series is
f ( x)    
3  2
sin nx
2 n 1,3,5,.... n
Deduction:

When we put x = 0, , π, 2 π we don’t get the series ( As the
2
denominator of the series is n2 and the denominator of the Fourier series
is only n). so, let us apply Parseval’s identity for full range series.

 
a2  2
0   a2  b2  1
  f ( x )  dx
2
2 n 1
n n  0

9  4 1  2 2 
      1 dx   2 2 dx 
2 n  1, 3, 5,.. n 2 2   0  
4  1  1
 ....     x    4 x 2 
9 1 1
    
 
  
2  2  12 3 2 5 2 0

9 4  1 1 1 
      ....   5
2  2  12 3 2 5 2 
4  1 1 1  9 1
     ....   5  
 2  12 3 2 5 2  2 2
 1 1 1  2
     ....  
12 3 2 5 2  8

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

1 for 0  x  
7.Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x)  
2 for   x  2
Solution:
Here the interval given is 0 to 2π. So, let us find all the three
fourier constants.
1 2 1 2 1 2
a  f ( x) dx, a  f ( x) cos nx dx, b 
0   n   n  
f ( x) sin nx dx
0 0 0
1 2
a 
0  
f ( x) dx
0
1  2 
   1 dx   2 dx 

 
  0  

  x   2 x 2
1
 0


1
  2 

3
1 2
a 
n  
f ( x) cos nx dx
0
1  2 
   cos nx dx   2 cos nx dx
  0  
1  sin nx   sin nx 2 
    2  
  n 0  n 0 
 
0
1 2
b   f ( x) sin nx dx
n 
0
1  2 
   sin nx dx   2 sin nx dx
  0  

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

1  cos nx   cos nx  2 
       2  
  n 0  n  
 
1   1n 1   2  1n 
      2
  n n  n
 
n 



Hence the Fourier series is

  an cos nx  bn sin nx
a0  
f ( x) 
2 n 1 n 1

  
3  2
f ( x)  sin nx
2 n 1,3,5,.... n

Fourier Series of f(x) in the interval

 2x
1   ,    x  0
f ( x)  
1. In the Fourier series expansion of 2x
 1 ,0 x 
 
in (-,), find the coefficient of sin nx.
Solution:
Since the interval is (-,), let us verify whether the function is
odd or even
 2( x)
1   ,     x  0
f ( x)  
 1  2( x) , 0   x  
 
 2( x)
 1  , 0 x  


1  2( x) ,    x  0
 
 f ( x)
Hence the function is even. So, the coefficient of sin nx that is b n = 0.

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

2. Find an in expanding e-ax as a Fourier series in (-,).

Solution:
1  nx 
L
an 
L
 f ( x) cos 
 L 
 dx
L

1
 
 e  ax
cos nx dx


1  e  ax 
 

  2   a cos nx  n sin nx 
  a  b 2 
  
1  e  a   e a  
   a cos n  0      a cos n  0  
  a 2  b 2   a2  b2 
  
1 a
 cos n (e a  e  a )
 a b2 2

2 a
an  (1) n sinh a
 a b2 2

3. What is the constant term a0 and the coefficient an in the

Fourier series expansion of f(x) = x -x3 in (-,).
Solution:
Since the interval is (-,), let us verify whether the function is odd or
even
f-(x) = - x - (-x3) = -x + x3 = - (x -x3 ) = - f(x). The given
function is odd.
Hence, the coefficients a0 and an are zero.
4. Find the constant term in the Fourier series corresponding to
f(x) = cos2 x expanded in the interval (-,).
Solution:
Since the interval is (-,), let us verify whether the function is odd or
even.
f (- x) = cos2 (-x)= cos2x = f(x).

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Hence the function is even.


2

a0  cos 2
x dx
0

 
2 1  cos 2 x

dx
 0 2
1  sin 2 x 


 x 
  2 0

  
1

a0 1
a0 1
Hence the constant term in the Fourier expansion is 
2 2

5. If the Fourier series of the function f(x) = x + x2, in the

2  4 
  (1) n  2 cos nx  sin nx , then find the
2
interval (-,) is
3 n 1 n n 
1 1 1
value of the infinite series    ....
12 22 32
Solution: Put x = , which is an end point discontinuity. So,

 (1)n  2 cos n  sin n 

f ( )  f ( )  2  4 2 

2 3 n1 n n 

 (1)n  2 (1)n 
  2   2  2  4 
 
2 3 n1 n 

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

  n
 
 4 
 
2
2
  2 
3 n 1 

 4

 1  
 
2

 n 2    2

n 1 3

 4

 1  2 2
 n 2  
n 1 3

   2

 1   2

 
n 1  n 6
1 1 1 1 2
 2  2  2  2  .... 
1 2 3 4 6
6. Find a0 if f ( x)  x , expanded as a Fourier series in (-,).
Solution: Since f ( x)   x  x  f ( x) , the function is even.

  x dx
2 2
 
a0  x dx 
 0
 0

2  x2 


  
  2 0
2  2 

  2 
a0  

7. Find the Fourier constant bn for f(x) = x sin x in (-,).

Solution: f (- x) = (- x) sin (- x) = x sin x = f(x) the function is even.
Therefore, the coefficient bn = 0.
8. Find the Fourier constant bn for f(x) = x2 in (-,).
Solution: f( - x) = (- x)2 = x2 = f(x) the function is even. Therefore,
the coefficient bn = 0.

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

9. Find the Fourier series expansion of f(x) = │sin x│ in

- π < x < π.
Solution: Here the interval given is - π to π . So, let us verify
whether the given function is odd or even.
f(-x) = │sin (-x) │ = │-sin x│ = sin x= │sin x│= f(x). Hence the
function is even. So, let us find the fourier constants a0, an . (bn = 0).
2 
a   f (x) dx
0  0

 sin x d x
2


 0

 sin
2

 x dx
 0

  c o s x 0
2




1  1 
2


4




2

an  f ( x ) cos n x dx
 0

 sin x
2

 cos nx d x
 0

 sin x
2

 cos nx dx
 0


2 sin ( n  1) x  sin( n  1) x

 dx
 0
2

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

1    cos ( n  1) x   cos ( n  1) x   


        , provided n  1
    n 1   n 1   0 

1     1  1     1  n 1 1  
n 1

           , provided n  1
   n 1 n  1   n  1 n  1  

1      1  1      1 n 1  
n

            , p rovided n  1
   n 1 n  1  
 n  1 n  1  

1  n  1 1  
  1 
1   1
 
    , provided n 1
   n 1 n 1  n 1 n 1 
1 1
  
1 
  n 1 n 1
n

  1 1 , provided n 1 
1  2 2, if n is even
   2 
  n 10, if n is odd
When n = 1, we have


2

a1  f ( x ) cos 1x dx
 0


1  cos nx   sin nx   cos nx 
 ( x  x 2 )     (1  2 x)     2  3 
  n   n2   n  
 2  cos n   sin n   cos n  
(   )     (1  2 )     2  3  

1   n   n 2
  n  
  
           
 
cos n sin n cos n
(   2 )     (1  2 )   2
  n   n 
2
 n  
3

1  cos n
 
 n

  2   2 



1 (1) n
 (2 )
 n
(1) n
bn 2
n
Hence the Fourier series is of the form
 4 
2 
(1)n 
(1)n
x  x2  cos nx  2 sin nx
3 n 1 n 2
n 1 n

11.Obtain the fourier series for the function f ( x)  x in    x  

1 1 1 2
also deduce that 2  2  2  ...  .
1 3 5 8
Sol :
f ( x)  x
f (x)   x
 f ( x)  f (x) it is aneven function.
Hence bn  0
Fourier series becomes

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

a
a0 
f (x)   cos nx
2
n
n 1

 f ( x)dx
2

a0 
 0

  x :    x  0  

2

 xdx  x   
 0   x :0  x    
2  x2 
  xdx   

2


0   2 0
2 2 
   0  
 2 


2

an  f ( x ) cos nxdx
 0

  x cos nxdx
2 2
 
 x cos nxdx 
 0
 0

2  x sin nx cos nx 


  
  n n 2  0

2  (1) n 1 
an   2  2 
 n n 
 4
  : n is odd
 a n   n 2
 0 : n is even

Hence Fourier series becomes

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com


 4 
cos nx
f (x)  
2  n  1 , 3 , 5 ,... n2
Put x  0 ( continuous po int)
 f 0   0


 4 
1
 f (0)  
2  n  1 , 3 , 5 ,... n2
 4  1 1 1 
0  
 2  2  2  ... 
2  1 3 5 
 1 1 1  
2
  2  2  2  ...  
1 3 5  8



1 2

n 1 2 n  1 2 8

12.Find the Fourier series of f ( x)  cos x in   ,  

Sol:
Here f ( x)  f ( x)
 f ( x)  cos x is even function. Hence bn  0

Fourier series is f ( x)    an cos nx

a0 
2 n 1


2

a0  f ( x ) dx
 0


2

 cos x dx
 0

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

 2 
 cos xd x    co s xd x 
2  

 
 0
 
2


 s in x 0   s in x  / 2 
2 

 /2 

  

 (1  0 )  ( 0  1) 
2


4
a0 


 f ( x) cos nxdx
2

an 
 0

 cos x cos nxdx

2


 0

2 
   cos nx. cos xdx   cos nx cos xdx
 /2 

0  /2 
2 1  
 cos(n  1) x  cos(n  1)dx   cos(n  1) x  cos(n  1) xdx
 /2 
  
  2  0  /2 
1  sin(n  1) x sin(n  1) x   sin(n  1) x sin(n  1) x  
 /2 

       
  n  1 n  1 0  n 1 n  1  / 2 

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

     
1  sin( n  1) 2 sin( n  1) 2 sin( n  1) 2 sin( n  1) 2 
     
  n  1 n  1 n  1 n 1 
 
 n n n n 
 cos cos cos cos

1 2  2  2  2 
 
  n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 
 
2 n  1 1 
 cos 
 2  n  1 n  1 

2 n
 2 
an  cos  n 2  1  n  1
 2
4 n
 cos , n 1
 ( n  1)
2
2

When n = 1 we have

2  
a 1    cos x cos xdx   cos x cos xdx 
 /2 

  0  /2 
2  
   cos xdx   cos 2 xdx 
 /2 
2

  0  /2 
2   1  cos 2 x   1  cos 2 x  
     dx   
 /2 
 dx 
  0  2   /2  2  
1  sin 2 x   sin 2 x  
 /2 

  x   x  
   2 0  2   / 2 
1  
    0
  2 2 

 
2 
4 n
f ( x)  cos cos nx
 n  2 , 4 ,...  ( n 2  1) 2

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

13. Find the Fourier series expansion of (  - x )2,

x 1 for   x  0
14.Find the Fourier series expansion of f (x)   x 1 for 0  x  

Solution:
x 1 for    x  0
f ( x)  
x  1 for 0  x  

 (x 1) for 0  x  
f (x)  
  (x 1) for   x  0

x 1 for   x  0
f (x)  
 x 1 for 0  x  
  f (x)

f ( x) is an odd function
 a0  a n  0

b

f ( x)  n sin nx
n 1

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

 0
2

bn  f ( x) sin nxdx

 0
2

 ( x 1) sin nxdx

2  cosnx  sin nx



 ( x 1)  
  n  n2  0
2 (1)n 1 
  (1  )  
 n n

2 1(1)(1)n 
bn   
 n 

f (x)  
2 1(1)(1)n 


sinnx
 n1  n 
11. Obtain the fourier series for ( ) = 1 + + in (− , )
Deduce that + + ⋯.=

( )= + +
2

1
= ( )

1
= (1 + + )

1
= + +
2 3

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

1
= + + + − +
2 3 2 3

1
= 2 +2
3

=2 +2
3

1
= ( )

1
= (1 + + )

1
= (1 + + ) + (1 + 2 ) −2

1 4 (−1)
=

4(−1)
=

1
= ( )

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

1
= (1 + + )

1
= −(1 + + ) + (1 + 2 ) −2

(−1) (−1)
1 −(1 + + ) −2 +
=
(−1) (−1)
(1 − + ) +2

1 (−1)
= −2

−2(−1)
=

4(−1)
=

4(−1) −2(−1)
( )= + +
3

Put = this point is a discontinuous point

+ + −
( )= =
2

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

( )
= +∑

4(−1)
− =
3

2 (−1)
=
3×4

= + + ⋯.

15.Find the Fourier series of = − < <

Hence show that = + + +⋯
Solution:

= is an even function

Then the fourier series is

= +∑

Here =0

= ( )

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

= ( )

= −2 +2

( )
=

The fourier series of f(x) is given be

( )
= +∑

By Parseval’s identity

= + ∑ +

( )
= , = , =0

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

16.Find bn for xsinx in (-1,1)

Solution:
f(x) = xsinx is even function

Then bn=0

17.If = − − + + ⋯.. − ≤ ≤

Find + + + ⋯ ..
Solution:

2 3
= −4 − + + ⋯..
3 1 2 3

Put =

1 1 1 2
4 + + + ⋯.. =
1 2 3 3

1 1 1
+ + + ⋯..=
1 2 3 6

18.Find in expanding − < < as a fourier series

Solution:

( )=

1
= ( )

1
=

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

1
= (− + )
1+

1
= (− )+ ( )
(1 + )

1
= ( − )
(1 + )

(−1)
= 2 ℎ
(1 + )

Fourier Series in the Interval (0,2l)

1.Find the mean square value of the function f(x) = x in the

interval (0,l).
Solution:

  f ( x) 
b
dx
2

Mean Square value  a

(b  a)

  x 2 dx
1
l

l 0
1  x3 
l

 3
l  0
l2

3

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

 x, 0  x  l / 2
2.Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x)   .
l  x, l / 2  x  l
1
Hence deduce, the value of 


n 1 2n  1
4

Solution
Since the interval for fourier series is 2L
l
put 2 L  l  L 
2
 x, 0  x  L
H ence f ( x )  
2 L  x, L  x  2 L


1
2L
a0  f ( x) dx
L 0


1
2L
 f ( x) dx
L 0

1  
   x dx  L
L 2L
(2 L  x ) dx 
L 0 


1  x2    2 L  x 2  
2L

L

     
L   2  0  2 (  1)  L 

1  L2 L2 
  00 
L  2 2 

a0 
1 2
L
L   L
l l
L   a0 
2 2

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

 n x 
 f ( x) cos 
1
2L
an   dx
L 0
L 
 n x 

1
2L
 f ( x) cos   dx
L 0  L 
1   n x   n x  
 x cos    2L  x 
L 2L
  dx  cos   dx 
L 0  L  L  L  
   
   
L

 x  sin 
 n x  L   n x  L 
2

   1  cos     
  

1    L  n     L  n  0 

  2L 
L 
  n x   L     n x  L   
  2L  x   sin        1   cos 
2

   
    L   n     L  n   L 

 L  L 
2
 L   
2

  L sin n  cos n   0   

1   n  n   n   
  
L   L 2 L  L   
2

  0   n   L sin n n  cos n    
     n   

  2 cos n  2 
1  L 
2

 
L  n 
2  L 
2

    (  1)  1
n

L  n 
2 L2   2, if n is odd
 
L n 2 2  0, if n is even
2 L  2, if n is odd
 2 2
n   0, if n is even
l l   2, if n is odd
L   an  2 2 
2 n   0, if n is even
  2l
 if n is odd
 a n   n 2 2
 0, if n is even

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

 n x 

1
2L
bn  f ( x) sin   dx
L 0  L 
 n x 

1
2L
 f ( x) sin   dx
L 0  L 
1   n x   n x  
 x sin    2L  x 
L 2L
  dx  sin   dx 
L 0  L  L  L  

   
   
L

  x   cos   n x  L   n x  L  
2

       1  sin     
1   L  n     L  n    0 

  2L 
L 
  n x  L     n x  L    
  2 L  x    cos      1   sin 
2

     
    L  n     L  n    L 
  
  L   cos n  
 L   L 
2

  sin n    0  0  
1    n   n   
  
L   L  
 0  sin n  n   L  cos n   n   sin n  n   
 L   L 
2 2

         
bn  0

Hence the Fourier series is

nx nx
 a n cos  bn
a0   l
f ( x)    sin where L 
2 n 1 L n 1 L 2
 2l  2 nx 
 
l 
f ( x)  cos  
4 n 1,3,5,.. n 
2 2
 l 
1
Since the denominator of the series is of the form and the
n4
1
denominator in the Fourier series is of the form let us use the
n 2

Parseval’s identity.

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

  an2  bn2     f ( x )
a02 1
2L
dx
2

2 L 0

   f ( x)
l 4l 
1 1
2 2 2L
  4  dx
2

8  n 1,3,5,.. n
4
L 0

 4 L 
1 2 
L
l 2 4l 2 
1
L 2L
  4  x dx  (l  x ) 2
dx 
8  n 1,3,5,.. n 0 
1   x3   (2 L  x)3  
 4  L  3    3(1)  
l 2 4l 2 1
L 2L

  4
8  n 1,3,5,.. n
   0   L 

 4  L  3 0 3 
l 2 4l 2 
1 1  L3 L3 
  4
8  n 1,3,5,.. n  

  4  4   0  0  (L  )
l2 4l2  1 2  l3 l3  l
8  n1,3,5,.. n l 24 24 2

  4  4
l2 4l2  1 2 l3
8  n1,3,5,.. n l 12

  4  4
l2 4l2  1 l2
8  n1,3,5,.. n 6

 4  4  
4l 2 
1 l2 l2
 n1,3,5,.. n 6 8

 4  4 
4l 2 
1 l2
 n1,3,5,.. n 24

  4  2

1  4 l2
n1, 3, 5,.. n 4l 24

  4 

1 4
n1, 3, 5,.. n 96

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

3. Find the constant term in the Fourier expansion of f(x) = x2 – 2

in -2 < x < 2
Solution: f( - x) = (- x) 2 - 2 = x2 – 2 = f(x) the function is even. So,

 (x
2
2
a0  2
 2) dx
2 0

 x3  8
2

  2x   4
 3 0 3
4
a0  
3
Hence the constant term in the Fourier expansion is a0

2
2 3
4. If f(x) is an odd function in the interval ( - l, l ) , write the
formula to find the Fourier coefficients.
Solution: a0 = an = 0
2l  nx 
bn   f ( x) sin   dx
l 0  l 
5. If f(x) is an even function in the interval ( - l, l ) , write the
formula to find the Fourier coefficients.
Solution:
2l
a0   f ( x) dx
l 0
2l  nx 
an   f ( x) cos   dx
l 0  l 
bn = 0

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

6.Find the Fourier series expansion of the function

l  x,  l  x  0 1 2
f (x)   . Hence deduce that 


 l  x, 0  x  l n 1 2n  1 8
2

Solution:
Here the interval is – l to l let us first check whether the function is
odd or even.

l  (  x ),  l  x  0
f ( x)  
 l  (  x ), 0  x  l

 l  x, 0  x  l
  So, the function is even.
l  x ,  l  x  l

 f ( x)
(Note that when an inequality is multiplied by -1 the inequality is
reversed.)
So, let us find only the two Fourier coefficients a0 , , an.

  (l  x ) dx
2
l
a0
l 0

2  l  x  
2 l

  
l  2( 1)  0

2 l2 
 0  
l 2
l

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

 n x 
l 0
2
l
an  f ( x ) cos   dx
 l 
 n x 
  (l  x ) cos 
2
l

 dx
l 0  l 

2  n x   l     n x   l   
 l  x  sin      1  cos 

l
2

    
l    l  n      l   n     0

2   l 
2
 l  
2

 0  cos n   0  
l   n   n  

 1  cos n 
2 l 
2

 
l  n 
2l

 2 2 1  (  1) n
n

2l  2, if n is odd
 2 2
n  0, if n is even
 4l
 , if n is odd
an   n 2 2
 0, if n is even

Hence the Fourier series is

f (x)   an cos bn sin

a0  nx 
nx

2 n1 l n1 l

f (x)   2  2 cos
l 4l  1  nx 

2  n1,3,5,... n  l 

Deduction:

To get the deduction put x = 0(which is a continuous point)

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

l 4l 1
l   2 


2  n 1,3,5,... n 2
l 4l 1


l  
2  2 n 1,3,5,... n 2
l 4l 1


  2
2  n 1, 3, 5 ,... n2
1 2


 
n 1, 3, 5 ,... n2 8

 x, 0  x  l/2
7.Obtain the sine series for the function f ( x )  
 l  x, l / 2  x  l
Solution:

 nx 
0
2
l
bn  f ( x) sin  dx
l  l 
2  nx   nx  
 l / 2
l/2 l
 x sin  dx  (l  x) sin  dx
l 0  l   l  
     
x   cos        
2 l/2
n x l n x l 
    1  sin    

2    l  n    l 
    0
n 
  
l   
 
 l  x   cos
      
  
2 l
n x l n x l
   (1)   sin     
    l  n    l   n   l / 2 

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

 l l  n   n  l
2 
  cos    sin    0  0 
2  2 n  2   2  n 2 2 
  
l   l l  n   n  l
2 

   0  0  cos    sin   2 2 
  2 n  2   2  n  
2   n  l 
2
  2 sin  
l   2  n 2 2 
4l  n 
 2 2 sin 
n   2 

Hence the half range sine series is f (x)  bn sin


nx
n1 l

4l 1  n   nx 


f ( x)  sin   sin  
2 n 1 n
2
 2   l 

l  x, 0  x  l
8.Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x)   .
 0, l  x  2l
1 1 1
Hence deduce the value of the series (i) 1     ....
3 5 7
1 1 1
(ii) 2  2  2  ....
1 3 5
Solution: We need to find all the three fourier constants.

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com


1
2l
a0  f ( x ) dx
l 0

1  
l  0 
l 2l
  l  x dx  0 dx 
l 
1  l  x  
2 l

  
l  2 (  1)  0
1 l2

l 2
l

2

 nx 

1
2l
an  f ( x) cos   dx
l 0  l 
1  nx   nx  
  (l  x) cos   dx   0 cos 
l 2l

 dx
l 0  l  l  l  

1  nx  l  nx   l  
 l  x  sin 

2 l

  (1)   cos    

l   l  n   l   n   0
1  l   l  
2 2

 0  cos n   0  
l   n   n  

 1  cos n 
1 l 
2

 
l  n 
l

 2 2 1  (1)n
n

l  2, if n is odd
an  2 2
n  0, if n is even

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

 nx 
 f ( x) sin 
1
2l
bn   dx
l 0
l 
1  nx   nx  
  (l  x) sin   dx   0 sin 
l 2l

 dx 
l 0  l  l  l  

1  nx   l   
 l  x    cos 

l
 n x   l 
2

   ( 1)   sin     
l    l   n   l   n  
  0
1  l  l 
2

 0  sin n   l 0 
l   n  n 
l
bn 
n
Hence the Fourier series is
 nx  l  1  nx 
f ( x)   2  
l 2l  1
cos    sin  
4  n 1,3,5,.. n 2  l   n 1n  l 
1
Deduction(i) The denominator of cosine terms are in the form and
n2
1
the denominator of sine terms are in the form . So, to get deduction
n
(i) , let us make all the cosine terms vanish. This can be done by taking
  l
x , 3 ,... . Let us put x  (which is a continuous point)
2 2 2

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

 0   sin  
l l l  1  n 
l 
2 4  n1 n  2 
l l l 1    1 1   1 1   
    sin   sin   sin 3   sin 2  sin 5   ... 
2 4  1  2  2 3  2 4 5  2 
l l l 1 1 1 
      ... 
2 4  1 3 5 
l l l 1 1 1 
      ... 
2 4  1 3 5 
l l 1 1 1 
     ... 
4  1 3 5 
 1 1 1
    ...
4 1 3 5

Deduction(ii):

To get the deduction all the sine terms must vanish and this can be
done by taking x  0,2 ,... . So, let us put x  0 (which is a
discontinuous point).

f (0)  f (2l) l 2l 
1
 
2 4  2 n  1 , 3 , 5 .. n2
l l 2l  1 1 1 
   2  2
 2  2  ... 
2 4  1 3 5 
l l 2l  1 1 1 
   2  2
 2  2  ... 
2 4  1 3 5 
l l 2l  1 1 1 
   2  2
 2  2  ... 
2 4  1 3 5 
l 2l  1 1 1 
  2  2
   ... 
4  1 3 2
5 2

 2 1 1 1
  2  2  2  ...
8 1 3 5

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

x, 0  x  1
9.Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x)  
2  x, 1  x  2
1 1 1 2
Also deduce 2  2  2  ..... 
1 3 5 8
Solution:
F.S f (x)   (an cosnx  bn sinnx)
a0 
2 1

a0 1 f (x)dx   xdx  (2  x)dx 1

2 1 2

0 0 1

an  1 f ( x) cos nxdx   x cos nxdx   (2  x) cos nxdx

2 1 2

(1) 1
0 0 1

2
 n

n 2 2

bn 1 f (x) sinnxdx  xsinnxdx  (2  x) sinnxdx 0

2 1 2

f ( x)   2  2 cosnx
0 0 1

1 4 1
2  nodd n
At x 1.(continuouspt.) F.S value  f (1) 1
 2  2 cos n 
1 4 1
1 
2  n  odd n
(For n  odd , cosn  1 always)

1   2  2 (1)
1 4 1
2  nodd n

   
4 1 1 1 2
 2 nodd n2 2 nodd n2 8

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Half Range Fourier Series

1.Obtain the half range cosine series for ( x  1) in 0  x  1

Solution:

The half range cosine series is

  a n cos
a0 
nx
f ( x)  where l  1
2 n 1 l

a 0   f ( x) dx
2
l

l 0

  ( x  1) 2 dx
2
1

10
 ( x  1) 3 
1

 2 
 3 0
1
 2 
3
2
a0 
3
nx
a n   f ( x ) cos dx   ( x  1) 2 cos nxdx
2 2
l 1

l 0 l 10
  sin nx    cos nx    sin nx 
1

EnggTree.com

    f ( x )
a 02  2 L
 a n2  bn2  2
dx
2 n 1 L 0


l2  16 l 2 2 l 2
    x dx
2 n 1, 3, 5,... n 4 4 l 0

2  x3 
l


l2  16 l 2
    
2 n 1, 3, 5,... n 4 4 l  3 0


l2  16 l 2 2l 2
  
2 n 1, 3, 5,... n 4 4 3


 16 l 2 2l 2 l 2
  
n  , 3, 5 ,... 1 n
4
4 3 2


 16 l 2 l2
 
n 1, 3, 5,.. n
4
4 6
4

 1
 
n  1, 3, 5 ,... n4 96

4.Find the half range sine series of f (x) lxx in (0,l).

Solution:
Let f (x)  bn sin

nx
n1 l

nx
bn   (lx  x2 ) sin
2
l
dx
l0 l

2 2  nx   l2 nx   l3 nx 

l
l
 (lx  x )  cos   (l  2x)  2 2 sin   (2) 3 3 cos 
l  n l   n l  n  l 0
2  2l3  4l 2
  3 3 (cosn 1)   3 3 [(1)n 1]
l  n  n

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

8l 2
 bn  3 3 when n is odd
n
 0 when n is even
 The required sine series is

f (x)  3  3 sin
8l 2  1 nx
 n1,3,5 n l

5.Find a sine series for f(x) = x, in (0,).

Solution:

 x sin nx dx
2

bn 
 0

2   sin nx  
  x   
 cos nx 


  1  
   n   n 2  0
2  cos n 
    0  0  0
  n 
(  1) n
 2
n
(  1) n 1
bn  2
n

x  2

(  1) n 1
sin nx
n 1 n
is the half range sine series .
6.Find the half range sine series for f(x) = 2 in 0 < x < .
Solution:

 2 sin nx dx
2

bn 
 0

 2  
2   cos nx  



   n  0

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

4  cos n 1  4  (1)n 1 
       
  n n   n n
 2
4  , if n is odd
  n

 0, if n is even
 8
 , if n is odd
bn   n
 0, if n is even

 sin nx
8  1
Hence the half range sine series is f ( x) 
 n 1,3,5,... n

7.The cosine series for f(x) = x sin x in 0 < x <  is given as

x sin x  1  cos x  2  2 cos nx.

1 
(1)n
2 n2 n 1

Deduce that 1  2  1  1  1  ....    .

1 .3 3 .5 5 .7  2
Solution:
As n2 - 1 = ( n – 1) ( n + 1)

1 1 1 1 1 1 
x sin x  1  cos x  2  cos 2x  cos 3x  cos 4x  cos5x  cos 6x  ... 
2 1.3 2.4 3.5 4.6 5.7 

Put x =  / 2 in the above series we get

  1  1  1  1  1  1  
 1  cos 2  cos 2  cos3 
sin cos 4  cos5  cos6  ... 
2 2 2 2 1.3 2 2.4 2 3.5 2 4.6 2 5.7 2 
  1 1 1 
  1  2     .....
2  1.3 3.5 5.7 
 1 1 1 
  1  2   .....
2 1.3 3.5 5.7 

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

8. Find the half range cosine series of


 1
f ( x)  x , in 0  x   . Hence deduce the value of
2
.
n 1n
4

Solution:
2
 0
a0  f ( x) dx

2
 0
 x 2
dx


2  x3 
  
  3 0
2 2
a0 
3

2
 0
an  f ( x) cos nx dx

2
 0
 x 2
cos nx dx

applying Bernoulli' s formula

 

  cos nx    sin nx 
  2 x    2 
2  sin nx 
  x2  
  n   n 2
  n 3  0

 
 2 
2  sin n    cos n    sin n 
     2     2    
2   n   n 2
  n 3
 0 
 
2 
 
 1  2  sin n0     
 0    0 

cos n 0 
  2 

sin n 0 
  
    n   n2   n 3  0 

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

1 (1) n
 4
 n2
(1) n
an 4
n2

2 (1)n
4

Hence the half range cosine series is x  
2
3 n 1 n2
Deduction:
Since the denominator of the series is n4 and that of the cosine series
is only n2 let us apply Parseval’s identity for fourier cosine series is

    f ( x)
a02  2 L
 a n2  bn2  2
dx
2 n 1 L 0

 4 4 
 
 9  
 

 16 2
 0
 x 4
dx
2 n 1 n
4


2 4 2  x5 
 16  4   
 1

9 n 1 n   5 0
2 4 2  5 
 16  4   
 1

9 n 1 n  5 
2 4 2 4
 16  4 
 1

9 n 1 n 5
2 4 2 4
 16 
 1
 
n 1 n
4 5 9

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

8 4
 16 
 1

n 1n
4 45
4

 1

n 1n
4 90

9. Obtain the half range cosine series for f (x)  x in (0,)

Solution:
  a n cos nx
a0 

The half range cosine series is f ( x ) 

2 n 1

 0
2

a0  f ( x)dx  

 f ( x) cos nxdxdx    x cos nxdxdx

2 2
 
an 


 
0 0

2
 (1) n  1
n 2

0 if n is even

an    4
 n 2 if n is odd

 2 cos nx
 4
 f ( x)  
2 n  1, 3 , 5 ... n 

10. Find the half range sine series for

Put x =0 is continuous point f(0)=4

4 16 1
4= +
3

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

4 16 1
4− =
3

8 1
=
3 16

1
=
6

= + + + ⋯. ………..(1)

Put x=2 is a continuous point f(2)=0

4 16 1
0= +
3

−4 (−1)
=
3 16

− −1 1 1
= + − + ⋯.
12 1 2 3

= − + + ⋯ ……………………..(2)

(1)+(2) 3 = 2( + +⋯)

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

1
=
(2 − 1) 8

12.Obtain xsinx as sine series in < <

Solution:

Given f(x) = xsinx

( )=

2
= ( )

2
=

21
=− ( − 1) − ( + 1)
2

−1
= ( − 1) − ( + 1)

13.To which value the half range sine series corresponding to f(x) =
x2 expressed in the interval (0,2) converges at x = 2?
Solution:

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

In order to expand in a sine series the function must be defined as an

odd function in the interval (-2,2). Hence in the interval (-2,0)
it should be defined in the form of - f (- x) = -(-x)2 = - x2 .
 x2 x2
(          )(        )
2 0 2
Since at x = 2 the function is discontinuous ( end point
discontinuity) the Fourier (sine) series converges to
f (2)  f (2) f (2)  f (2)

2 2
(2)  ((2) 2 )
2

2
0

14.Find the value of an in the cosine series expansion of f(x) = 10

in the interval (0,10).
Solution:
 n x 
 f ( x ) cos 
2
L
an   dx
L 0
L 
 n x 
 10 cos 
2
10
  dx
10 0
10 
2   n x  10 
10

 10  sin   
10   10  n  0

EnggTree.com

 y sin 
2 2
b1   * ( 3.464)   1.15
q 6

 y sin 2
2 2
b2   * (0)  0
q 6

 y sin 3
2 2
b3   * (0)  0
q 6
Hence the Fourier series expansion
 a1 cos   b1 sin    a2 cos 2  b2 sin 2   a3 cos 3  b3 sin 3 
a0
f ( x) 
2
 f ( x)  20.8334   8.3333 cos   1.15 sin     2.3333 cos 2  0 sin 2 
  2.3333 cos 3 
 x x   x 
 f ( x)  20.8334    8.3333 cos 1.15 sin     2.3333 cos 2 
 3 3  3 
 x 
   2.3333 cos 3 
 3

2. Find the Fourier series upto 2nd harmonic function

X 0 / 2 / / /
F(x) 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0
Solution:
f(x) = + ( + )+( 2 + 2 )
X Y=f(x) ycosx ysinx Ycos2x Ysin2x
0 1.0 1.0 0 1.0 0
/3 1.4 0.7 1.2 -0.7 1.21
2 /3 1.9 -0.95 1.64 -0.95 -1.64
1.7 -1.7 0 1.7 0
4 /3 1.5 -0.75 -1.29 0.75 1.29
5 /3 1.2 0.6 -1.03 -0.6 -1.03

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Total 8.7 -1.1 0.5 -0.3 -1.17

2
= = 2.9
2
= = −0.3
2
= 2 = −0.1
2
= 0.16
2
= 2 = −0.05
2.9
( )= + (−0.3 0.16 ) + (−0.1 2 − 0.05 2 )
2

3. Find the Fourier series upto 2nd harmonic function

X 0 / 2 / / / /
F(x) 0 9.2 14.4 17.8 17.3 11.7

Solution:
2 =
= /2

( )= + cos +
2
2 2
f(x) = +( 2 + 2 )+( 4 + 4 )

X Y=f(x) Ycos2x Ysin2x Ycos4x Ysin4x

0 0 0 0 0 0
/6 9.2 4.6 -4.6 7.967 7.967

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

2 /6 14.4 -7.2 -7.2 12.470 -12.470

3 /6 17.8 -17.8 17.8 0 0
4 /6 17.3 -8.65 -14.982 -8.65 -14.982
5 /6 11.7 5.85 -5.85 -10.132 -10132
Total 70.4 -23.2 -8.5 -4.677 0.347

2
= = 23.47
6
2
= 2 = −7.73
6
2
= 4 = −2.833
6
2
= 2 = −1.56
6
2
= 4 = 0.116
6
( ) = 11.74 + (−7.73 2 − 1.56 2 )
+ (−2.83 4 + 0.116 4 )

4. Find the Fourier series upto 2nd harmonic function

X 0 T/6 T/3 T/2 2T/3 5T/6 T
F(x) 1.98 1.30 1.060 1.30 -0.88 -0.5 1.98
Solution:
2l=T
L=T/2
Put =
A = +( + )+( 2 + 2 )
T A A A 2 A A 2
0 0 1.98 1.98 1.98 0 0
T/6 60 1.30 0.65 -0.65 1.13 1.13

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

T/3 120 1.06 -0.53 -0.53 0.92 -0.92

T/2 180 1.30 -1.30 1.30 0 0
2T/3 240 -0.88 0.44 0.44 0.76 -0.76
5T/6 300 -0,50 -0.25 0.25 0.43 0.43
Total 4.26 0.99 2.79 3.24 -0.12

2
= = 1.42
6
2
= A = 0.33
6
2
= A 2 = 0.93
6
2
= A = 1.08
6
2
= A 2 = −0.04
6
2 2
= 0.71 + 0.33 + 1.08

2 2
+ 0.93 − 0.04

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Complex Fourier Series

1.Express the function f ( x )  e  x , in  1  x  1 in the complex form of
the Fourier series.
Solution:
The Complex form of the Fourier series is

C

f (x)  n einx ,
n  


1
c2 L

where Cn  f (x) ein x dx

2L c

e
1
1
Cn  x
ein x dx
2 1

  e(1in ) x dx
1
1

2 1

1  e(1in ) x 
1

  
2   1  in   1

1  e(1in ) e(1in ) 
   
2   1  in   1  in  
1 1
 e1 ein  e ein 
2 1  in
1 1 1  in  1
  cos n  i sin n   e  cos n  i sin n  

 
2 1  in 1  in  e 
1 1  in
2 2 
1  e  
n 1

2 1 n   e
e2 1 1  in
2 2 
Cn  1
n

2e 1  n 

Hence the Complex form of the Fourier series of the given function is

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

inx

 Cn e
 
f ( x)  L
n  

e 2  1 1  in
   1ne inx

x
e
n    2e 1  n 
2 2

2.Find the complex form of the F.S of the function

f ( x )  cos ax, in    x  
Solution:
The Complex form of the Fourier series is

C

f (x)  n einx ,
n  

 f ( x)e
1

Cn  inx
dx
2 

 cos axe
1

  inx
dx
2 

 e inx 

1
  2 ( in cos ax  a sin ax ) 
2 a  n
2
 
 e in
1 e in 
  2 ( in cos a   a sin a  )  ( in cos a   a sin a  ) 
2
a  n
2
a 2  n2 
(1)
 in cos a  a sin a  in cos a  a sin a 
n

2 (a 2  n 2 )


(1) n
a sin a 
 (a 2  n 2 )

 2 2
a sin a 
(1) n e inx
 f ( x) 
 n   ( a  n )

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
MECH/CIVIL IIYEAR
MOHAMED SATHAK A J COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOURIER TRANSFORM 1

MA 3351 TRANSFORMS & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

UNIT IV – FOURIER TRANSFORM
Fourier integral theorem.
If f(x) is a given function defined in (– l, l) and satisfies Dirichlet’s conditions then
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
1 1
2π −∫∞ −∫∞
f ( x) = f (t ) e i λ ( x −t )
dt dλ (or ) f ( x) = ∫ ∫ f (t ) cos[λ ( x − t )] dt dλ
π 0 −∞

Definition:
Fourier transform pair.
∞
1
Fourier transform of f(x) is defined as F ( s ) = F [ f ( x)] =
2π
∫
−∞
f ( x) e i s x dx

∞
1
∫ F [ f ( x)] e
− isx
Its Inverse Fourier transform is f ( x) = ds = F −1[ F ( s )]
2π −∞

Fourier cosine transform pair.

∞
2
Fourier cosine transform of f(x) is Fc ( s ) = Fc [ f ( x)] =
π ∫
0
f ( x) cos sx dx

∞
2
Its Inverse Fourier cosine transform is f ( x ) =
π ∫ F [ f ( x)] cos sx ds
0
c

Fourier sine transform pair.

∞
2
Fourier sine transform of f(x) is Fs ( s ) = Fs [ f ( x)] =
π ∫
0
f ( x ) sin sx dx

∞
2
Its Inverse Fourier sine transform is f ( x) =
π ∫ F [ f ( x)] sin sx ds
0
s

Parseval’s identity for Fourier transform.

∞ ∞

∫ | F ( s) | ∫ | f ( x) |
2 2
If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f(x) then ds = dx
−∞ −∞

Parseval’s identity for Fourier sine and cosine transform.

i) If Fs(s) and Fc(s) are the Fourier sine and Fourier cosine transform of f(x) respectively then
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

∫ [ Fs (s)] ds = ∫ [ f ( x)] dx ∫ [ Fc (s)] ds = ∫ [ f ( x)] dx

2 2 2 2
and
0 0 0 0

ii) If Fs(s) and Fc(s) are the Fourier sine and Fourier cosine transform of f(x) and g(x)
respectively then
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

∫ F (s) G (s) ds = ∫
0
s s
0
f ( x ) g ( x) dx and ∫ F (s) G (s) ds = ∫
0
c c
0
f ( x ) g ( x) dx

Note:
d d
i) Fs [ x f ( x) ] = − Fc [ f ( x)] ii) Fc [ x f ( x) ] = Fs [ f ( x)]
ds ds
n
n n d
iii) F [ x f ( x) ] = ( −i ) F [ f ( x)]
ds n

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
MOHAMED SATHAK A J COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOURIER TRANSFORM 2

Problems
a 2 − x 2 , | x | < a
1. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x ) = 
 0 , | x| ≥ a
∞ ∞
sin s − s cos s π sin s − s cos s s 3π
Hence deduce that (i ) ∫ 3
ds = (ii ) ∫ 3
cos ds =
0
s 4 0
s 2 16
∞ 2
 sin s − s cos s  π
(iii ) ∫   ds =
0
s3  15
∞
1
Sol. F [ f ( x)] =
2π ∫
−∞
f ( x) e i s x dx

1  
−a a ∞

 ∫ 0. e dx + ∫ (a 2 − x 2 ) e i s x dx + ∫ 0. e i s x dx 
isx
=
2π − ∞ −a a 
a
1
∫ (a
2
= − x 2 ) (cos sx + i sin sx) dx
2π −a
a a
1 1
∫ (a ∫ (a
2 2 2
= − x ) cos sx dx + i − x 2 ) sin sx dx
2π −a 2π −a
a
2
∫ (a
2
= − x 2 ) cos sx dx + 0
2π 0
a
2  2 2  sin sx   − cos sx   − sin sx 
= ( a − x )   − ( −2 x )   + ( − 2)  
π   s   s
2
  s
3
 0
2  2a cos as 2 sin as  
=  0 − 2
+ 3  − {0 − 0 + 0}
π  s s  
2  sin as − as cos as 
(i.e.) F [ f ( x )] = 2
π  s3 
2  sin s − s cos s 
When a = 1, we have F [ f ( x)] = 2
π  s3 
Using inverse Fourier transform, we have
∞
1
∫ F [ f ( x)] e
−i s x
f ( x) = ds
2π −∞
∞
1 2  sin s − s cos s 
=
2π ∫
−∞
2 
π  s3
 (cos sx − i sin sx) ds

∞ ∞
2  sin s − s cos s  2  sin s − s cos s 
=
π ∫
−∞

 s 3  cos sx ds − i ∫ 
 π −∞  s3
 sin sx ds

∞
4  sin s − s cos s 
π∫
=   cos sx ds − 0
0
s3 
∞
 sin s − s cos s  π
∫ 
0
s 3  cos sx ds = f ( x ) − − − − − − − (1)
 4
Put x = 0 in equation (1) we get
∞
 sin s − s cos s  π
∫  s 3  ds = f (0)
 4
f (x) = a2 – x2
0 f (x) = 1 – x2
π π f (0) = 1 – 0 = 1
= (1) = This proves (i )
4 4

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
MOHAMED SATHAK A J COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOURIER TRANSFORM Dr. M. Muralidharan 3

1
Put x = in equation (1) we get f (x) = a2 – x2
2 f (x) = 1 – x2
∞
 sin s − s cos s  s π 1 1 1 3
∫0  s 3  cos ds =
 2 4
f 
2
f(
2
)=1– =
4 4
π 1  π  3  3π
= 1 −  =   = This proves (ii )
4  4  4  4  16
Using Parseval’s identity, we have
∞ ∞

∫ | F ( s) | ds = ∫ | f ( x) | 2 dx
2

−∞ −∞
2
∞
 2  sin s − s cos s   −1 1 ∞

∫− ∞  2 π  s 3 
  ds = ∫ 0. dx + ∫ (1 − x ) dx + ∫ 0. dx
2 2

 −∞ −1 1

∞ 2 1
8  sin s − s cos s 
∫  ds = ∫ (1 − x ) dx
2 2
 3
π − ∞ s  −1

∞ 2 1
16  sin s − s cos s 
∫  ds = 2 ∫ (1 − x ) dx
2 2
 3
π 0 s  0
1

= 2∫ (1 + x 4 − 2 x 2 ) dx
0
1
 x5 2x3 
= 2 x + − 
 5 3 0
 1 2  
= 2 1 + −  − {0 + 0 − 0}
 5 3  
8
= 2 
15 
∞ 2
16  sin s − s cos s  16
π ∫0 
  ds =
s3  15
∞ 2
 sin s − s cos s  π
∫0 

s3


ds =
15
This proves (iii )

 1− | x | , | x| < 1
2. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x) = 
 0 , | x | ≥1
∞ 4
 sin t  π
Hence deduce that ∫   dt =
0  t  3
∞
1
Sol. F [ f ( x)] =
2π −∞
∫ f ( x) e i s x dx

EnggTree.com
MOHAMED SATHAK A J COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOURIER TRANSFORM 7

− ax
7. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of e
∞
2
π ∫0
Sol. Fs [ f ( x)] = f ( x) sin sx dx

∞
2
∫e
− ax − ax
Fs [e ]= sin sx dx
π 0
∞
2  e− a x 
= ( − a sin sx − s cos sx )
π  a 2 + s 2 
0
2   1 
= {0} −  2 2
( 0 − s ) 
π  a + s 
2 s
=
π s + a22

∞
2
Fc [ f ( x)] =
π ∫ f ( x) cos sx dx
0
∞
2
Fc [e − a x ] = ∫e
− ax
cos sx dx
π 0
∞
2  e− a x 
=  2 2
(− a cos sx + s sin sx)
π a + s 0
2   1 
= {0} −  2 2
(− a + 0)
π  a + s 
2 a
=
π s + a2 2

e− a x
8. Find the Fourier sine transform of
x
∞
2
π ∫0
Sol. Fs [ f ( x)] = f ( x) sin sx dx

 e− a x  ∞
2 e− a x
Fs 
 x
=
 π ∫
0
x
sin sx dx

Diff . w.r.t. ' s ' on both sides we get

d  e− a x  d 2 ∞
e− a x
Fs 
ds  x  ds π
= ∫
0
x
sin sx dx

∂  e− a x 
∞
2
=
π ∫
0

∂s x
sin sx  dx

∞
e− a x 2
π ∫0 x
= cos sx . x dx
∞
2
∫e
− ax
= cos sx dx
π 0
∞
2  e− a x 
= ( − a cos sx + s sin sx )
π  a 2 + s 2 
0

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
MOHAMED SATHAK A J COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOURIER TRANSFORM Dr. M. Muralidharan 8

2   1 
= {0} −  2 2
( − a + 0)  
π  a + s 
d e− a x  2 a
Fs  =
ds  x  π s + a2
2

Integrating w. r.t. ' s ' we get

 e− a x  2 a
Fs 
 x 
=
π ∫s 2
+ a2
ds

2 1  s  dx 1  x
=a  tan −1   ∫x 2
+a 2
= tan −1  
a
π a  a  a

2 s
= tan −1  
π a
e− a x
9. Find the Fourier cosine transform of
x
∞
2
Sol. Fc [ f ( x)] = ∫ f ( x) cos sx dx
π 0

e 
− ax ∞
2 e− a x
Fc   = π ∫ x cos sx dx
 x  0

Diff . w.r.t. ' s ' on both sides we get

d  e− a x  d 2 ∞
e− a x
Fc
ds  x  ds π
= ∫
0
x
cos sx dx

∂  e− a x 
∞
2
=
π ∫
0

∂s x
cos sx  dx

∞
e− a x
2
π ∫0 x
= (− sin sx . x) dx
∞
2
∫e
− ax
=− sin sx dx
π 0
∞
2  e− a x 
=−  ( − a sin sx − s cos sx ) 
π  a2 + s2 0
2   1 
=− {0} −  ( 0 − s ) 
π  2
a + s
2

d  e− a x  2 s
Fc   =−
ds  x  π s + a2
2

Integrating w. r. t. ' s ' we get

 e− a x  2 s
Fc 
 x 
 =−
π ∫ s 2 + a 2 ds x dx 1
∫x 2
+a 2
= log ( x 2 + a 2 )
2
2 1
=− log ( s 2 + a 2 )
π 2
1
=− log ( s 2 + a 2 )
2π

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
MOHAMED SATHAK A J COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOURIER TRANSFORM 9

− ax
10. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of x e
d
Sol. Fs [ x e − a x ] = − Fc [e − a x ]
ds
∞
2
∫e
− ax − ax
Fc [e ]= cos sx dx
π 0
∞
2  e− a x 
=  2 ( − a cos sx + s sin sx ) 
π a + s2 0
2   1 
= {0} −  2 2
(− a + 0)
π  a + s 
2 a
=
π s2 + a2
d  2 a 
Fs [ x e − a x ] = −  
ds  π s 2 + a 2 
2  −a 
=− ( 2 s )
π  ( s 2 + a 2 ) 2 

2 2as
=
π (s + a 2 )22

d
Fc [ x e − a x ] = Fs [e − a x ]
ds
∞
2
∫e
− ax − ax
Fs [e ]= sin sx dx
π 0
∞
2  e− a x 
=  2 2
(− a sin sx − s cos sx)
π a + s 0
2   1 
= {0} −  2 2
( 0 − s ) 
π  a + s 
2
s
=
π s + a2 2

d  2 s 
Fc [ x e − a x ] =  
ds  π s 2 + a 2 
2 ( s 2 + a 2 )(1) − s (2 s )
=
π (s 2 + a 2 )2
a2 − s22
=
π (s 2 + a 2 )2

11. Solve the integral equation ∫

0
f ( x) cos λ x dx = e − λ

Sol. Given ∫
0
f ( x) cos λ x dx = e − λ

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
MOHAMED SATHAK A J COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOURIER TRANSFORM 10

∞
2 2
π ∫
f ( x) cos λ x dx = e−λ
0
π
2
Fc [ f ( x)] = e−λ
π
 2 −λ  2
∞
2 −λ
∫
−1
f ( x) = Fc  e = e cos λ x dλ
 π  π 0
π
∞
2
= ∫ e −λ cos λ x dλ
π 0
∞
2  e −λ 
=  ( − cos λ x + λ sin λ x ) 
π 1 + x 2 0
2  1 
=
{0} −  ( −1 + 0 ) 
π  1 + x
2

2 1
(i.e.) f ( x) =
π 1+ x2
x2
−
2
12. Find the Fourier transform of e
∞
1
Sol. F [ f ( x)] = ∫
2π − ∞
f ( x ) e i s x dx

 −x 
2
x2
1
∞
− 1
∞
−
1 2
[
x −2 i s x ]
F e 2 = ∫ ∫
isx
e 2
e dx = e 2
dx
  2π −∞ 2π −∞

1
∞
−
1
[
( x − i s )2 − i 2s 2 ]
=
2π ∫
−∞
e 2
dx

s2
1
∞
−
1
[
( x − i s )2 ] −
=
2π ∫e
−∞
2
e 2
dx

s2
− ∞ 1
2
e − ( x −i s )2
=
2π ∫e
−∞
2
dx

2
s 2
− ∞  x −i s 
e 2 − 

x−is
=
2π ∫e  2 
dx
Put =t −∞
2
s2
dx − ∞
= dt e 2
2
2 =
2π ∫
−∞
e− t 2 dt
2
s
− ∞
∞ 2
e 2
∫e
−∞
−t2
dt = π =
π ∫
−∞
e − t dt

s2
− s2
2
e −
= π =e 2
π
x2 s2
− −
(i.e.) F [e 2
]=e 2

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
MOHAMED SATHAK A J COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOURIER TRANSFORM 11

Note: If the transform of f(x) is equal to f(s), then the function f(x) is called self-reciprocal. In
x2
−
2
the above problem, e is self-reciprocal under Fourier transform.
− a2 x2 −a 2
x2
13. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e and hence find Fs [ x e ]
∞
2
Sol. Fc [ f ( x)] =
π ∫ 0
f ( x) cos sx dx

∞
Fc e[ − a2 x2
]= 2
π ∫ e− a
2
x2
cos sx dx
0
∞
2 1
π 2 −∫∞
− a 2 x2
= e cos sx dx

∞
1
R.P. ∫ e − a x e i s x dx
2 2
=
2π −∞
∞
1
R.P. ∫ e − [a x − i s x ] dx
2 2
=
2π −∞

 is 
2
i2s2 
∞ −   ax −  − 
1  2a  4 a2 
= R.P. ∫ e  
dx
2π −∞
2
∞  is  s2
−  ax −  −
1 2 a 
= R.P. ∫ e 
e 4 a2
dx
2π −∞
s2
−  is 
2
4a2 ∞ −  ax − 
e a 
= R.P. ∫ e  2
dx
2π −∞

s2
−
4 a2 ∞
e 2 dt
= R.P. ∫ e − t Put ax −
is
=t
2π −∞
a 2a
2 a dx = dt
s
− 2
e 4a
= R.P. π
a 2π
s2
−
2
x2 1 4 a2
(i.e.) Fc [e − a ]= e
a 2
2
x2 d 2 2
Fs [ x e − a ]=− Fc [e − a x ]
ds
d  1 −
s2 

=−  e 4a 
2

ds  a 2 
 
s2 s2
1 − 2  − 2s  s −
4 a2
=− e 4a
 2  = 3
e
a 2  4 a  2 2 a

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
MOHAMED SATHAK A J COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOURIER TRANSFORM 12

∞
−4x cos 2 x π
14. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e . Hence deduce that ∫
0
2
x + 16
dx = e − 8 and
8
∞
x sin 2 x π
∫
0
2
x + 16
dx = e − 8
2
∞
2
Sol. Fc [ f ( x )] =
π ∫ f ( x) cos sx dx
0
∞
2
∫e
− 4x − 4x
Fc [e ]= cos sx dx
π 0
∞
2  e− 4 x 
=  2
(− 4 cos sx + s sin sx)
π 16 + s 0
2   1 
= {0} −  2
(− 4 + 0)
π  16 + s 
4 2
=
π s 2 + 16
Using inverse Fourier cosine transform, we have
∞
2
π ∫0 c
f ( x) = F [ f ( x )] cos sx ds

∞
2 2  4 
=
π ∫
0
  cos sx ds
π  s 2 + 16 
∞
8 cos sx
f ( x) =
π ∫
0
s 2 + 16
ds

∞
cos sx π
∫
0
2
s + 16
ds = f ( x)
8
∞
cos sx π
∫
0
2
s + 16
ds = e − 4 x − − − − − − − − (1)
8
Put x = 2, we get
∞
cos 2s π
∫
0
2
s + 16
ds = e − 8
8
∞
cos 2 x π
∫
0
2
x + 16
dx = e − 8
8
Differentiate (1) w.r.t. x, we get
∞
d cos sx π d − 4x
dx ∫0 s 2 + 16
ds = (e )
8 dx
∞
∂  cos sx  π d − 4x
∫0 ∂ x  s 2 + 16 
  ds =
8 dx
(e )

∞
 − sin sx . s  π − 4x
∫ 
0
2
s + 16 
 ds = (e )( −4)
8
∞
s sin sx π
∫ 0
2
s + 16
ds = e − 4 x
2

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
MOHAMED SATHAK A J COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOURIER TRANSFORM 13

Put x = 2, we get
∞
s sin 2 s π
∫
0
2
s + 16
ds = e − 8
2
∞
x sin 2 x π
∫
0
2
x + 16
dx = e − 8
2
− x
15. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of e and hence find the Fourier sine
x 1
transform of 2 and Fourier cosine transform of
1+ x 1 + x2
∞
2
Sol. Fc [ f ( x)] =
π ∫ f ( x) cos sx dx
0
∞
2
Fc [e − x ] = ∫e
− x
cos sx dx
π 0
∞
2  e− x 
=  2
( − cos sx + s sin sx)
π 1 + s 0
2   1 
= {0} −  2
(−1 + 0)
π  1 + s 
1 2
= 2
π s +1
∞
2
∫ e sin sx dx
− x − x
Fs [e ] =
π 0
∞
2  e− x 
=  ( − sin sx − s cos sx ) 
π 1 + s 2 0
2   1 
= {0} −  2
(0 − s) 
π  1 + s 
2 s
=
π s2 +1
∞
 1  2 1
π ∫0 1 + x 2
Now, Fc  = cos sx dx − − − − − (1)
1 + x 
2

Using inverse Fourier cosine transform, we have

∞
2
π ∫0
f ( x) = Fc [ f ( x)] cos sx ds

∞
2 2  1 
∫
−x
e =   cos sx ds
π 0
π  s2 +1
∞
2 cos sx
π∫
e− x = ds
0
s2 + 1
∞
cos sx π
∫
0
2
s +1
ds = e − x
2
∞ Put x = s
cos sx π
∫
0
2
x +1
dx = e − s
2
and s = x

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
MOHAMED SATHAK A J COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOURIER TRANSFORM 14

Equation (1) becomes

∞ ∞
2 s 2 ds
∫ 2
π 0 ( s + 4) 02
= ∫ e − 4 x dx

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
MOHAMED SATHAK A J COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOURIER TRANSFORM 19

∞
 e−4 x 
= 
 −4 0
 1 
= 0 −
 − 4 
∞
2 s 2 ds 1
∫ 2
π 0 ( s + 4) 42
=

∞
x 2 dx π
(i.e.) ∫ 2 2
=
0
( x + 4) 8
∞ ∞
dx x 2 dx
20. Use transform methods to evaluate i ) ∫ 2 ii ) ∫0 ( x 2 + 9)( x 2 + 25)
0
( x + 1)( x 2 + 4)
Sol. (i) Let f ( x ) = e − x and g ( x) = e − 2 x
2 1 2 2
Then Fc ( s ) = Fc [ f ( x)] = and Gc ( s ) = Gc [ g ( x)] =
π s +12
π s2 + 4
∞ ∞

We have ∫ F (s) G (s) ds = ∫ f ( x) g ( x) dx

0
c c
0
∞ ∞
2 1 2 2
∫
0
π s2 +1 2
π s +4
ds = ∫ e − x e − 2 x dx
0
∞ ∞
4 ds
∫ 2 2
= ∫ e − 3 x dx
π 0 ( s + 1)( s + 4) 0
∞
e−3x 
= 
 −3  0
 1 
= 0 −
 − 3 
∞
4 ds 1
π ∫0 ( s 2 + 1)( s 2 + 4) 3
=

∞
dx π
(i.e.)
0
∫ (x 2 2
=
+ 1)( x + 4) 12
−3x
(ii) Let f ( x) = e and g ( x) = e − 5 x
2 s 2 s
Then Fs ( s ) = Fs [ f ( x)] = and Gs ( s) = Gs [ g ( x)] =
2 2
π s +9 π s + 25
∞ ∞

We have ∫ F (s) G (s) ds = ∫ f ( x) g ( x) dx

0
s s
0
∞ ∞
2 s 2 s
∫
0
2
π s +9 2
π s + 25
ds = ∫ e − 3 x e − 5 x dx
0
∞ ∞
2 s 2 ds
∫ 2 2
= ∫ e − 8 x dx
π 0 ( s + 9)( s + 25) 0
∞
 e−8 x   1 
=  = 0 − 
 − 8  0  − 8
∞ ∞
2 s 2 ds 1 x 2 dx π
π ∫0 ( s 2 + 9)( s 2 + 25) 8 ∫0 ( x 2 + 9)( x 2 + 25) 16
= ⇒ =

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
MOHAMED SATHAK A J COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOURIER TRANSFORM 20

∞
dx
21. Evaluate ∫0 ( x 2 + a 2 )( x 2 + b 2 ) using transforms.
Sol. Let f ( x) = e − a x and g ( x) = e − b x
2 a 2 b
Then Fc ( s ) = Fc [ f ( x)] = and G c ( s ) = G c [ g ( x )] =
π s2 + a2 π s2 + b2
∞ ∞

We have ∫ F (s) G (s) ds = ∫ f ( x) g ( x) dx

0
c c
0
∞ ∞
2 a 2b
∫
0
π s + a2
2 2
π s +b 2
ds = ∫ e − a x e − b x dx
0
∞ ∞
2ab ds
∫ 2 2 2 2
= ∫ e − ( a +b ) x dx
π 0 ( s + a )( s + b ) 0
∞
 e − ( a +b ) x   1 
=  = 0 − 
 − ( a + b )  0  − ( a + b) 
∞
2ab ds 1
π ∫ (s
0
2 22 2
=
+ a )( s + b ) a + b
∞
dx π
(i.e.) ∫ (x
0
2 22 2
=
+ a )( x + b ) 2ab(a + b)

x , 0< x <1

22. Find the Fourier sine transform of f ( x) = 2 − x , 1 < x < 2
0 , x>2

∞
2
Sol. Fs [ f ( x)] =
π ∫
0
f ( x) sin sx dx

2  
1 2 ∞

π  ∫0 ∫ (2 − x) sin sx dx + ∫2
=  x sin sx dx + 0 . sin sx dx 
1 
1 2
2   − cos sx   − sin sx  2   − cos sx   − sin sx 
=  x  − (1) 2  +  (2 − x)  − (−1) 2 
π   s   s  0 π   s   s  1
2  − cos s sin s   2  sin 2 s   − cos s sin s 
=   + 2  − {0 + 0} + 0 − 2  −  − 2 
π  s s   π  s   s s 
2  2 sin s sin 2 s 
= − 2 
π  s 2 s 
2  2 sin s − 2 sin s cos s 
=
π  s2 

2  sin s (1 − cos s ) 
=2
π  s2 

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
MOHAMED SATHAK A J COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOURIER TRANSFORM 21

Properties of Fourier Transform

1. Prove that F[af(x) + bg(x)] = aF(s) + bG(s) [ Linearity property on Fourier transform]
∞
1
Proof. We have F [ f ( x)] = ∫
2π − ∞
f ( x) e i s x dx = F ( s )

∞
1
∫ [a f ( x) + b g ( x)] e
isx
F [a f ( x) + b g ( x)] = dx
2π −∞
∞ ∞
1 1
∫ f ( x) e i s x dx + b ∫ g ( x) e
isx
=a dx
2π −∞ 2π −∞

= a F ( s ) + b G ( s)

2. Prove (i)Fc[af(x) + bg(x)] = aFc(s) + bGc(s)[Linear property on Fourier cosine transform]

(ii)Fs[af(x) + bg(x)] = aFs(s) + bGs(s)[Linear property on Fourier sine transform]
∞
2
π ∫0
Proof. (i) Fc [ f ( x)] = f ( x) cos sx dx = Fc ( s)
∞
2
Fc [a f ( x) + b g ( x)] =
π ∫ [a f ( x) + b g ( x)] cos sx dx
0
∞ ∞
2 2
=a
π ∫
0
f ( x) cos sx dx + b
π ∫ g ( x) cos sx dx
0

= a Fc ( s ) + b Gc ( s )
∞
2
(ii) Fs [ f ( x)] =
π ∫
0
f ( x) sin sx dx = Fs ( s )

∞
2
Fs [a f ( x ) + b g ( x)] =
π ∫ [a f ( x) + b g ( x)] sin sx dx
0
∞ ∞
2 2
=a
π ∫
0
f ( x) sin sx dx + b
π ∫ g ( x) sin sx dx
0

= a Fs ( s ) + b Gs ( s )

3. Prove that F [ f ( x − a)] = e i a s F ( s ) [ Time shifting property]

∞
1
Proof. We have F [ f ( x)] =
2π −∞
∫ f ( x) e i s x dx = F ( s )

∞
1
F [ f ( x − a )] =
2π −∞
∫ f ( x − a ) e i s x dx

∞ Put x – a = t
1
∫
i s (t +a )
= f (t ) e dt dx = dt
2π −∞
∞
1
∫
ias
=e f (t ) e i s t dt
2π −∞
∞
1
∫
ias
=e f ( x) e i s x dx
2π −∞

= e i a s F ( s)

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
MOHAMED SATHAK A J COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOURIER TRANSFORM 22

4. Prove that F [ e i a x f ( x)] = F ( s + a) [ Frequency shifting property]

∞
1
Proof. We have F [ f ( x)] =
2π −∞
∫ f ( x) e i s x dx = F ( s )

∞
1
∫e
iax iax
F[ e f ( x)] = f ( x ) e i s x dx
2π −∞
∞
1
=
2π −∞
∫ f ( x) e i ( s + a ) x dx

= F ( s + a)
1 s
5. Prove that (i) F [ f (a x)] = F   , a > 0 [ Change of scale property]
a a
1 s
(ii ) Fs [ f (a x )] = Fs  
a a
1 s
(iii ) Fc [ f (a x)] = Fc  
a a
∞
1
Proof. (i) We have F [ f ( x)] = ∫
2π − ∞
f ( x) e i s x dx = F ( s )

∞
1
F [ f (a x)] =
2π
∫
−∞
f (a x) e i s x dx

1
∞
is
t
dt Put a x = t
=
2π
∫
−∞
f (t ) e a
a
a dx = dt

∞ s
1 1 i t
=
a 2π ∫
−∞
f (t ) e a
dt

1 s
= F 
a a
∞
2
(ii) We have Fs [ f ( x)] =
π ∫ f ( x) sin sx dx = Fs (s)
0
∞
2
Fs [ f (a x )] =
π ∫
0
f (a x) sin sx dx
Put a x = t
a dx = dt
∞
2  s t  dt
π ∫
= f (t ) sin  
0 a a
∞
1 2 s
=
a π ∫
0
f (t ) sin   t dt
a
1 s
= Fs  
a a
∞
2
(iii) We have Fc [ f ( x)] =
π ∫
0
f ( x) cos sx dx = Fc ( s )

∞
2
Fc [ f (a x )] =
π ∫ f (a x) cos sx dx Put a x = t
0 a dx = dt
∞
2  s t  dt
π ∫
= f (t ) cos  
0 a a
∞
1 2 s 1 s
=
a π ∫
0
f (t ) cos   t dt = Fc  
a a a

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
MOHAMED SATHAK A J COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOURIER TRANSFORM 23

6. If f (λ ) is the Fourier transform of f (x), find the Fourier transform of f (x – a) and

f (ax).
Proof. F [ f ( x − a )] = e i a λ f (λ ) [ see property (3) and (5) (i) ]
1 λ
and F [ f (a x)] = f  
a a

7. Prove that [ Modulation property]

1 1
(i) F [ f ( x) cos a x ] = [ F ( s + a ) + F ( s − a )] (ii ) Fs [ f ( x) cos a x] = [ Fs ( s + a ) + Fs ( s − a )]
2 2
1 1
(iii ) Fs [ f ( x) sin a x] = [ Fc ( s − a ) − Fc ( s + a )] (iv) Fc [ f ( x) cos a x ] = [ Fc ( s + a ) + Fc ( s − a )]
2 2
1
(v ) Fc [ f ( x ) sin a x] = [ Fs (a + s ) + Fs (a − s )]
2
∞
1
Proof. (i) We have F [ f ( x)] =
2π − ∞
∫ f ( x) e i s x dx = F ( s )

∞
1
F [ f ( x) cos a x] =
2π
∫
−∞
f ( x) cos a x e i s x dx

1
∞
 ei a x + e − i a x  isx
=
2π
∫
−∞
f ( x) 
 2
 e dx

1 1 
∞ ∞
1
∫ ∫− ∞
i (s + a) x i (s − a) x
=  f ( x) e dx + f ( x ) e dx 
2  2π −∞ 2π 
1
= [ F ( s + a ) + F ( s − a )]
2
∞
2
(ii) We have Fs [ f ( x)] =
π ∫ f ( x) sin sx dx = Fs (s)
0
∞
2 2sinAcosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A – B)
π ∫
Fs [ f ( x) cos a x] = f ( x) cos a x sin sx dx
0
∞
2 1
=
π ∫
0
f ( x) [ sin( s + a ) x + sin( s − a ) x ] dx
2
1 2 
∞ ∞
2
2  π ∫0 ∫
 = f ( x) sin( s + a ) x dx + f ( x ) sin( s − a ) x dx 
π 0 
1
= [ Fs ( s + a ) + Fs ( s − a )]
2
∞
2
(iii) We have Fs [ f ( x)] = ∫ f ( x) sin sx dx = Fs (s)
π 0
∞
2 2sinAsinB = cos(A – B) – cos(A + B)
Fs [ f ( x ) sin a x ] =
π ∫
0
f ( x) sin a x sin sx dx

∞
2 1
=
π ∫
0
f ( x)
2
[ cos( s − a ) x − cos( s + a ) x ] dx

1  2 
∞ ∞
2
2  π ∫0 ∫
=  f ( x) cos( s − a ) x dx − f ( x) cos( s + a ) x dx 
π 0 
1
= [ Fc ( s − a ) − Fc ( s + a )]
2

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
MOHAMED SATHAK A J COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOURIER TRANSFORM Dr. M. Muralidharan 24

∞
2
(iv) We have Fc [ f ( x)] =
π ∫
0
f ( x) cos sx dx = Fc ( s )

∞
2
Fc [ f ( x) cos a x] =
π ∫
0
f ( x) cos a x cos sx dx 2cosAcosB = cos(A + B) + cos(A – B)

∞
2 1
=
π ∫
0
f ( x)
2
[ cos( s + a ) x + cos( s − a ) x] dx

1  2 
∞ ∞
2
2  π ∫0 ∫
=  f ( x) cos( s + a ) x dx + f ( x) cos( s − a ) x dx 
π 0 
1
= [ Fc ( s + a ) + Fc ( s − a )]
2
∞
2
(v) We have Fc [ f ( x)] =
π ∫
0
f ( x) cos sx dx = Fc ( s )

∞
2
Fc [ f ( x) sin a x] =
π ∫
0
f ( x) sin a x cos sx dx 2sinAcosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A – B)

∞
2 1
=
π ∫
0
f ( x) [ sin(a + s ) x + sin(a − s ) x] dx
2
1 2 
∞ ∞
2
2  π ∫0 π ∫
=  f ( x) sin(a + s ) x dx + f ( x) sin( a − s ) x dx 
0 
1
= [ Fs (a + s ) + Fs (a − s )]
2

8. Prove that (i) F [ f (− x)] = F (− s ) (ii ) F [ f ( x)] = F (− s ) (iii ) F [ f (− x)] = F ( s )

∞
1
Proof. (i) We have F [ f ( x)] =
2π −∞
∫ f ( x) e i s x dx = F ( s )

∞
1
F [ f (− x)] =
2π −∞
∫ f (− x) e i s x dx

−∞
1 Put – x = t
=
2π
∫
∞
f (t ) e − i s t (− dt ) – dx = dt

∞
1
=
2π −∞
∫ f (t ) e − i s t dt

∞
1
=
2π −∞
∫ f (t ) e i ( − s ) t dt

= F (− s)
∞
1
(ii) We have F ( s ) =
2π
∫
−∞
f ( x) e i s x dx

∞
1
F (− s) =
2π −∞
∫ f ( x) e − i s x dx

∞
1
F (− s) =
2π −∞
∫ f ( x ) e i s x dx

= F [ f ( x )]

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

UNI T V
Z-TRANSFORMS AND
DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS
5.1. DEFINITION: (ONE-SIDED OR UNILATERAL)

Let  f (n) be a sequence defined for all positive integers n  0,1,2, ,

then Z-transform of  f (n) is defined as

Z  f (n)   f (n) z  n ,
n0

where z is an arbitrary complex variable.

5.2. DEFINITION: (Z-TRANSFORM FOR DISCRETE VALUES OF t)

If f (t ) is a function defined for discrete values of t, where

t  nT , n  0,1,2, , T being the sampling period, then Z-transform of f (t ) is
defined as

Z  f (t )   f (nT ) z n
n0

5.3. NOTE:

(i) 1  x 1  1  x  x 2  x 3  if x 1

(ii) 1  x 1  1  x  x 2  x 3 
(iii) 1  x 2  1  2x  3x 2  4x 3 
(iv) 1  x 2  1  2x  3x 2  4x 3 
x x2
(v) ex  1   
1! 2!

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
UNIT V 5.5

 Example: 9
az
Z (n a n ) 
 z  a 2 EXAMPLE: 1
PROOF:

Z  f (n)   f (n) z  n
n0
  n
 
Z n an    n an z  n 
n0
 a
 n  z 
n0
2
 a  a
 0     2  
 z  z

a 
2
 a  a
 1  2    3    
z  z  z 
2 2
a a a  z  a a z2
 1      
z z z z  z  z  a 2

az
Z (n a n ) 
 z  a 2

5.5. LINEAR PROPERTY:

Z  af (n)  bg(n)  aZ  f (n)  bZ  g(n)

 a F ( z )  b G( z )
5.6. NOTE:
z z
(i) Z (1)  (ii) Z ( an )  , if z  a
z 1 z a

 Example: 10
Find Z ( k)
EXAMPLE: 1
 z 
SOLUTION: Z (k)  k Z (1)  k 
 z  1 

 Example: 11


Find Z  1
n
 EXAMPLE: 1

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
5.6 Z – TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

SOLUTION:
z
Since Z ( an ) 
za
z z
 Z (( 1) n )  
z  ( 1) z  1

 Example: 12

Prove that Z e  an   z
z  e a EXAMPLE: 1
PROOF:

Since  
Z an 
z
za

  z
n
 Z  e a   .
 z  e a

 Example: 13
Find Z (cos n ) and Z (sin n ) .
EXAMPLE: 1
SOLUTION:
Let a  ei
 an  ein  cos n  i sin n
z
We know that Z ( an ) 
za

 
Z (an )  Z (ei )n   z
z  ei
z
Z (cos n  i sin n ) 
z   cos   i sin  

z

 z  cos    i sin 

z  z  cos    i sin 
 z  cos    i sin   z  cos    i sin 
z  z  cos    iz sin 

 z  cos  2  sin2 
z  z  cos    iz sin 

z2  cos2   2z cos  sin2 

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
UNIT V 5.7

z  z  cos    iz sin 

z2  2z cos   1
z  z  cos   iz sin 
Z (cos n )  iZ (sin n )  
z2  2z cos   1 z2  2z cos   1
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
z  z  cos  
Z (cos n ) 
z2  2z cos   1
z sin 
Z (sin n ) 
z2  2z cos   1
NOTE:

We know that Z  f (t )   f (nT ) z n
n0

 Z  sin at    sin anT z n
n0

  sin n . z n , where   aT
n0

 Z (sin n )
z sin  z sin aT
 2
 2
z  2z cos   1 z  2z cos aT  1
z( z  cos aT )
lllly Z (cos at )  2
.
z  2z cos aT  1

 Example: 14
Find Z (rn cos n ) and Z (rn sin n )
EXAMPLE: 1
SOLUTION:
Hints: Let a  rei
an  rn ein  rn (cos n  i sin n )
Answer:
z  z  r cos  
Z (r n cos n ) 
z  2zr cos   r 2
2

zr sin 
Z (rn sin n )  .
z  2zr cos   r2
2

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
5.8 Z – TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

 Example: 15
Find Z (t )
SOLUTION: EXAMPLE: 1

Z  f (t )   f (nT ) z n
n0
 
 Z t    nT z n  T  n z  n  T Z ( n)
n0 n0

z  z 
T  Z (n)  .
 z  12    
z  1
2

 Example: 16
Find Z ( e at )
EXAMPLE: 1
SOLUTION:

Z  f (t )   f (nT ) z n
n0
 
  e   e aT 
 at  anT n n
 Z e z  z n
n0 n0

  z  z 
n
 Z e  aT   Z ( an )  
z  e  aT z  a

 Example: 17
 1 
Find Z 
 n(n  1)  EXAMPLE: 1

SOLUTION:
1 A B
Now  
n(n  1) n n  1
A(n  1)  B(n)

n(n  1)
 A(n  1)  B(n)  1
Put n  0 A(1)  B(0)  1  A  1
Put n  1 : A(0)  B( 1)  1  B  1
1 1 1
  
n(n  1) n n  1

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
UNIT V 5.9

 1  1 1   1  1 
 Z  Z   Z  Z

 n(n  1)  
 n n  1  n  n  1

 z   z   z 
 log    z log    (1  z ) log 
 z  1  z  1  z  1 

 Example: 18
1
Find the Z-transform of
 n  1 nEXAMPLE:
 2 1
SOLUTION:
1 A B A  n  2  B  n  1
  
 n  1 n  2 n 1 n  2  n  1 n  2
 A  n  2  B  n  1  1

Put z  1 : A 1  1  A 1

Put z  2 : B  1  1  B  1

1 1 1
  
 n  1 n  2 n 1 n  2

 1   1 1   1   1 
 Z  Z   Z  Z

  n  1 n  2 

 n  1 n  2  n  1  n  2 

  n n
1  1 1  1
       
n0
n 1 z n0
n  2  z

 1  1 1  1 2  1 1  1  1  1  2 
 1                
  3  z   4  z
 2 z   2 3 z 

1 1  1  2 1  1  3   2 3 
2 1  1 1  1
 z        z        
 z 2  z  3  z   2  z  3  z 

  1    1 1 
 z   log 1     z 2   log 1    
  z    z z 

 1  1
  z log 1    z 2 log 1    z
 z  z

 
1
 z 2  z log 1    z
 z

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
5.10 Z – TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

 Example: 19
Find Z cos t  2

EXAMPLE: 1
SOLUTION:


Z cos2 t  Z 
 
 1  cos2t  1
2
   Z (1)  Z (cos2t )
2
1 z z( z  cos2T ) 
  2
2  z  1 z  2z cos2T  1 


5.7. EXERCISE:
1. Find Z (sin2 t )

2. Z (cos3 t )

3. Z (sin3 t )

5.8. HINTS:
(i) sin3 A  3sin A  4sin3 A
(ii) cos3 A  4 cos3 A  3cos A

5.9. PROPERTIES OF Z-TRANSFORM:

 Property: 1

FIRST SHIFTING THEOREM:EXAMPLE: 1

If Z  f (t )  F ( z ) then

(i)  
Z e at f (t )  F ( z eaT )

(ii) Z e at

f (t )  F ( z e aT )

  z
(iii) Z an f (t )  F  
 a 
  z
(iv) Z an f (n)  F  
 a 
PROOF:

(i) We know that


Z  f (t )   f (nT ) z n
n0

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
UNIT V 5.11

 
   
n
Z e  at f (t )   e  anT f (nT ) z  n   f (nT ) zeaT
n0 n0

 Z  f (t ) z  z eaT   F ( z )z  z aT

 
Z e at f (t )  F zeaT .  
(iii) We know that

Z  f (t )   f (nT ) z n
n0
  n

Z an f (t )   
n0
an f (nT ) z n  
n0
 z
f (nT )  
 a

 Z  f (t ) z  z   F ( z )z  z
a a

  z

Z an f (t )  F   .
 a

 Property: 2

DIFFERENTIATION IN Z-DOMAIN: EXAMPLE: 1

d
Z  n f (n)  z  F ( z ) , where F ( z )  Z  f (n) .
dz
PROOF:
F ( z )  Z  f ( n) 

F (z)   f (n) z n
n0

d 1 
 F ( z )   f (n) ( n) z n 1    f (n) n z n
dz n0 z n0

d
z  F ( z )    n f ( n ) z  n  Z  n f ( n )
dz n0
d
 Z  n f ( n )   z  F ( z )
dz

 Property: 3

EXAMPLE: 1
SECOND SHIFTING THEOREM:
(i) Z  f (n  1)  z F ( z )  zf (0)

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
5.12 Z – TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

PROOF:
 
Z  f (n  1)   f (n  1) z n   f (n  1) z n z z 1
n0 n0

Z  f (n  1)  z  f (n  1) z (n 1)
n0

put n  1  m
   
z  f (m ) z m
 z   f (m) z m  f (0)
m 1 m  0 
 z  F ( z )  f (0)

Z  f (n  1)  z F ( z )  zf (0) .

(ii) Z  f (t  T )  z F ( z )  zf (0)
PROOF:
 
Z  f (t  T )   f (nT  T ) z n
  f (nT  T ) z n z z 1
n0 n0

Z  f (nT  T )  z  f (n  1)T  z ( n 1)
n0

put n  1  m
   
z  f ( mT ) z ( m )
 z   f (mT ) z
( m )
 f (0)
m 1 m  0 
 z  F ( z )  f (0)

Z  f (t  T )  z F ( z )  zf (0) .

 Property: 4

INITIAL VALUE THEOREM: EXAMPLE: 1

If Z  f (t )  F ( z ) then f (0)  lim F ( z )
z 

PROOF:

f (1. T ) f (2. T )
F ( z )  Z  f (t )   f (nT ) z n  f (0. T )   
n0 z z2
f (T ) f (2T )
 f (0)   
z z2

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
UNIT V 5.13

 f (T ) f (2T ) 
lim F ( z )  lim  f (0)      f (0)
z z z z2 
(i.e.) f (0)  lim F ( z ) .
z

NOTE:
If Z  f (n)  F ( z ) then f (0)  lim F ( z )
z 

 Property: 5
FINAL VALUE THEOREM:
EXAMPLE: 1

If Z  f (t )  F ( z ) then lim f (t )  lim  z  1 F ( z )

t  z 1

PROOF:

Z  f (t  T )  f (t )    f (nT  T )  f (nT ) z n
n0

Z  f (t  T )  Z  f (t )    f (nT  T )  f (nT ) z n
n0

zF ( z )  zf (0)  F ( z )    f (nT  T )  f (nT ) z n
n0

 z  1 F ( z )  z f (0)    f (nT  T )  f (nT ) z n
n0

Taking limit as z  1 we get


lim  z  1 F ( z )  z f (0)  lim   f (nT  T )  f (nT ) z n
z 1 z 1
n0

lim  z  1 F ( z )  f (0) 
z 1
  f (nT  T )  f (nT )
n0

 f (T )  f (0)  f (2T )  f (T ) 
 lim  
z     f (3T )  f (2T )   f (n  1)T  f (nT )

 lim  f (n  1)T  f (0)
z

 lim f (n  1)T  f (0)

z

lim  z  1 F ( z )  f (0)  f ()  f (0)  lim f (t ) .

z 1 t

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
5.14 Z – TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

(i.e.) lim f (t )  lim  z  1 F ( z ) .

t  z 1

NOTE: If Z  f (n)  F ( z ) then lim f (n)  lim  z  1 F ( z )

n  z 1

5.10. EXAMPLES BASED ON PROPERTIES:

 Example: 1

Find Z e  at t .  EXAMPLE: 1
SOLUTION:

 
We know that Z e at f (t )  Z  f (t )z  z eaT  F ( z )
z  z eaT


Since Z  f (t )   f (nT ) z n
n0
 
Z (t )   nT z n
T  n z n
n0 n0

 1 2  1  1
2 
 T 0   2    T   2    
 z z z z 

 1  
2
 1  1
 T   1  2    3    
 z   z  z 
2 2 2
T  1 T  z  1 T  z  Tz
 1          .
z z z z  z z 1  z  1 2

 Tz  T z e aT
  
Z e  at t     .
  z  12 
 
aT 2
z  z eaT z e 1

 Example: 2

Find Z an n .  EXAMPLE: 1
SOLUTION:
We know that

   z
Z a n f (n )  F  
 a

Now, Z  f (n)   f (n) z  n
n0

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
UNIT V 5.15


1 2
 Z  n   n z n  0  
n0 z z2
 1 
2
1 2 3  1  1
  1  2  
 z  1  2    3    
z z z  z z 
2 2 2
1  1 1  z  1 1 z 
 1        
z z z z  z  z  1
z
Z (n)  .
 z  12
 z   z 
 z       2 
 
Z an n    
  z  12  z
 
 z

a

2


  a
 za 
 
2
  z a 
az
a   z  a    z  a 2
2
   1    
z
 
a   a     a  
.

 Example: 3
 
Find Z n2 . EXAMPLE: 1
SOLUTION:
We know that
d
Z  n f ( n )   z  F ( z )
dz

 
Z n2  Z  n .n   z
d
dz
 Z ( n)
Now,

1 2 1 2 3 
Z  n   n z n  0     1  2  
n0 z z2 z z z
2 2 2
1  1
2
 1  1 1 1  z  1 1 z 
 1  2    3       1        
z z z  z z z z  z  z  1

z
Z (n)  .
 z  1 2

d  z    z  12 (1)  z 2( z  1)    z  1 ( z  1  2z ) 
  
Z n 2
 z    z 
dz   z  12    z  1 4
  z 
   z  1 4


    
  z  1  z2  z
 z 
  z  13   z  13

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
5.16 Z – TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

 Example: 4

Find the Z-transform of cosn EXAMPLE: 1 deduce that Z-transform of

and sinn . Hence
cos  n  1  and sin  n  1 
SOLUTION:
z  z  cos   z sin 
We know that Z  cos n   and Z  sin n  
z 2  2z cos   1 z 2  2z cos   1
Since Z  f  n  1  z F  z   z f  0

 z  z  cos     z 2  z cos   z 2  2z cos   1 

 Z  cos  n  1    z  2  1  z  
 z  2z cos   1   z 2  2z cos   1 

z  z cos   1

z 2  2z cos   1
 z sin   z 2 sin 
And Z  sin  n  1    z  2  0  2
 z  2z cos   1  z  2z cos   1

 Example: 5

 
Find Z an cos n and Z an sin nEXAMPLE:
 1  
SOLUTION:
z  z  cos   z sin 
We know that Z  cos n   2
and Z  sin n   2
z  2z cos   1 z  2z cos   1

By scaling property,   z
Z an cos n  F  
 a

zz  z  z  a cos  
  cos   a   z  z  a cos  
 
Z a n cos n   z
a a
2
z
 2
a
z  2az cos   a 2

z  2az cos   a2
2
.

2
 2 cos   1
a a a2

And   z
Z an sin n  F  
 a 
z z
sin  sin 
 n

Z a sin n  2
z
a
z
  2
a
z  2z a cos   a 2
 2
a z sin 
z  2 a z cos   a2
 2 cos   1
a2 a a2

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
UNIT V 5.17

 Example: 6

EXAMPLE: 1
  n     n     n  
Find Z  sin    and Z  cos    and also find Z  an sin    and
  2    2    2 

  n  
Z  an cos   
  2 
SOLUTION:
z sin  z  z  cos  
We know that Z  sin n   and Z  cos n  
z 2  2z cos   1 z 2  2z cos   1

z sin  
 n   2 z 1 z
 Z  sin    2  2
z 2  2z cos    1 z  2z  0  1 z  1
 2 
 2
z z
  n   a az
And Z  an sin     2  2a 2  2
  2  z z a z  a2
1
a2 a2

   
z  z  cos   
  n     2 z  z  0 z2
Now Z  cos      
  2  
z 2  2z cos    1 z 2  2z  0  1 z2  1
 2

z2 z2
  n   2 a2 z2
 Z  an cos     2a  2 
  2  z z  a2 z 2  a2
 1
a2 a2

 Example: 7

  n    EXAMPLE:
n   1
Find Z  sin2    and Z  cos2   
  4    4 
SOLUTION:
  n   z2
We know that Z  cos     2
  2  z 1

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
5.18 Z – TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

  n  
1  cos 2   
  n    4  1  n 
 Z  sin2     Z    Z 1  cos   
  4   2  2   2 
 
 

1   n    1  z z2 
  Z 1  Z  cos        
2 2   2  z  1 z 2  1 

  n  
1  cos 2  4   1  n 
  n     Z 1  cos   
And Z  cos2    Z
  4   2  2   2 
 
 

1   n    1  z z2 
   
Z 1  Z  cos        
2 2   2  z  1 z 2  1 

 Example: 8

Find the Z-transform of n an sin nEXAMPLE:

 1
SOLUTION:
z sin 
Since Z  sin n   2
z  2z cos   1

By scaling property,   z
Z an sin n  F  
 a 
z z
sin  sin 
n
Z a sin n  2
z
a
z
  2
a
z  2z a cos   a 2
 2 cos   1
a2 a a2
a z sin 

z  2 a z cos   a2
2

d  
 
 Z n an sin n   z  2
a z sin 

dz  z  2 a z cos   a2 

 z 

 2 2
 
 z  2 a z cos   a a sin   az sin   2z  2a cos   

 
2
 z 2  2 a z cos   a2 
 

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
UNIT V 5.19

 2 2 3 2 2 
 az sin   2 a z sin  cos   a sin   2az sin   2a z sin  cos  
 z  
 
2
 z 2  2 a z cos   a2 
 
 3 
 a sin   az 2 sin  
 z  2

 z 2  2 a z cos   a2 
  


z a sin  z 2  a2 
z 
2 2
 2 a z cos   a2

5.11. INVERSE Z-TRANSFORM:

5.11.1. DEFINITION:

If Z ( f (n))  F ( z ) then inverse Z-transform is defined as

f (n)  Z 1  F ( z )
5.11.2. NOTE:
 z 
(i) Z 1   an
 z  a 

 z 
(ii) Z 1    na
n 1
  z  a  
2

 1 
(iii) Z 1   a n 1
 z  a 

 z2 
(iv) Z 1     n  1 an
2
  z  a  

 z2 
n
(v) Z 1     n  1 a 
2
  z  a  

 z2   n 
(vi) Z 1  2 2
 an cos  
z a   2

 az   n 
(vii) Z 1  2   an sin  
z a 
2  2

 8z 
(viii) Z 1    n  n  1 a
n
  z  a 3 

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
5.20 Z – TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

5.11.3. TYPE: I (METHOD OF PARTIAL FRACTION)

 Example: 1
 10z 
Find Z 1   EXAMPLE: 1
  z  1 z  2 
SOLUTION:
10z
Let F (z) 
 z  1 z  2
F (z) 10
 
z  z  1 z  2
F (z) 10 A B A( z  2)  B( z  1)
    
z  z  1 z  2 z  1 z  2  z  1 z  2
 A( z  2)  B( z  1)  10
put z  1 : A( 1)  10  A  10
put z  2 : B(1)  10  B  10
F ( z ) 10 10
  
z z 1 z  2
10z 10z
 F (z)  
z 1 z  2
Taking Z 1 on both sides,
 z   z 
Z 1  F ( z )  10Z 1    10 Z 1 
 z  1  z  2 

 1  z  n
 10 (1n )  10 (2n )  Z  z  a   a 

f (n)  10 (2n  1) .

 Example: 2
 z3 
Find Z 1  EXAMPLE:
 using partial fraction 1
  z  12  z  2 

SOLUTION:
z3
Let F (z) 
 z  12  z  2

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
UNIT V 5.21

F (z) z2
 
z  z  12  z  2
F (z) z2 A B C
    
z  z  1  z  2 z  1  z  1 z  2
2 2

A  z  1 ( z  2)  B( z  2)  C  z  1
2

 z  12  z  2
A  z  1 ( z  2)  B( z  2)  C  z  1  z 2
2

Put z  1 : B( 1)  1  B  1
Put z  2 : C(1)  4  C  4

Equating the coefficient of z 2 :

A C 1  A  1  C  1  4  3
F (z) 3 1 4 3z z 4z
     F (z)   
z z  1  z  12 z  2 z  1  z  12 z  2

Taking Z 1 on both sides,

 z   z 
1  z 
Z 1  F ( z )  3Z 1    Z 1
   4 Z  
 z  1   z  12  z  2

 3(1n )  n(1n 1 )  4 (2n )

f (n)  3  n  4 (2n ) .

 Example: 3

Find Z 1  
 z z2  z  2   EXAMPLE: 1
 using partial fraction method
  z  1 z  12 
 

SOLUTION:

Let F z 

z z2  z  2 
 z  1 z  12
F z z2  z  2 A B C
    
z  z  1 z  12 z  1 z  1  z  12

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
5.22 Z – TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

A  z  1  B  z  1 z  1  C  z  1
2

 z  1 z  12
A  z  1  B  z  1 z  1  C  z  1  z2  z  2
2


Put z  1 : A  4  0  0  1  1  2  4 A  4  A 1

Put z  1 : 0  0  2C  1  1  2  2C  2  C 1

Put z  0 : A  B  C  2  B  A  C  2  1 1  2  B0
F z 1 1
  0
z z 1  z  12
z z
 F z  
z  1  z  12

 z z   z 
1  z 
 Z 1  F  z    Z 1     Z    Z 1
 
 z  1  z  12   z  1   z  12 

f  n   1  n .
n

 Example: 4
 
z2 EXAMPLE:
Find Z 1   using partial fraction 1

  z  2 z 2  4 
  
SOLUTION:
z2
Let F z 
 z  2  z 2  4 


F z

z

A 
 2 
2
 
Bz  c  A z  4   Bz  c  z  2
z  z  2  z2
 4 z 
 2 z  4  z  2 z 2  4  
  
A z 2  4   Bz  c  z  2  z

2 1
Put z  2 8 A  0  2  A   A
8 4

1
Equating the coeff. of z2 : A  B  0  B  A  B 
4

1
Equating the constant term : 4 A  2C  0  2C  4 A  C
2

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
UNIT V 5.23

1 1 1
 z 

F z 4 2
  4  2
z z2 z 4
1 z 1 z2 1 z
F z    
4 z  2 4 z2  4 2 z2  4
 1 z 1 z2 1 z 
 Z 1  F  z    Z 1     
 4 z  2 4 z2  4 2 z2  4 

1 1  z  1 1  z 2  1 1  2z 
 Z   Z  2   Z  2
4  z  2  4  z  4 4

z  4

1 1 n 1 n
f  n    2n  2n cos    2n sin  
4 4 2 4 2

 Example: 5
 
z 3  3z EXAMPLE:
Find Z 1   using partial fraction 1
method
  z  12
  2 
z 1  
SOLUTION:
z 3  3z
Let F z 
 z  12  z 2  1
F z z2  3 A B Cz  D 
     2
z  z  1 2
z 2

1 z  1  z  1 2
z 1


   
A  z  1 z 2  1  B z 2  1  Cz  D  z  1
2

 z  12  z 2  1
    
A  z  1 z 2  1  B z 2  1  Cz  D  z  1  z 2  3
2

Put z  1 : 0  2B  0  4  B  2

Equating thecoeff.of z3 :
A C  0 (1)
Equating thecoeff.of z2 :
 A  B  2C  D  1
 A  2C  D  1  B  1  2  1 (2)
Put z  0 :
A  11  B 1  D 1  3

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
5.24 Z – TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

A  D  3  B  3  2  1 (3)
(2)   A  2   A   D  1
A  D  1
(3)  A  D  1
2D  0
D0

(3)  A  D  1  A  1  A  1

(1)  A C  0  C   A    1  1  C  1

F z 1 2  z  0
    2
z z  1  z  1 2
z 1

z 2z z2
F z    
z  1  z  12 z 2  1

 z   z   z2 
 Z 1  F  z    Z 1   2Z 1
   Z 1
 z  1    z  12   2 
 z  1

 n 
  1  2n  1n cos  
n
 2

 n 
f  n  1  2n  cos  
 2 .

 Example: 6
 z 3  20z  EXAMPLE: 1
Find Z 1  
  z  23  z  4  

SOLUTION:
z3  20z
Let F z 
 z  23  z  4
F z z 2  20 A B C D
    
z  z  2  z  4
3 z  2  z  2 2
 z  2 z  4
3

A  z  2  z  4  B  z  2 z  4  C  z  4  D  z  23
2

 z  23  z  4

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
UNIT V 5.25

A  z  2  z  4  B  z  2 z  4  C  z  4  D  z  23  z 2  20
2


1
Put z  4 : D  8  16  20  D
2
Put z  2 : C  2  4  20  C8

 1 1
Equating thecoeff.of z3 : AD0  A  D       A 
 2 2
Put z  0 : A  4 4  B  2 4  C  4  D  8  20
16 A  8B  4C  8D  20
4 A  2B  C  2D  5
2B  5  4 A  C  2D
 1  1
 5  4    8  2   
 2  2
 5  2  8  1
2B  4
B2
F z 1/ 2 2 8 1/ 2
    
z z  2  z  2 2
 z  2 z  4
3

1 z 2z 8z 1 z
F z    
2 z  2  z  2 2
 z  2 2 z  4
3

1 z 2z 8z 1 z 
 Z 1  F  z    Z 1     
 2 z  2  z  22  z  23 2 z  4 

1 1  z   z   8z  1
1 1 1  z 
 Z    2Z    Z   Z 
2  z  2   z  2 
2   z  2  2
3  z  4 


2
  
1 n
 1
2  2 n2n 1  n  n  1 2n  4n
2
 
f  n 
2
 
1 n 1
2  n2n  n  n  1 2n  4n
2
 
5.11.4. EXERCISE:

 z 4 
(i) Z 1  
  z  2 z  3 

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
5.26 Z – TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

 z 4  1  6 7 
ANSWER: Z 1  Z     6( 2)n 1  7( 3)n 1
  z  2 z  3   z  2 z  3

 z 4 
(ii) Z 1  
  z  1 z  22 

 z 4   3 2 3 
ANSWER: Z 1    Z 1    
  z  1 z  22   z  1  z  22 z  2 

  
 3(1n 1 )  (n  1) 2n 1  3 2n 1 
5.11.5. TYPE: II (METHOD OF RESIDUES) (CAUCHY’S RESIDUE
THEOREM)

5.11.6. DEFINITION:

If Z ( f (n))  F ( z ) then

f (n)  Z 1  F ( z )
1
  z n 1 F ( z ) dz , where c is the closed contour
2 i
c
which encloses all the poles of the integrand.

n 1  sum of the residues of z n 1 F ( z ) 

where  z F ( z ) dz  2 i 
 at each of its poles


c

5.11.7. NOTE:

(ii) If z  a is a simple pole of f ( z ) then residue at z  a is

lim  z  a  f ( z )
z a

(ii) If z  a is a pole of order m of f ( z ) then residue at z  a is

1 dm 1
 z  a f (z ) .
m
lim
m  1 ! z  a dz m 1

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
UNIT V 5.27

5.11.8. EXAMPLES:

 Example: 1
z
Find inverse Z-transform of EXAMPLE:
using 1
residue theorem.
 z  1 z  2
SOLUTION:
 z 
Let Z 1    f (n)
  z  1 z  2 
Then
1 1 z
f (n)   z n 1 F ( z ) dz   z n 1 dz
2 i c 2 i
c
 z  1 z  2
1 zn
2 i   z  1 z  2
 dz (1)
c

zn zn  sum of the residues of ( z ) 

To find   z  1 z  2 dz :   z  1 z  2 dz  2 i  at each of its poles 
c c

zn
where ( z )  .
 z  1 z  2
The poles are z  1, z  2 .
Residue at z  1 :
zn zn
Res.   z    lim  z  1 ( z )  lim  z  1  lim
z 1 z 1 z 1  z  1 z  2 z 1  z  2
1n
  1 .
1
Residue at z  2 :
zn zn 2n
Res.   z    lim  z  2 ( z )  lim  z  2  lim   2n .
z2 z 2 z 2  z  1 z  2 z  2  z  1 1
zn
  z  1 z  2 dz  2 i  1  2 
n
 (2)
c

Sub. (2) in (1) we get,

1
f (n)  2 i  1  2n 
2 i  

f (n)  2n  1 .

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
5.28 Z – TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

 Example: 2
 z  z  1 
Find Z 1   EXAMPLE: 1
  z  13 

SOLUTION:
 z  z  1 
Let Z 1    f (n )
  z  13 

1 1 z  z  1
Then f (n)   z n 1 F ( z ) dz   z n 1 dz
2 i 2 i  z  13
c c

1 z  z  1
n

2 i   z  13
 dz (1)
c

z n  z  1
To find  dz :
c  z  13
z n  z  1  sum of the residues of ( z )  z n  z  1
 dz  2 i   where ( z )  .
c  z  1
3  at each of its poles  z  1 3

Here z  1 is a pole of order 3.

3 z  z  1
n
d2 d2 n
Residue   z  
z 1

1
lim
2! z 1 dz 2
( z  1)
1
 lim
 z  13 2 z 1 dz 2
z  z  1  
d2

1
 1
lim 2 z n 1  z n  lim
2 z 1 dz

d
2 z 1 dz

(n  1)z n  nz n 1 

1

lim (n  1) n z n 1  n (n  1) z n  2
2 z 1


1
2
1

(n  1) n  n (n  1)  n2  n  n2  n
2


1
2
 
2n2  n2

z n  z  1
 
 z  1 3
dz  2 i n2   (2)
c

1
 (1)  f (n)  2 i (n2 )  n2 .
2 i

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
UNIT V 5.29

 Example: 3
 z2 
Find Z 1  
  z  a  z  b  EXAMPLE: 1

SOLUTION:
 z2 
Let Z 1    f  n
  z  a  z  b 

1 1 z2
f  n  n 1
  n 1
2 i  2 i 
Then z F z dz  z dz
c c
 z  a  z  b
1 z n 1
2 i   z  a  z  b
 dz
c

z n 1
To find   z  a  z  b
dz :
c

z n 1
 dz  2 i sum of the residues of   z  at each of its poles
c
 z  a  z  b
z n 1
where   z  
 z  a  z  b
Here z  a, z  b are simple poles.
Residue at z  a :

z n 1 a n 1
Res.   z    lim  z  a    z   lim  z  a  
za z a z a  z  a   z  b a b

Residue at z  b :

z n 1 bn 1
Res.   z    lim  z  b   z   lim  z  b 
z b z b z b  z  a   z  b ba

z n 1  an 1 bn 1 
   z  a  z  b
dz  2 i   
c  a  b b  a 

1  an 1 bn 1 
 f  n  2 i   
2 i  a b b  a

f  n 
1
a b

an 1  bn 1 

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
5.30 Z – TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

 Example: 4

Find Z 1 

 z z2  z  2 

EXAMPLE: 1
 by using residue theorem
  z  1 z  12 
 
SOLUTION:

Let f  n  Z 1  
 z z2  z  2 


  z  1 z  12 
 

f  n 
1 n 1
z z2  z  2  1  zn z2  z  2  
2 i  
Then z dz  dz
 z  1 z  1 2  2
c  z  1 z  1
2 i
c


zn z2  z  2  dz :
To find 
c  z  1 z  12

zn z2  z  2  dz  2i sum of the residues of   z  at each of its poles
  
c  z  1 z  12

where   z  

zn z2  z  2 
 z  1 z  12
Here z  1 is a simple pole and z  1 is a pole of order 2.
Residue at z  1 :

Res.   z   lim  z  1   z   lim  z  1


zn z2  z  2 
z  1 z 1 z 1  z  1  z  12
n
 1 1  1  2 n
   1 .
 1  12
Residue at z  1 :

1 dm 1 m
Res.   z    lim  z  a   z 
z 1 m  1 ! z  a dzm 1


1
lim
d
 z  1 2 
zn z2  z  2 
1! z 1 dz
 z  1  z  12
d  z n  2  z n 1  2z n 
 lim  
z 1 dz  z 1 

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
UNIT V 5.31

  z  1  n  2 z n 1   n  1 z n  2nz n 1  
  

 lim 

  
 z n  2  z n 1  2z n 1 


2
z 1   
z  1 
 
 
 
 2  n  2   n  1  2n  1  1  2 
 
 4 
 2  n  2 n  1  2n  2   2 1  2n  2 
   
 4   4 
 
 1  2n  1 
 2
 4   n


zn z2  z  2  dz  2i  1 n
 n
  2  
c  z  1 z  1
1 n
 f  n  2 i  1  n
2 i  
n
  1  n .

 Example: 5
 2 
1 2z  4 z EXAMPLE: 1
Find Z   by using residue theorem
3 
   z  2 
SOLUTION:
 2 
1 2z  4 z
Let  
f n Z 
3 

   z  2 

1 2
n 1 2z  4 z 1 2z n  z  2
f  n 
2 i  
Then z dz  dz
3  3
c  z  2  2 i
c  z  2 
2z n  z  2
To find  dz :
c  z  23
2z n  z  2
 dz  2 i sum of the residue of   z  at each of its poles
3
c  z  2

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
5.32 Z – TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

2z n  z  2
where   z  
 z  23
Here z  2 is a pole of order 3.
Residue at z  2 :

1 dm 1 m
Res.   z    lim  z  2   z 
z 2 m  1 ! z 2 dzm 1
3 2 z  z  2
n
1 d2
 lim  z  2 
2! z  2 dz 2  z  23
d2  n 1 d 
 lim
2 
z  2z n   lim
 
 n  1 zn  2nzn 1 
z  2 dz z  2 dz

 lim n  n  1 z n 1  2n  n  1 z n  2 
z 2  

 n  n  1 2n 1  2n  n  1 2n  2


 n  n  1 2n 1  n  n  1 2n 1  2n 1 n2  n  n2  n 
 
 2n 1 2n2  n2 2n

2z n  z  2
  dz  2 i 2n n2 
3  
c  z  2
1
 f  n  2 i 2n n2   2n n2 .
2 i  

5.11.9. DEFINITION: (CONVOLUTION)

The convolution of two sequence  f (n) and  g(n) is defined as

n
 f (n) * g(n)   f (r ) g (n  r ) .
r0

The convolution of two functions f (t ) and g (t ) is defined as

n
f (t ) * g(t )   f (rT ) g(n  r )T , where T is the sampling period.
r0

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
UNIT V 5.33

5.11.10. CONVOLUTION THEOREM:

(i) Z  f (n) * g(n)  F ( z ). G( z )

where Z  f (n)  F ( z ) and Z  g(n)  G( z )

(ii) Z  f (t ) * g(t )  F ( z ). G( z )

where Z  f (t )  F ( z ) and Z  g(t )  G( z ) .

PROOF:
 
(i) F ( z )  z  f ( n )   f (n) z  n G( z )  z  g ( n )    g ( n) z  n
n0 n0
 
 F ( z ). G( z )   f (n) z  n  g (n) z  n
n0 n0


 f (0)  f (1) z 1  f (2) z 2  f ( n) z  n  
 g(0)  g(1) z 1
 g(2) z 2  g ( n) z  n  
  n  
  f (0) g(0)   f (0) g(1)  f (1) g(0) z 1     f ( r ) g( n  r )  z n  
 r  0  

 n  n 
    f ( r ) g ( n  r )  z    f ( n ) * g ( n )  z  n  Z  f ( n ) * g ( n) 
r  0
n0   n0

(i.e.) Z  f (n) * g(n)  F ( z ) G( z ) .

 
(ii) F ( z )  z  f (t )   f (nT ) z n G( z )  z  g (t )   g(nT ) z n
n0 n0
 
 F ( z ). G( z )   f (nT ) z n  g(nT ) z n
n0 n0


 f (0T )  f (1T ) z 1  f (2T ) z 2  f (nT ) z n  
 g(0T )  g(1T ) z  g(2T ) z  g(nT ) z 
1 2 n

 ( f (0T ) g (0T )   f (0T ) g (1T )  f (1T ) g (0T ) z  1

   f (rT ) g (n  r )T  z  )
 n  n
 r  0  
  n  n 
    f (rT ) g (n  r )T  z    f (t ) * g (t ) z n
r  0
n0   n0

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
5.34 Z – TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

 Z  f (t ) * g(t )

(i.e.) Z  f (t ) * g(t )  F ( z ) G( z ) .

5.11.11. NOTE:

(i) Z  f (n) * g(n)  F ( z ) G( z )  Z 1  F ( z ) G( z )  f (n) * g(n)

(ii) Z  f (t ) * g(t )  F ( z ) G( z )  Z 1  F ( z ) G( z )  f (t ) * g(t ) .

5.11.12. TYPE III: CONVOLUTION METHOD:

 Example: 1

EXAMPLE:  z 21 
Using convolution theorem evaluate Z 1  .
  z  1 z  3 
SOLUTION:

1
 z2  1  z z 
Z  Z  . 
  z  1 z  3   z 1 z  3

 z   z 
 Z 1   * Z 1    1n * 3n
 z 1   z  3
n
  1r 3n  r  3n  3n 1  3n  2   31  1
r0

 1  3  32   3n
3n 1  1  2 nan 1  1 
  1 a  a  a 
3 1  a  1 

3n 1  1
 .
2

 Example: 2

EXAMPLE:  z12 
Using convolution theorem evaluate Z 1  
  z  4  z  3 
SOLUTION:
 z2  1  z z   z   z 
Z 1   Z  .  Z 1    Z 1 
  z  4  z  3 

  z  4   z  3   z  4  z  3 

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
UNIT V 5.35

n n n r
n n r n r n r r  4
 4 3  4 3 3 4 3 n
3   
3
r 0 r 0 r 0

  4  4 2 n
 4 
n
 3 1          
  3  3  3 

  4  n 1   4n 1  3n 1 
   1   n 1 
n   3  n 3 
3 3
 4   1 
 1   
 3   3 

 4n 1  3n 1 
n 1
 3n1   4  3n 1 .
 3n 1 


 Example: 3
z 1  2 
EXAMPLE:
Using convolution theorem evaluate Z 1  
  z  a 2 

SOLUTION:
 z2  z z   z   z 
Z 1    Z 1  .   Z 1   * Z 1  
  z  a  
2
z  a z  a z  a  z  a
n
 an * an   ar an  r  an  a an 1  a2 an  2 
r0

  n  1 an .

 Example: 4

EXAMPLE:  z12 
Using convolution theorem evaluate Z 1  
  z  a  z  b 

SOLUTION:

1
 z2  1  z z  1  z  1  z 
Z    Z     Z    Z  
  z  a  z  b  z  a z b za z  b

n
n n r n r
  a    b    a   b
r0

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
5.36 Z – TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

n n r
n r r n  a
  b   a   b   b   
r0 r 0
b

n
  a  a 2 n
 a 
  b 1          
  b  b  b 

  a  n 1   
   1   n  1 n  1 
n  b    bn  a b
  b  
  a   n 1  a  b  
    1   b  
 b  b  

 n 1  n 1
n n 1 a  bn 1 na  bn 1 
  1  b     1  
 bn 1  a  b   a b 

 Example: 5
 z2 
EXAMPLE:
Using convolution theorem evaluate Z 1  1
  z  a 2 

SOLUTION:
 z2 
 z z   z   z 
Z 1    Z 1     Z 1    Z 1 
  z  a 2   z  a z  a  z  a  z  a 

n
n n r nr
  a    a     a   a 
r0
n n
n r r n
  a    a   a    a   1r
r 0 r0
n
  a   n  1

 Example: 6
 8z 2 
Using convolution theorem evaluate Z 1 
EXAMPLE: 1 
  2z  1 4 z  1 

SOLUTION:
   
 2   2 
8z 8z 1  z z 
Z 1  1
 Z   Z  
  2z  1 4 z  1   2  z  1 4  z  1  1 1
      z  z  
2  4    4 2

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
UNIT V 5.37

   
 z   z 
 Z 1  1
 Z 
1 1
z  z 
 4   2
n n n r n r
 1  1  1  1
          
 4  2  4   2
r 0
n n 2r r n n r
 1  1  1  1  1
 
 2   
2
 
2
 
 2   
2
r0 r 0
n 2 n
 1   1  1  1 
   1          
 2   2  2  2 

 n 1   n 1 
 1  1
n 1     n 1    
 1  2   1  2 
  
 2  1   2   1 
 1 2   2 
   
n 1  n 1 
 1  1
  1    
 2   2 

 Example: 7
 12z 2 
Using convolution theorem evaluate Z 1 
EXAMPLE: 1 
  3z  1 4 z  1 

SOLUTION:
   
 2   2 
12z 12 z  z z 
Z 1  1
 Z    Z 1  
  3z  1 4 z  1   3  z  1 4  z  1  1 1
      z  z  
3  4    3 4
n n n r n r
 1  1  1  1
          
 3  4  3  4 
r0
n n r n n r
 1  1  1  4
  
 4     4r   
 4    
r0
3 r 0
3

n 2 n
 1    4  4  4 
    1             
 4   3  3  3 

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
5.38 Z – TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

 n 1   n 1 
 4  4
n 1      n 1     
 1   3   1   3 
     
 4   4   4  7 
 1    3    3 
   
n n 1 
 3  1   4
     1     .
 7  4   3  

 Example: 8
3
EXAMPLE:  z 1
Using convolution theorem evaluate Z 1 
 z  4 
SOLUTION:
3  z z2 
 z 
Z 1    Z 1
    4n   n  1 4n
 z  4 2
 z  4  z  4  

n n

  n  1 4  4 n n
   r  1 4
r0
r
 4 n r
4 n
  r  1
r0

 4n 1  2  3    n  1   4n
 n  1 n  2 .
2

5.12. FORMATION OF DIFFERENCE EQUATION:

 Example: 1
Form the difference equation from yn  a  b 3n 1
EXAMPLE:

SOLUTION:
Given yn  a  b 3n (1)

yn 1  a  b 3n 1  a  3b 3n (2)

yn  2  a  b 3n  2  a  9 b 3n (3)
Eliminating a and b from (1), (2) and (3), we get
yn 1 1
yn 1 1 3  0
yn  2 1 9

yn  9  3  1 9 yn 1  3 yn  2    yn 1  yn  2   0

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
UNIT V 5.39

6 yn  9 yn 1  3 yn  2  yn 1  yn  2  0
2 yn2  8 yn1  6 yn  0 .

 Example: 2
Derive the difference equation from yn   A  Bn 2n .
EXAMPLE: 1
SOLUTION:
Given yn  A2n  Bn2n (1)

yn 1  A2n 1  B  n  1 2n 1  2 A 2n  2 B  n  1 2n (2)

yn  2  A2n  2  B  n  2 2n  2  4 A 2n  4 B  n  2 2n (3)
Eliminating A and B we get,
yn 1 n
yn 1 2 2  n  1  0
yn  2 4 4  n  2

yn 8  n  2  8  n  1  1 4  n  2 yn 1  2  n  1 yn  2 

n  4 yn 1  2 yn  2   0

yn  8n  16  8n  8   4n  8 yn 1   2n  2 yn  2   4nyn 1  2nyn  2  0

8 yn   4n  8 yn 1   2n  2 yn  2  4nyn 1  2nyn  2  0

yn  2  2n  2  2n   yn 1  4n  8  4n   8 yn  0

2 yn  2  8 yn 1  8 yn  0
yn  2  4 yn 1  4 yn  0 .

 Example: 3
yn  a 2n  b  2 , deriveEXAMPLE:
n
From a difference1 equation by eliminating the
constants.

SOLUTION:
yn  a 2n  b  2
n
Given (1)

yn 1  a 2n 1  b  2  2a 2n  2b  2
n 1 n
(2)

yn  2  a 2n  2  b  2  4a 2n  4b  2
n2 n
(3)

Eliminating a and b, we get

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
5.40 Z – TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

yn 1 1
yn 1 2 2  0
yn  2 4 4

yn  8  8  1 4 yn 1  2 yn  2   1 4 yn 1  2 yn  2   0

16 yn  4 yn 1  2 yn  2  4 yn 1  2 yn  2  0

4 yn  2  16 yn  0
yn  2  4 yn  0 .

 Example: 4
Form a difference equation by eliminating the arbitrary constant A from
EXAMPLE: 1
n
yn  A 3
SOLUTION:
Given yn  A 3n (1)

yn 1  A 3n 1  A 3.3n (2)
Eliminating A from (1) and (2), we get
yn 1
0
yn 1 3
3 yn  yn 1  0
yn 1  3 yn  0 .

 Example: 5
Form a difference equation by eliminating arbitrary constant from Un  a 2n 1 .
EXAMPLE: 1
SOLUTION:
Given Un  a 2n 1 (1)

Un 1  a 2n  2  2a2n 1 (2)
Eliminating a from (1) and (2), we get,
Un 1
0
Un 1 2
2Un  Un 1  0
Un 1  2Un  0 .

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
UNIT V 5.41

5.13. SOLUTION OF DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS USING

Z-TRANSFORMS:

5.13.1. FORMULA:

Z  y(k)  F ( z )

Z  y(k  1)  zF ( z )  zy(0)

Z  y(k  2)  z 2 F ( z )  z 2 y(0)  zy(1)

Z  y(k  3)  z3 F ( z )  z3 y(0)  z 2 y(1)  zy(2)

5.13.2. EXAMPLES:

 Example: 1
y(k  2)  4 y(k 
Solve the difference equation, EXAMPLE: 11)  4 y(k)  0 where y(0)  1,
y(1)  0

SOLUTION:
Given y(k  2)  4 y(k  1)  4 y(k)  0
Taking Z-transform on both sides,
Z  y(k  2)  4 y(k  1)  4 y(k)  Z (0)
Z  y(k  2)  4 Z  y(k  1)  4 Z  y(k)  Z (0)

z 2 F ( z )  z 2 y(0)  zy(1)  4  zF ( z )  zy(0)  4 F ( z )  0

 
z 2 F ( z )  z 2 (1)  z (0)  4  zF ( z )  z (1)  4 F ( z )  0
 
F ( z )  z 2  4z  4   z 2  4z
 
z 2  4z
F (z) 
z 2  4z  4
z 2  4z
Z ( y( k)) 
z 2  4z  4
 z 2  4z 
 y( k)  Z 1  2 
 z  4z  4 

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
5.42 Z – TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

 z ( z  4) 
 Z 1  
 ( z  2)2 

 z ( z  4) 
To find Z 1  
 ( z  2)2 
z ( z  4)
Let F (z) 
( z  2)2
F (z) z 4 A B A  z  2  B
    
z ( z  2)2 z  2  z  22  z  2 2
 A  z  2  B  z  4
put z  2 : A(0)  B  2  4  B  2
Equating the constant term: 2 A  B  4  2 A  4  B  A  1

F (z) 1 2
  
z z  2  z  2 2

z 2z
 F (z)  
z  2  z  2 2

Taking Z 1 on both sides,

 2z    az  
 z 
Z 1  F ( z )  Z 1    Z 1    2k  k2k  Z 1    k ak 
 z  2   z  2 
2    z  a 2  

y(k)  2k 1  k .

 Example: 2

Solve y(n  2)  3 y(n  1)  2 y(n)EXAMPLE:

 2n , given that1 y(0)  0, y(1)  0 .

SOLUTION:

Given y(n  2)  3 y(n  1)  2 y(n)  2n

Taking Z-transform on both sides,
Z  y(n  2)  3 y(n  1)  2 y(n)  Z (2n )

Z  y(n  2)  3 Z  y(n  1)  2 Z  y(n)  Z (2n )

 z 2 F ( z )  z 2 y(0)  z y(1)  3  z F ( z )  z y(0)  2 F ( z )  z

  z 2

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
UNIT V 5.43

 z 2 F ( z )  z 2 (0)  z (0)  3  z F ( z )  z (0)  2 F ( z )  z

  z 2
z
F ( z )  z 2  3z  2 
  z 2
z
F (z) 
 z  2  z 2
 3z  2 
z
Z ( y(n)) 
 z  2 z  2 z  1
z
Z ( y(n)) 
 z  2  z  1
2

 z 
 y(n)  Z 1  
  z  22  z  1 

 z 
To find Z 1  
  z  22  z  1 

z
Let F (z) 
 z  2  z  1
2

F (z) 1 A B C
    
z  z  1  z  2 z  1 z  2  z  22
2

A  z  2  B  z  1 z  2  C  z  1
2

 z  1 z  22
A  z  2  B  z  1 z  2  C  z  1  1
2


put z  2 : C 1
put z  1 : A 1

Equating the coeff. of z2 : A  B  0  B  1

F (z) 1 1 1 z z z
     F (z)   
z z  1 z  2  z  2 2 z  1 z  2  z  2 2

Taking Z 1 on both sides,

 z   z 
1  z 
Z 1  F ( z )  Z 1    Z  z  2  Z 1  
 z  1     z  22 

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
5.44 Z – TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

   
 z  z
y(n)  1n  2n  n2n 1  Z 1    a n
, Z 1    n a n 1 
 z  a   z  a  
2 

 Example: 3

Solve the difference equation y(n)  3 y(n  1) 

EXAMPLE: 1 4 y(n  2)  0, n  2 , given that
y(0)  3, y(1)  2 .

SOLUTION:

Changing n into n  2 , then given equation becomes

y(n  2)  3 y(n  1)  4 y(n)  0, n  0
Taking Z-transform on both sides,
Z  y(n  2)  3 y(n  1)  4 y(n)  Z (0)
Z  y(n  2)  3 Z  y(n  1)  4 Z  y(n)  Z (0)

z 2 F ( z )  z 2 y(0)  z y(1)  3  z F ( z )  z y(0)  4 F ( z )  0

 
z 2 F ( z )  z 2 (3)  z ( 2)  3  z F ( z )  z (3)  4 F ( z )  0
 
F ( z ) z 2  3z  4  3z 2  2z  9z
 
3z 2  7z
F (z) 
z 2  3z  4
z  3z  7
F (z) 
 z  4 z  1
z  3z  7
Z ( y(n)) 
 z  4 z  1
 z  3z  7 
 y(n)  Z 1  
  z  4  z  1 

 z  3z  7 
To find Z 1  
  z  4  z  1 

z  3z  7
Let F (z) 
 z  4 z  1
F (z) 3z  7 A B A  z  1  B  z  4 
    
z  z  4 z  1 z  4 z  1  z  4 z  1

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
UNIT V 5.45

 A  z  1  B  z  4  3z  7
put z  4 : 5 A  5  A  1
put z  1 : 5B  10  B2
F (z) 1 2 z 2z
    F (z)  
z z  4 z 1 z  4 z 1
Taking Z 1 on both sides,
 z   z 
 Z 1  F ( z )  Z 1    2Z 1  
z  4  z  1
  z  
y(n)   4  2  1
n n
 Z 1    an  .
z  a 

 Example: 4
Solve un  2  5un 1  6un   1 , EXAMPLE:
n
where u0  u1 10 .
SOLUTION:
un  2  5un 1  6un   1
n
Given
Taking Z-transform on both sides,

Z un  2  5un 1  6un   Z  1 

n
 

Z un  2   5Z un 1   6Z un   Z  1 

n
 

 z 2 F ( z )  z 2 u(0)  z u(1)  5  z F ( z )  z u(0)  6 F ( z )  z

  z 1

 z 2 F ( z )  z 2 (0)  z (0)  5  z F ( z )  z (0)  6 F ( z )  z

  z 1
z
F ( z )  z 2  5z  6 
  z 1
z
F (z) 
 z  1  z 2  5z  6
z
Z (un )) 
 z  1 z  3 z  2
 z 
 un  Z 1  
  z  1 z  3 z  2 

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
5.46 Z – TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

 z 
To find Z 1  
  z  1 z  3 z  2 

z
Let F (z) 
 z  1 z  3 z  2
F (z) 1 A B C
    
z  z  1 z  3 z  2 z  1 z  3 z  2
A  z  3 z  2  B  z  1 z  2  C  z  1 z  3

 z  1 z  3 z  2
 A  z  3 z  2  B  z  1 z  2  C  z  1 z  3  1

1
put z  1 : A  4 3  1  A
12

1
put z  3 : B  4 1  1  B
4

1
put z  2 : C  3 1  1  C
3

F (z)  1  1  1 1  1 1
      
z  12  z  1  4  z  3  3  z  2

1 z  1 z  1 z
 F (z)       
 12  z  1  4  z  3  3  z  2

Taking Z 1 on both sides,

1  z   1  1  z   1  1  z 
 Z 1  F ( z )    Z 1      Z  z  3    3  Z  z  2 
 12   z  1  4    

1 1 1   z  
un   1n  3n  2n  Z 1    an 

12 4 3 z  a

 Example: 5

n  3  3 y  n  11
Solve the difference equation y EXAMPLE:   2 y  n  0, given that y  0  4,
y 1  0 and y  2  8 .

SOLUTION:

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
UNIT V 5.47

Given y  n  3  3 y  n  1  2 y  n  0,
Taking Z-transform on both sides we get,
Z  y  n  3  3 y  n  1  2 y  n  Z  0

Z  y  n  3  3Z  y  n  1  2Z  y  n  0

z3 F  z   z3 y  0  z 2 y 1  zy  2   3 zF  z   zy  0  2F  z   0

   
z3 F  z   z3  4  0  8z   3 zF  z   4z   2F  z   0
   

z3 F  z   4z3  8z  3zF  z   12z  2F  z   0

F  z  z3  3z  2  4z3  4z
 

F z 

4z z 2  1 
z 3  3z  2

Z  y  n 

4z z 2  1 
 z  12  z  2

 y  n  Z 1  
 4z z 2  1  

  z  12  z  2 
 

Now F  z  

4z z 2  1 
 z  12  z  2
F z


4 z2  1  
A

B

C
z  z  1  z  2
2 z  1  z  1 2 z2

A  z  1 z  2  B  z  2  C  z  1
2

 z  12  z  2
 A  z  1 z  2  B  z  2  C  z  1  4 z 2  1
2
 
4
Put z  2 : 0  0  C  9  4  4  1  9C  12  C
3
Put z  1 : B  3  0  B  0

A  1 2  B  2  C  1  4  1

2
Put z  0 :
2 A  2B  C  4

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com
5.48 Z – TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

4 8
 2 A  4  2B  C  4  0   A
3 3
F z 8/3 4/3
  0
z z 1 z2
8 z 4 z
 F z  
3 z 1 3 z  2
8 z 4 z  8 1  z  4 1  z 
 y  n  Z 1    Z   Z 
 3 z  1 3 z  2  3  z  1 3  z  2 


3
 
8 n 4
1   2
3
n

5.13.3. EXERCISE:

(i) Solve yn  2  4 yn 1  3 yn  2n with y0  0, y1  1 using Z-transform

(ii) Solve un  2  6un 1  9un  2n given that u0  u1  0

(iii) Solve un  2  4un 1  3un  3n with u0  0,u1  1

(iv) Solve yk  2  2 yk 1  yk  k, given that y0  y1  0

(v) Solve yn  2  6 yn 1  9 yn  2n , given that y0  y1  0

(vi) Solve yn  2  yn  2 , with y0  y1  0

MA6351 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

TUTORIALS
1. Find the Z transform of
an 1
(i) (ii)
n! n!

1
(iii) 2 n sinh 3n (iv)
n(n  1)

2n  3 (n  1)(n  2)
(v) (vi)
(n  1)(n  2) 2

 n   n 
(vii) sin 2   (viii) sin 3  
 4   6 

(ix) cos2t (x) cos3t

2. Find the Z transform of
(i) n c2 (ii) n(n-1)(n-2)

(iii) n ck (iv)(n+1)(n+2)

(v) e 3t cos t (vi) et sin2t

(vii)e-2t t3 (viii) e-t t2
3. Find the inverse Z transform by partial fraction method:
3z 2  18 z  26 z 2  2z
(i) (ii)
( z  2)( z  3)( z  4) 
z 2  2z  4 
2z 2 5z
(iii) (iv)
( z  2)( z 2  4) ( z  1)( z  2)
z 5z
(v) (vi)
( z  2)( z 2  4)  z  4z  3
2

7z
(vii)
z  7 z  10
2


Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

4. Find the inverse Z transform by residue method

5z 3z 2
(i) (ii)
( z  1)( z  2) ( z  2)( z 2  4)

5z z2  z
(iii) (iv)
z  2z  2
2
 z  13
6z 2 3z
(v) (vi)
( z  a)( z  b) z  2z  2
2

z ( z  2) 2 z (3z  1)
(vii) (viii)
( z  2) 3 z 3  3z 2  4

z3
(ix)
(3z  1) 2 ( z  2)

5. Using Z transform solve the difference equations

(i) un2  7un1  12un  2 n , u0  0  u1
(ii) un+3-3un+2un=0 , , u0=4 , u1=0,u2=8
(iii)f(n)+3f(n-1)-4f(n-2)=0 , n  2, f (0)  3, f (1)  2

(iv)yn+2-5yn+1+6yn=36 , y0=y1=0
(v)un+2+4un+1+4un= n , u0=0 , u1=1
(vi)uk+2+uk=2k.k
(vii) un+2-4un+1+4un=0 , u0=1,u1=0
(viii)un+2+4un+1+3un= 3 , u0=1 , u1=1

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

UNIT – III
APPLICATION OF
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Classification of a Partial Differential Equation

The second order partial differential equation in the function
u of the two independent variable is

 2u  2u  2u  u u 
A( x, y ) 2  B ( x, y )  c( x, y ) 2  f  x, y, u , ,   0
x xy y  x y 
It is classified as (i) Elliptic if B  4 AC  0
2

(ii) Parabolic B  4 AC  0
2

(iii) hyperbolic B 2  4 AC  0

1. Classify the following partial differential equations

 2u  2u
(a) x 2  y 2

 2 u  u   u 
(b) xy   x    y   xy
   
Solution:
(a)A=1, B=0, C=-1
B 2  4 AC  0  4  4  0
Equation is hyperbolic
(b) A=0, B=1, C=0
1

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

B 2  4 AC  1  0  1  0
Equation is hyperbolic

2. Classify the following partial differential equations

 2u  2u  2u u u
(a) 4 2  4  2  4  8  16u  0
x xy y x y

 2 u  2 u  u   u 
2 2

    
(b) x 2 y 2  x   y 
Solution:
(a) A=4, B=4, C=1
B 2  4 AC  16  16  0
Equation is parabolic
(b) A=1, B=0, C=1
B 2  4 AC  4  0
Equation is Elliptic.

3. Classify the following partial differential equations

x 2 f xx  (1  y 2 ) f xx  0 for  1  y  1,    x  
Solution:
A  x 2 , B  0, C  1  y 2
B 2  4 AC  4 x 2 (1  y 2 )
 4 x 2 ( y 2  1)
x 2 is always  ve in    x  , x  0
In  1  y  1, y 2  1is  ve
Equation is Elliptic
If x = 0, B2-4AC=0, the equation is Parabolic.
2

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

4. Classify the following partial differential equations:

( a) y 2u xx  2 xyu xy  x 2u yy  2u x  3u  0
(b) y 2uxx  u yy  u x 2  u y 2  7  0

Solution:
(a)Here A = y ,B = 2xy , C = x
2 2

B2 - 4AC = 4 x y - 4 x y = 0
2 2 2 2

Equation is parabolic
(b) Here A = y ,B =0, C = 1
2

solution to this problem.
Solution:

y ( x, t )   c n sin

nx nat
sin
n 1 l l

6. Write the boundary conditions for the following boundary

value problem “If a string of length l initially at rest in its
equilibrium position and each of its point is given the velocity
 y  3 x
   v0 sin ,0  x  l Determine the displacement
 t t  0 l
function y(x,t)”
Solution:
The boundary conditions are
(i) y (0, t )  0, t  0,
(ii) y (l , t )  0, t  0,
(iii) y ( x, 0)  0, 0  x  l ,
y x
(iv) ( x, 0)  v0 sin 3 ,0  x  l
t l

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

7. Write the boundary conditions for solving the string equation

if the string is subjected to initial displacement f(x) and initial
velocity g(x).
Solution:

(i) y (0, t )  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0
y
(iii) ( x, 0)  g ( x ), 0  x  l
t
(iv) y ( x, 0)  f ( x ) , 0  x  l

Problems on vibrating on strings with initial velocity zero

1. A string is stretched and fastened to two points x = 0 and x = l

apart motion is started by displacing the string into the form
y  k (lx  x 2 ) from which it is released at time t = 0. Find the
displacement of any point on the string at a distance of x from
one end at time t.
Solution:
2 y 2  y
2

The wave equation is 2  a

t x 2
From the given problem, we get the following boundary
conditions.

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

(i ) y (0, t )  0 t  0
(ii ) y (l , t )  0t  0
y ( x,0)
(iii ) 0
t
(iv ) y ( x,0)  k (lx  x 2 )  f ( x)
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is
given by
y ( x, t )   A cos px  B sin px(C cos apt  D sin apt )  (1)
Apply (i) in (1) we get,
y (0, t )  A(C cos apt  D sin apt )
 0  A(C cos apt  D sin apt )
 A  0, C cos apt  D sin apt )  0
Putting A= 0 in (1) we get
y ( x, t )  B sin px (C cos apt  D sin apt )  (2)
Applying (ii) in (2) we get
y (l , t )  B sin pl (C cos apt  D sin apt )
0  B sin pl (C cos apt  D sin apt )
If B  0 then we get trivial solution
B  0, (C cos apt  D sin apt )  0
 sin pl  0
sin pl  sin n
n
 p
l
2  y ( x, t )  B sin nx  C cos nat  D sin nat   (3)
l  l l 
Before applying condition (iii) differentiate (3) partially with respect to t

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

y ( x, t ) nx  nat nat 

 B sin   C sin  D sin   (I )
t l  l l 
Apply (iii) in (I) we get
y ( x,0) nx  na 
 B sin D 
t l  l 
nx  na 
 0  B sin D 
l  l 

nx na
Here B  0, sin  0, 0
l l
D  0

3  y ( x, t )  BC sin nx cos nat

l l
nx nat
y ( x, t )  Bn sin cos  ( II ), where Bn  BC
l l
Since the partial differential equation is linear, any linear combination of
solutions of the form (4) with n = 1, 2, 3, … is also a solution of the
equation.
The solution (II) can be written as

y ( x, t )   Bn sin

nx nat
cos  ( 4)
n 1 l l
Apply (iv) in (4)

y ( x,0)   Bn sin

nx
n 1 l

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

f ( x)   Bn sin

nx
 (5)
n 1 l
(5) represents half range fourier sine series in the interval (0, l )
nx
 Bn   f ( x) sin
2
l
dx
l 0 l
n x
  k (lx  x 2 ) sin
2
l

l 0 l

 lx  x 
2k  n x  n x l 2 n x l 3 
   l  2 x  sin
l 
l

 2
  cos .  2 cos 
l  n  l  l n 2 2 l n3 3  0
 8kl 2
2k  l 3
2l  4kl 3 2
 , n is odd
  2( 1) n 3 3  3 3   3 3 1  (1)n    n3 3
l  n n  n 0,
 n is even

(4)  y ( x, t )   3 3 sin

8kl 2 n x n at
cos
n 1,3,5,... n  l l

2. A string is stretched and its ends are fastened at two points x=0
and x=l the midpoint of the string is displaced transversely
through a small distance b and string is released from the rest
in that position. Find an expression for the transverse
displacement of the string at anytime during the subsequent
motion.
Solution:

To find the equation of the string in its initial position.

The equation of the string AD is

D(l/2,b)

A(0,0) B(l,0)
Downloaded from EnggTree.com
EnggTree.com

x0 y0

l/20 b0
2x y

l b
2bx
y , 0  x  l/2
l
The equation of the string DB is
xl/2 y b

l l/2 0b
2x  l y  b

l b
y
2b
l  x  , l / 2  x  l
l
Hence initially the displacement of the string is in the form
 2bx
 , 0  x  l/2
y ( x,0)   l  f ( x)
 l  x  , l / 2  x  l
2b
l
2 y 2  y
2

The wave equation is a

t 2 x 2
From the given problem, we get the following boundary
conditions.

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

(i ) y (0, t )  0 t  0
(ii ) y (l , t )  0t  0
y ( x,0)
(iii ) 0
t
 2bx
 , 0  x  l/2
(iv) y ( x,0)   l  f ( x)
 l  x  , l / 2  x  l
2b
 l
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is
given by
y ( x, t )   A cos px  B sin px (C cos apt  D sin apt)  (1)
Apply (i) in (1) we get,
y (0, t )  A(C cos apt  D sin apt )
 0  A(C cos apt  D sin apt )
 A  0, C cos apt  D sin apt )  0
Putting A= 0 in (1) we get
y ( x, t )  B sin px (C cos apt  D sin apt )  (2)
Applying (ii) in (2) we get
y (l , t )  B sin pl (C cos apt  D sin apt )
0  B sin pl (C cos apt  D sin apt )
If B  0 then we get trivial solution
B  0, (C cos apt  D sin apt )  0
 sin pl  0
sin pl  sin n
n
 p
l
2  y ( x, t )  B sin nx  C cos nat  D sin nat   (3)
l  l l 
13

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Before applying condition (iii) differentiate (3) partially with respect to t

y ( x , t ) nx  nat nat 
 B sin   C sin  D sin   (I )
t l  l l 
Apply (iii) in (I) we get
y ( x,0) nx  na 
 B sin D 
t l  l 
nx  na 
 0  B sin D 
l  l 
nx na
Here B  0, sin  0, 0
l l
D  0

3  y( x, t )  BC sin nx cos nat

l l
nx nat
y ( x, t )  Bn sin cos  ( II ), where Bn  BC
l l
Since the partial differential equation is linear, any linear combinationof
solutions of the form (4) with n = 1, 2, 3, … is also a solution of the
equation.
The solution (II) can be written as

y ( x, t )   Bn sin

nx nat
cos  ( 4)
n 1 l l
Apply (iv) in (4)

y ( x,0)   Bn sin

nx
n 1 l

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

f ( x)   Bn sin

nx
 (5)
n 1 l
(5) represents half range fourier sine series in the interval (0, l )
nx
 Bn   f ( x) sin
2
l
dx
l 0 l

  l  2 x  cos
l /3 2l / 3


  x cos .  sin .   .  2 sin .  
6d  l n l n 2 2  0  l n l n 2 2 l / 3 
Bn  2  
l  nx l nx l 2

l

  ( x  l ) cos l . n  sin l . n 2 2  
  2l / 3 

 l 2 n l2 n l2 2n l2 n 2l 2 n 
 cos  2 2 sin  cos  cos  2 2 sin 
6d 3n 3 n  3 3n 3 3 n 3 n  3
 2  
l  l 2
2n 2l 2
2n 2l 2
2n 

 3n cos  sin  sin 
3 n 2 2 3 n 2 2 3

6d  3l 2 n 3l 2 2n 
 2  2 2 sin  sin 
l n  3 n 2 2 3 
18d  n 2n 
  sin  sin
n 2 2 3 3 
 n
18d  n  
 sin 3  sin  n  3  
n 2 2
  
18d  n  n n 
 2 2 sin   sin n cos  cos n sin 
n  3  3 3 
18d n
 sin 
 (  1) n
 1
n
2 2
3
 36d n
 2 2 sin : nis even
Bn   n  3
 0 : n is odd


36d 
1 n n x n at
 y ( x, t )  sin sin cos  (7)
2 n  2,4,6,.. n
2
3 l l

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

l
The displacement at the midpoint is got by putting x  in (7)
2
l 
i.e., y  , t   0
 2 
l
There is no displacement at x 
2
The midpoint of the string is rest.

4. A string is stretched with fixed end points x = 0 and x = l is

3 x
initially in a position given by y ( x,0)  y0 sin . It is released
l
from rest from this position. Find the displacement y at any
distance x from one end at any time t.

Solution:
2 y 2  y
2

The wave equation is 2  a

t x 2
From the given problem, we get the following boundary
conditions.
(i ) y (0, t )  0 t  0
(ii ) y (l , t )  0t  0
y ( x,0)
(iii ) 0
t
x
(iv ) y ( x,0)  y ( x,0)  y0 sin 3
l
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is
given by
y ( x, t )   A cos px  B sin px (C cos apt  D sin apt )  (1)
21

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Apply (i) in (1) we get,

y (0, t )  A(C cos apt  D sin apt )
 0  A(C cos apt  D sin apt )
 A  0, C cos apt  D sin apt )  0
Putting A= 0 in (1) we get
y ( x, t )  B sin px (C cos apt  D sin apt )  (2)
Applying (ii) in (2) we get
y (l , t )  B sin pl (C cos apt  D sin apt )
0  B sin pl (C cos apt  D sin apt )
If B  0 then we get trivial solution
B  0, (C cos apt  D sin apt )  0
 sin pl  0
sin pl  sin n
n
 p
l
2  y ( x, t )  B sin nx  C cos nat  D sin nat   (3)
l  l l 
Before applying condition (iii) differentiate (3) partially with respect to t
y ( x, t ) nx  nat nat 
 B sin   C sin  D sin   (I )
t l  l l 
Apply (iii) in (I) we get
y ( x,0) nx  na 
 B sin D 
t l  l 
nx  na 
 0  B sin D 
l  l 

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

nx na
Here B  0, sin  0, 0
l l
D  0

3  y ( x, t )  BC sin nx cos nat

l l
nx nat
y ( x, t )  Bn sin cos  ( II ), where Bn  BC
l l
Since the partial differential equation is linear, any linear
combination of solutions of the form (4) with n = 1, 2, 3, … is also
a solution of the equation.
The solution (II) can be written as

y ( x, t )   Bn sin

nx nat
cos  ( 4)
n 1 l l
Apply (iv) in (4)

y ( x,0)   Bn sin

nx
n 1 l

f ( x )   Bn sin

nx
n 1 l

  Bn sin
x 
nx
y 0 sin 3

l n 1 l
y0  x 3x  x
2x 3x
3 sin  sin  B sin  B sin  B sin  ...
4  l l  l l l
1 2 3

By Equating like coefficients

3 y0 y
B1  , B2  0, B3   0 , B4  B5  ...  0
4 4
Substitute these values in (4) we get
3 y0 x at y 0 3x 3at
y ( x, t )  sin cos  sin cos
4 l l 4 l l
23

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

5. A string is stretched and fastened to two points at a distance l

apart. Motion is started by displacing the string in the
x
form y ( x,0)  sin from which it is released at time t=0. Show
l
that the displacement of any point at a distance x from one end
x x
at time t is given by y ( x, t )  a sin cos .
l l

Solution:
2 y 2  y
2

The wave equation is 2  a

EnggTree.com

y (l , t )  B sin pl (C cos apt  D sin apt )

0  B sin pl (C cos apt  D sin apt )
If B  0 then we get trivial solution
B  0, (C cos apt  D sin apt )  0
 sin pl  0
sin pl  sin n
n
 p
l
2  y ( x, t )  B sin nx  C cos nat  D sin nat   (3)
l  l l 
Apply (iii) in (3)
nx
y ( x,0)  B sin C
l
nx
0  BC sin
l
C 0
nx nat
(3)  y ( x,0)  BD sin sin
l l
nx nat
y ( x,0)  Bn sin sin
l l
Since the partial differential equation is lin ear, any linear
combition of solutions of the form (4) with n = 1, 2, 3, … is also a
solution of the equation.The general solution can be written as

y ( x, t )   Bn sin

nx nat
sin  ( 4)
n 1 l l
Differentiate Partially (4) with respect to t we get,

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

  Bn sin
nx nat na
 5
y ( x, t ) 
cos .
t n 1 l l l
Apply (iv ) in (5) we get

  Bn
y ( x,0)  na nx
sin
t n 1 l l

f ( x)   bn sin

nx na
 (6), where bn  Bn
n 1 l l
Equation (6) Represents Half rane sine series.
nx
 bn   f ( x) sin
2
l
dx
l 0 l
nx
  k (lx  x 2 ) sin
2
l

l 0 l
2k 
 l 
 nx 
  l  2 x sin
nx l 2 nx l 3 
l

  lx  x
2
  cos . 2 2  2 cos 
l  n   l  l n l n 3 3  0

 
 8 kl
2k  2l  4kl 
2
l
  2(1) n 3 3  3 3   3 3 1  (1) n   n 3 3 , n is odd
3 3 2

l  n n  n 0, n is even

l
Bn  bn
na
 2
l  8kl , n is odd
 Bn   n 3 3
na 0, n is even

 8kl 3

 Bn   an 4 4 , n is odd
 0, n is even
29

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

4  y ( x, t )   4 4 sin nx sin nat

8kl 4


n 1, 3, 5,.. an  l l

2. If a string of length l is initially at rest in equilibrium position

3  x 
and each of its point is given velocity 0 V sin  , 0  x  l .
 l 
Determine the displacement function y ( x, t )

Solution:
2 y 2  y
2

The wave equation is a

t 2 x 2
From the given problem, we get the following boundary
conditions.
(i ) y (0, t )  0 t  0
(ii ) y (l , t )  0t  0
(iii ) y ( x,0)  0
y ( x,0)  x 
(iv )  V0 sin 3    f ( x)
t  l 
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is
given by
y ( x, t )   A cos px  B sin px (C cos apt  D sin apt )  (1)
Apply (i) in (1) we get,
y (0, t )  A(C cos apt  D sin apt )
 0  A(C cos apt  D sin apt )
 A  0, C cos apt  D sin apt )  0
Putting A= 0 in (1) we get

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

y ( x, t )  B sin px (C cos apt  D sin apt )  (2)

Applying (ii) in (2) we get
y (l , t )  B sin pl (C cos apt  D sin apt )
0  B sin pl (C cos apt  D sin apt )
If B  0 then we get trivial solution
B  0, (C cos apt  D sin apt )  0
 sin pl  0
sin pl  sin n
n
 p
l

2  y ( x, t )  B sin nx  C cos nat  D sin nat   (3)

l  l l 
Apply (iii) in (3)
nx
y ( x,0)  B sin C
l
nx
0  BC sin
l
C 0
nx nat
(3)  y ( x,0)  BD sin sin
l l
nx nat
y ( x,0)  Bn sin sin
l l
Since the partial differential equation is lin ear, any linear
combination of solutions of the form (4) with n = 1, 2, 3, … is also
a solution of the equation. The general solution can be written as
y ( x, t )   Bn sin

nx nat
sin  ( 4)
n 1 l l
Differentiate Partially (4) with respect to t we get,
31

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

  Bn sin
nx nat na
 5
y ( x, t ) 
cos .
t n 1 l l l
Apply (iv ) in (5) we get

  Bn
y ( x,0)  na nx
sin
t n 1 l l

f ( x )   bn sin

nx na
 (6), where bn  Bn
n 1 l l

  bn sin
x 
nx
v0 sin 3

l n 1 l
v0  x 3x  x 2x 3x
3 sin  sin  b sin  b sin  b sin  ...
4 l l  l l l
1 2 3

By Equating like coefficients

3V0 V
b1  , b2  0, b3   0 , b4  b5  ...  0
4 4
l
But Bn  bn
na
3V l  Vl0
 B1  0 , B2  0, B3  , B5  0, B6  0.....
4a 12a
Substitute these values in (4) we get
3V0 x at V0 3x 3at
y ( x, t )  sin cos  sin cos
4 l l 4 l l

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Problems on vibrating on strings when initial velocity and

initial displacement are given

1. Find the displacement of a tightly stretched string of a length

7cms vibrating between fixed end points if initial displacement
 3x   9x 
is 10 sin   and initial velocity is 15 sin  
 7   l 
Solution :
2 y 2  y
2

The wave equation is a

t 2 x 2
From the given problem, we get the following boundary
conditions.
(i ) y (0, t )  0 t  0
(ii ) y (l , t )  0t  0
3x
(iii ) y ( x,0)  10 sin
7
y ( x,0) 9x
(iv)  15 sin
t 7
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is
given by
y ( x, t )   A cos px  B sin px (C cos apt  D sin apt )  (1)
Apply (i) in (1) we get,
y (0, t )  A(C cos apt  D sin apt )
 0  A(C cos apt  D sin apt )
 A  0, C cos apt  D sin apt )  0
Putting A= 0 in (1) we get

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

One Dimensional Heat Equation

One dimensional heat equation is
u 2  u

2

t x 2
k
where  2  is diffusivity of the material of the bar
s

1. State any two laws which are assumed to derive one

dimensional heat equation?
Solution:
(i) Heat flows from higher to lower temperature
(ii) The amount of Heat required to produce a given temperature
change in a body is proportionality is known as the specific
heat(s) of the conducting material.

2. State the Fourier law of heat conduction.

Solution:
The rate at which heat flows across any area is proportional
to the area and to the temperature gradient normal to the curve.
This constant of proportionality is known as thermal
conductivity(k) of material. It is known as fourier law of heat
conduction.

3. Define temperature gradient

Solution:
The rate of change of temperature with respect to the distance
is called as temperature gradient.

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

u 2  u
 2
2

4. In one dimensional heat equation what does

t x 2
refer to?
Solution:
k
 2  is diffusivit y of the material
s
where k  thermal conductivity
S  specific heat capacity
  Density.

5. What are the possible solution of one dimensional heat

equation?
Solution:
The possible solutions are
(i ) u ( x, t )  Ae  B cos px  C sin px 
Be 
2
p 2t

(ii ) u ( x, t )  Ae  p 2t px
 Ce  px
2

(iii )u ( x, t )  Ae  p 2t
Bx  c 
2

6. What is the correct solution of one dimensional heat equation?

Solution:
The correct solution is
u ( x, t )  Ae  p 2t
B cos px  C sin px 
2

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Boundary and Initial conditions

One dimensional heat equation is given by
u 2  u

2

t x 2
(i ) u (0, t )  0
(ii ) u (l , t )  0
(iii) u ( x,0)  f ( x)

1. A rod 1 cm long with insulated lateral surface is initially at

temperature u0 at an inner point distance x cm from one end. If
both ends are kept at zero temperature find the temperature at
any point of the rod at any time t.
Solution:
The temperature function u(x,t) satisfies the partial
u 2  u

2

differential equation
t x 2
The heat equation satisfying the boundary conditions are
(i ) u (0, t )  0
(ii )u (l , t )  0
(iii )u ( x,0)  u 0
The correct solution is
u ( x, t )  Ae p t
 B cos px  C sin px   (1)
2 2

Apply (i ) in (1) we get

u (0, t )  ABe  p t
2 2

0  ABe  p 2t
2

B  0 & e  p 2t
 0, A  0
2

(1)  u ( x, t )  AC sin pxe  p 2t

 (2)
2

Applying (ii) in (2) we get

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

u (l , t )  AC sin px.e  p 2t
2

0  AC sin px.e  p 2t
2

 sin pl  0
pl  n
n
p
l
n x
 n 2 2 2 
 t
(2)  u ( x, t )  AC sin
 l2 
e  
l
n x  
 n 2 2 2 
t
u ( x, t )  Bn sin

e l2 
l
The general solution is

u ( x, t )   Bn sin
n x
 n 2 2 2 
  t
 (3)
 l2 
e  

n 1 l
Apply (iii) in (3) we get,
u ( x, 0)   Bn sin

n x
n 1 l

f ( x)   Bn sin

n x
 (4)
n 1 l
(4) Represents half rangesine series

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

nx
where Bn   u 0 sin
2
l
dx
l 0 l
2u  l nx 
l

 0 
 n cos
l l  0


 2u 0
l

(1) n  1 
0 if n is even
4u 0
 if n is odd
n

 sin l e
nx  2
n 2 2t
4u 0 1 
(3)  u ( x, t ) 
 n 1,3,5... n
l2

 (2n  1) sin
4u 0 1 (2n  1)x
 n 2 ( 2 n 1) 2 t
 2
u ( x, t )  e

l2

n 1. l

2. A uniform bar of length l through which heat flow is insulated at

its sides. The ends are kept at zero temperature. If the initial
temperature at the interior points of the bar is given by
k  lx  x 2  , 0  x  l . Find the temperature distribution in the
bar after time t.
Solution:
u 2  u

2

The heat equation is

t x 2
The heat equation satisfying the boundary conditions are

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

(i )u (0, t )  0
(ii )u (l , t )  0
(iii)u ( x, 0)  f ( x)  k (lx  x 2 )
The correct solution is
u ( x, t )  Ae p 2t
 B cos px  C sin px   (1)
2

Apply (i ) in (1) we get

u (0, t )  ABe  p 2t
2

0  ABe p 2t
2

B  0 & e  p 2t
 0, A  0
2

(1)  u ( x, t )  AC sin pxe  p 2t

 (2)
2

Applying (ii) in (2) we get

u (l , t )  AC sin px.e  p 2t
2

0  AC sin px.e  p 2t
2

 sin pl  0
pl  n
n
p
l
n x  
 n 2 2 2 
t
(2)  u ( x, t )  AC sin

e l2 
l
n x
 n 2 2 2 
  t 
u ( x, t )  Bn sin e  l 
2

l
The general solution is

u ( x, t )   Bn sin
n x  
 n 2 2 2 
 t 
e l2 
 (3)
n 1 l
44

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Apply (iii) in (3) we get,

u ( x, 0)   Bn sin

n x
n 1 l

f ( x )   Bn sin

n x
 (4)
n 1 l
(4) Represents half range sine series
n x
Bn   f ( x) sin
2
l
dx
l 0 l
n x
  k (lx  x 2 ) sin
2
l

l 0 l
2k 
  l  n x 
   l  2 x  sin
n x l 2 n x l 3 
l

  lx  x 2
  cos .  2 cos 
l  n  l  l n 2 2 l n3 3  0
 8kl 2
2k  l 2l  4kl
3 3 2
 , n is odd
  2(1) n 3 3  3 3   3 3 1  (1) n    n3 3
l  n n  n 0,
 n is even

(3)  u ( x, t )   3 3 sin
n x 
 n2 2 2 

8kl 2 t

e l2 

n 1,3,5,.. n  l

3. A uniform bar of length l through which heat flow is insulated at

its sides. The ends are kept at zero temperature. If the initial
temperature at the interior points of the bar is given by
x
k sin 3 , 0  x  l . Find the temperature distribution in the
l
bar after time t.
Solution:
45

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

u 2  u

2

The heat equation is

t x 2
The heat equation satisfying the boundary conditions are
(i )u (0, t )  0
(ii )u (l , t )  0
x
(iii )u ( x, 0)  f ( x )  k sin 3
l
The correct solution is
u ( x, t )  Ae  p 2t
 B cos px  C sin px   (1)
2

Apply (i) in (1) we get

u (0, t )  ABe  p 2t
2

0  ABe  p 2t
2

B  0 & e  p 2t
 0, A  0
2

(1)  u ( x, t )  AC sin pxe p t

 (2)
2 2

Applying (ii) in (2) we get

u (l , t )  AC sin px.e  p t
2 2

0  AC sin px.e  p 2t
2

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

The general solution is

u ( x, t )   Bn sin
n x  
 n 2 2 2 
 t
 (3)

e l2 

n 1 l
Apply (iii) in (3) we get,

u ( x,0)   Bn sin

n x
n 1 l

f ( x)   Bn sin

n x
 (4)
n 1 l
x x 2 x 3 x
k sin 3  B1 sin  B2 sin  B3 sin
 ...
l l l l
k x 3 x  x 2 x 3 x
3sin  sin  B sin  B sin  B sin  ...
4  l l  l l l
1 2 3

Equating the like coefficients we get

3k k
B1  , B2  0, B3  , The remaining Bn ' s are zero
4 4
 x  3 x 
  2 2   9 2 2 

 3  u ( x, t )  sin e
3k t
k t
l 2 
 sin e l 2 

4 l 4 l

4. Find the temperature distribution in a homogeneous bar of

length  which is insulated laterally, if the ends are kept at zero
temperature and if initially, the temperature is k at the centre of
the bar and falls uniformly to zero at its ends.
Solution:

A(l/2,  )

O(0,0) (l/2,0)
Downloaded from EnggTree.comB(l,0)
EnggTree.com

The Equation of OA is
x y 2kx
 y
 k 
The Equation of AB is

x 
2  y  k
 k
2
  x 
2k
 y 

 2 kx 
 , 0  x 
u x, 0   
 2
 2 k   x  ,   x  
 
u 2  u

2

The heat equation is

t x 2
The heat equation satisfying the boundary conditions are
(i )u (0, t )  0
(ii)u (l , t )  0
 2kx 
 , 0  x 
(iii )u ( x, 0)  f ( x)  
 2
 2k    x  ,   x  
 
The correct solution is

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

u ( x, t )  Ae  p 2t
 B cos px  C sin px   (1)
2

Apply (i ) in (1) we get

u (0, t )  ABe  p t
2 2

0  ABe  p 2t
2

B  0 & e  p 2t
 0, A  0
2

(1)  u ( x, t )  AC sin pxe p 2t

 (2)
2

Applying (ii) in (2) we get

u (l , t )  AC sin px.e  p 2t
2

0  AC sin px.e  p 2t
2

 sin pl  0
pl  n
n
p
l
n x
 n 2 2 2 
  t 
(2)  u ( x, t )  AC sin e  l 
2

l
n x
 n 2 2 2 
 t
u ( x, t )  Bn sin
 l2 
e  
l
The general solution is

u ( x, t )   Bn sin
n x
 n 2 2 2 
  t
 (3)
 l2 
e  

n 1 l

l    u ( x, t )   Bn sin nxe


 n 2 2t   (4)
n 1

Apply (iii ) in (4) we get

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

f  x    Bn sin nx


n 1

Bn   f  x  sin nxdx


 2 
 2   x sin nxdx   (  x )sin nxdx 
4k  


 0
 
2


 
 

 2   x cos nx.  sin nx 2       x  cos nx.  sin nx. 2 

4k  1 1 2  1 1 
  n n 0  n n  
 2

4k   n 1 n  n 1 n 
 2   cos  2 sin  cos  2 sin
  2n 2 n 2 2n 2 n 2 
8k  1 n 
 sin
 2  n 2 2 

 4   u ( x, t )  2 n
8k 
1
sin nxe n t
2 2

 n 1
2

Type II Steady State Conditions and Zero Boundary

Conditions
1. An insulated rod of length 30 cm has its ends A and B kept at
200C and 800C respectively until steady state conditions
prevail. The temperature at each end is then suddenly reduced
to 00C and kept so. Find the resulting temperature distribution
u(x,t) taking origin at A.
Solution:

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

The temperature function u(x,t) satisfies the partial differential

u 2  u

2

equation --------(1)
t x 2
In steady state
First let us find the temperature distribution at any distance x,
before the ends A and B are reduced to zero. Prior to the temperature
change at the ends A and B, when t =0, the heat flow was
independent of time (steady state conditions). When the temperature
u depends only on x and not on t, (1) reduces to
d 2u
0       ( 2)
dx 2
du
Integrating w.r.to x, A
dx
Again int egrating
u  Ax  B    (3)
Where A and B are arbitrary constants.
Given that u=20 when x=0 ie, u(0)=20
From (3), we get B=20
u=80 when x=30 ie, u(30)=80
From (3), 30A+B=80 we get A=2
 (3) becomes u  2 x  20
When the temperature at A and B are reduced to 00C, the state is no
more steady state. For this transient state the boundary conditions
are
(i ) u (0, t )  0
(ii )u (l , t )  0 , l  30
(iii)u ( x,0)  2 x  20
The correct solution is
51

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

u ( x, t )  Ae p t
 B cos px  C sin px   (1)
2 2

Apply (i ) in (1) we get

u (0, t )  ABe  p t
2 2

0  ABe  p 2t
2

B  0 & e  p 2t
 0, A  0
2

(1)  u ( x, t )  AC sin pxe  p 2t

 (2)
2

Applying (ii) in (2) we get

u (l , t )  AC sin px.e  p 2t
2

0  AC sin px.e  p 2t
2

u ( x, t )   Bn sin
n x
 n 2 2 2 
  t
 (3)
 l2 
e  

n 1 l
Apply (iii) in (3) we get,

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

u ( x, 0)   Bn sin

n x
n 1 l

f ( x)   Bn sin

n x
 (4)
n 1 l
(4) Represents half rangesine series
nx
where Bn   (2 x  20) sin
2
l
dx
l 0 l
2u  l  nx  l2  nx 
l

 0  ( 2 x  20)   cos   2   sin 

l  n  l  n 
2 2
 l  0
 2u0 l   l 
    ( 2l  20 ) (  1) n
 0     20  0 
l  n   n 
 (1) n 20 
 2  (2l  20) 
 n n 
 (1) n 20 
 2  80 
 n n 


40
n

1  4(1) n 
Substituting in (3)
4u0 1

 1  4(1) sin 30 e 
nx  2
 n 2 ( 2 n 1) 2 t
(3)  u ( x, t )  n

 n1. n
900

Type III Steady State conditions and Non-zero Boundary

1. A rod of 30 cm has its ends A and B are kept at 200 c and
400 c respectively until steady state conditions prevails. The
temperature at A is then suddenly raised to 90 0 c and the same
53

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

time that B is lowered to 30 c . Find the temperature

distribution in the rod at time t. also show that the temperature

at the midpoint of the rod remains unaltered for all time,
regardless of the material of the rod.
Solution:
The heat equation is
u 2  u

2
 (1)
t x 2
u
when the steady state conditions prevails 0
t
 2u
1   2  0
2

x
d u
2
 2 0
dx
 u ( x)  ax  b  (2)
Now the boundary conditions are
(i) u (0)  20
(ii ) u 10   40
Applying (i) in (2) we get
b = 20
(2)  u ( x)  ax  20  (3)
Applying (ii) in (3) we get
a2
(3)  u ( x)  2 x  20
Hence the steady state, the temperature function is given by
u ( x )  2 x  20

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Now the temperature at A is raised to 50 c and the temperature at

B is lowered to 10 c . That is , the steady state is changed to

unsteady state. For this unsteady state the temperature distribution

is given by
u ( x )  2 x  20
Now the new boundary conditions are
(i ) u (0, t )  50 t  0
(ii ) u (10, t )  10 t  0
(iii)u ( x, 0)  2 x  20
The correct solution is
u  x, t    A cos px  B sin px  e p 2t
 (4)
2

Apply (i) and (ii) in (4) we get

u ( x, t )  Ae p 2t
 50
2

u  l , t    A cos pl  B sin pl  e p 2t

 10
2

It is not possible to find the constants A & B. since we have

infinite number of values for A & B. Therefore in this case we split
the solution u(x,t) into two parts
u ( x, t )  us  x   ut  x, t   (5)

Where us  x  is a solution of the equation

u 2  u

2

and is a
t x 2
function of x alone and satisfying the conditions
us  0   50 & us 10   10 & ut ( x, t ) is a transient solution satisfying (5)
which decreases at t increases.
To find us  x  :

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

us  x   a1 x  b1  (6)
Applying the condition u s  0   b1  50
 6   a1 x  50  (7)
Applying the condition u s (10)  10a1  50  10
 a1  4
(7)  us ( x )  4 x  50

To find ut  x, t  :
u  x , t   u s  x   ut  x , t 
 ut  x, t   u ( x, t )  us  x   (9)

Now we have to find the boundary conditions for ut ( x, t )

Putting x = 0 in (9) we get
ut  0, t   u  0, t   us  0 
 50  50
ut  0, t   0
Putting x  10 in  9  we get
ut 10, t   u 10, t   us  0 
 10  10
ut 10, t   0
Putting t = 0 in (9) we get
ut  x, 0   u  x, 0   us  x 
 2 x  20  4 x  50
ut  x, 0   6 x  30
Now the function ut ( x, t ) we have the following boundary
conditions

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

 i  ut  0, t   0
 ii  ut 10, t   0
 iii  ut  x, 0   6 x  30
Applying the first two conditions we get the general solution as

ut  x, t    bn sin
n x
 n 2 2 2 

 10 
   t 
e  100 

n 1 10
Applying the (iii) in equation (10) we get
ut  x, 0    bn sin

n x
 6 x  30
n 1 10
n x
bn    6 x  30  sin
2
10
dx
10 0 10
n x
   x  5  sin
6
10
dx
50 10
n x 10 n x 100 
    x  5  cos
6
10

.  sin .
5 10 n 10 n 2 2  0
6  50
 1  
50

n

5  n n 

1   1 
60 

n

n  
 0 :n is odd

  120
 n : n is even

10   ut  x, t   
120 n x 
 n 2 2 2 

 11
 t
100 
sin e
n  2,4,6,.. n 10
Substitute (8) and (11) in (5) we get


120 n x
 n 2 2 2 

u  x, t   4 x  50 
 
 100 
t
sin e  

n  2,4,6,.. n 10

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

2. Find the solution of the one dimensional diffusion equation

satisfying the boundary conditions
 i  u is bounded as t  
u 
 ii     0 t

  x 0
x
u 
 iii     0t
 x  x  a
 iv  u  x, 0   x  a  x 
Solution:
The correct solution is
u  x , t    A c o s p x  B s in p x e  p 2t
  A  2
2

D iff p a rtia lly w .r.t x w e g e t

u  x, t 
   A p s in p x  B p c o s p x  e   p t  (1)
2 2

x
A p p ly ( ii ) in (1) w e g e t
u 0, t 
 B p e  p t  0
2 2

x
 B  0, p  0 & e  p 2t
 0
2

 s in a p  0
n
p 
a
n
s u b s titu te th is v a lu e o f p  & B  0 in  A  w e g e t
a
n x 
u  x, t   A co s
 2 n 2 2
t
e a2
a
T h e g e n e ra l s o lu tio n is


n x 
u  x, t  
  2 n 2 2
t
An c o s e a2

n0 a


n x 
  2 n 2 2

 A0 
t
An c o s e a 2

n 1 a

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Applying (iv) in this equation we get

u  x, 0   A0   An cos
n x
 x a  x


n 1 a

  an cos
n x
 x a  x
a0 

2 n 1 a

a0   x  a  x  dx
2
a

   ax  x 2  dx
2
a

a0
2  ax 2 x 3 
a

   
a 2 3 0
2  a 3 a 3  2a 3 a 2
    
a  2 3  6a 3
n x
an   f  x  cos
2
a
dx
a0 a

a 0
2
  n x
a
 ax  x 2
cos dx
a

  ax  x  sin
2 n x a n x a 2 n x a 3 
  a  2 x  cos
a

. .  2 sin .
a n3 3  0
2

a a n a n 2 2
2  a3 a3 
   2 2
1 
a  n 2 2
n

n 

  2 2  1  1
2a 2  n

n  
 4a 2
 : n is even
  n 2 2
0 : n is odd


   2 2 cos
n x 
  2 n 2 2 

u  x, t  
a2 
4a 2 t

e a2 
6 2,4,6,... n  a
59

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

u 2  u

2

3. Solve the equation subject to the following

t x 2
conditions:
(i )u is finite when t  
 u 
(ii )    0, when x  0 t  0
 x 
(iii )u  0 when x  l t  0
(iv )u  u0 when t  0 for all values of x between 0 & l
Solution:
The correct solution is
u  x, t    A cos px  B sin px  e  p 2t
 1
2

Diff partially w.r.t. to x we get

u ( x, t )
   Ap sin px  Bp cos px  e  p t   2 
2 2

x
Apply  ii  in  2  we get
u  0, t 
 Bpe  p 2t
0
2

x
 B  0, p  0 & e  p 2t
0
2

 2   u  x, t   A cos pxe p 2t
  3
2

Apply  iii  in  3 we get

u  x, t   A cos ple  p t  0
2 2

 cos pl  0

pl  an odd multiple of
2

pl   2n  1
2

 p
 2n  1 
2l
60

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Substitute this value in (3) we get

u  x, t   

A cos
 2n  1  x e 2  2 n 12  2
4l 2
t
  4
2l
Apply  iv  in  4  we get ,
n 1

u  x, 0    An cos

 2n  1  x  u
2l
0

 2n  1  x  ...  5
n 1

x 3 x
u0  A1 cos  A2 cos  ...  An cos  
2l 2l 2l
 2n  1  x
Multiplying both sides of (5) by cos and then integrating
2l
from 0 to l we get
 2n  1  x x  2n  1  x 3 x  2n  1  x dx
 u0  
l l l
cos dx  A cos cos dx  A cos cos
2l 2l 2l 2l 2l
1 2

 2n  1  x dx 
0 0 0

....   An cos 2 6

0
2l

W.K.T  cos mx cos nx  0 if m  n. Applying this in equation (6) we get all

terms in R.H.S. of (6) becomes zero except the

 2n  1  x dx
term  An cos
l
2

0
2l
Hence the equation (6) reduces to
 2n  1  x dx  A  2n  1  x dx
u  cos
l l
cos 2

2l 2l
0 n
0 0

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

  2n  1  x 
l

L.H .S .  u0  cos
l
 2n  1  x  sin
dx   2l


2 l   2 n  1  x 
  0
0
2l


2lu0  2n  1 
 2n  1 
sin
2
2lu0  
 sin  n  
 2n  1   2
2lu0   

 2n  1  sin n cos 2  cos n sin 2 

 1
2lu0

 2n  1 
n 1

R.H .S  An  cos 2
l
 2n  1  x dx
2l
1  cos  2n  1  x 
0

 An  1 
l
dx 
0
2  l 
  2n  1  x 
l

sin
A  l

 n x  
2   2n  1  
 l  0
Al
 n
2
 1  n
2lu0 Al

 2n  1 
n 1

2
4u0  1
n 1

EnggTree.com

Applying (i) in (2), we get

u (l , y )  B sin pl (Ce py  De py )
0  B sin lp(Ce py  De py ), here (Ce py  De py )  0, B  0
 sin pl  0
sin pl  sin n
p  n
n
p n  1,2,3......
l


u ( x, y )  B sin nx Ce ny  De ny     (3)
Applying (iii) in eqn (3)

u ( x, )  B sin
nx
l

Ce   De   0 
 B sin
nx
l
 
Ce   0  e   0

nx
Here, B  0 , sin  0 , e   0
l
C  0
Substitute C=0 in eqn (3)
nx
 ny
u ( x, y )  B sin De l
l
nx l
 ny
 BD sin e      (4)
l
The most general solution is

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

u ( x, y )   Bn sin
nx l
  ny
e      (5)
n 1 l
Applying condition (iv) in eqn (5)

u ( x,0)   Bn sin

nx
 f ( x )      ( 6)
n 1 l
To find Bn then we expand f (x) as a Fourier half range sine
series in (0, 10)
f ( x )   bn sin

nx
     (7 )
n 1 l
nx
Where n l 
2
l
b  f ( x ) sin dx
0
l
Substituting this value in (5) , we get the required solution as

u ( x, y )    f ( x) sin
2 nx nx
 l  ny

sin e l
dx
n 1 l 0 l l

2. A rectangular plate with insulated surfaces is 10cm width and

nx
Bn   4(10 x  x 2 ) sin
2
10
dx
10 0 10

  nx   nx   nx 

   cos    sin   cos 

4 
 (10 x  x ) 10   (10  2 x) 10   (2) 10
n
2

5    n 2 2   n 3 3 
     
  10   100   1000  0
4  2000 2000 
  3 3 (1)  3 3 
n

5 n  n 
1600

 3 3 1  (1) n
n

 3200
 , for n is odd
Bn   n 3 3
 0 , for n is even

Substituting the value of Bn in equation (5)


3200 1 nx  10
ny
 u ( x, y )  sin e
3 n 1, 3,.. n 3
10

3. A rectangular plate with insulated surfaces is 10 cm wide and

so long compared to its width that it may be considered infinite
in length without introducing an appreciable error. If the
temperature along the short edge y=0 is given by
u ( x,0)  20 x, 0  x  5, u ( x,0)  20(10  x ), 5  x  10, while
the two long edges x=0 and x=10 as well as the other short

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

edge are kept at 00 C. Find the temperature function u ( x, y )

in the steady state at any point of the plate.
Solution:
Let u ( x, y ) be the temperature at any point (x , y) in the
steady state. Then u satisfies the differential equation
 2 u  2u
 0 .
x 2 y 2
The boundary conditions are
(i) u (0, y )  0 , y
(ii) u (10, y )  0 y
(iii) u ( x ,  )  0 , 0  x  10
20 x 0 x5
(iv) u ( x , 0 )    f ( x)
20(10  x ) 5  x  10
The correct solution should be
u ( x, y )  ( A cos px  B sin px)(Ce py  De py )  (1)
Applying (i) in (1), we get
u (0, y )  A(Ce py  De  py )  0
 A0
Substitute A = 0 in eqn(1)
u  x, y   B sin px  Ce py  De  py    2 
Applying (ii) in (2) , we get

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

u 10, y   B sin10 p  Ce py  De  py 
0  B sin10 p  Ce py  De  py  , Here  Ce py  De  py   0, B  0
 sin10 p  0
sin10 p  sin n
10 p  n
n
p
10
n x  n10 y 
 u  x, y   B sin    3
n y


 Ce De 10
10  
Applying (iii) in eqn (3)

u ( x, )  B sin
nx
10

Ce   De    0 
 B sin
nx
10
 
Ce   0  e    0

EnggTree.com

u ( , y )  B sin p (Ce py  De  py )
0  B sin p (Ce py  De  py ), here (Ce py  De  py )  0, B  0
 sin p  0
sin p  sin n
p  n
pn n  1,2,3......

u ( x, y )  B sin nx Ce ny  De ny     (3)

 
Applying (iii) in eqn (3)
u ( x, )  B sin nx Ce   De   0
 B sin nxCe   0

e 
0
nx
Here, B  0 , sin  0 , e   0
10
C  0
Substitute C=0 in eqn (3)
u ( x, y )  B sin nxDe  ny
 BD sin nxe ny      ( 4)
The most general solution is

u ( x, y )   Bn sin nxe ny


     (5)
n 1

Applying condition (iv) in eqn (5)

u ( x,0)   Bn sin nx  u0      (6)



n 1

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

To find Bn then we expand f (x) as a Fourier half range sine

series in (0,  )

f ( x)   bn sin nx

     (7 )
n 1


2
l

Where b  f ( x) sin nxdx

l 0
n


2

 u sin nxdx
 0
0

2u   cos nx 

 0
  n  0
0 when n is even 

 4u0       (6)
when n is odd 
n 
Substituting (6) in (5), we get

EnggTree.com

Applying condition (iv) in eqn (5)

u ( x,0)   Bn sin

nx
n 1 8

  Bn sin
nx  nx
100 sin
8 n1 8
 A1  100, A2  A3  ....  0
x y
u ( x, y )  100 sin

e 8
8

Type – B Temperature distribution along y- axis or parallel

to y – axis
1. A infinitely long rectangular plate with insulated surfaces is 10
cm wide. The two long edges and short edge are kept at zero
temperature, while the other short edge x=0 kept at
temperature by u ( y ,0)  20 y , 0  y  5, and
u ( y ,0)  20(10  y ), 5  y  10 Find the function u ( x, y ) in the
steady state at any point of the plate.
Solution:
Let u ( x, y ) be the temperature at any point (x , y) in the
steady state. Then u satisfies the differential equation
 2 u  2u
 0 .
x 2 y 2
The boundary conditions are
(i) u ( x,0)  0 y
(ii) u ( x,10)  0 y

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

(iii) u ( , y ) 0
20 y 0 y5
(iv) u ( 0, y )    f ( y ) say
20(10  y ) 5  y  10

 
The correct solution should be
u ( x, y )  Ae px  Be  px C cos py  D sin py   (1)

 
Applying (i) in (1), we get
u ( x,0)  Ae px  Be  px C  0
C 0

 
Substitute C = 0 in eqn(1)
u ( x, y )  Ae px  Be  px D sin py  ( 2)
Applying (ii) in (2) , we get
u ( x,10)  Ae px  Be  px D sin 10 p
 
0  Ae px  Be  px D sin 10 p  
Here Ae px  Be  px  0, D  0
 sin 10 P  0
10 p  n
n
p
10
 n10x nx
 nx
 u ( x, y )   Ae  Be 10  D sin  (3)


  10
Applying (iii) in eqn (3)
u (, y )  Ae   Be  D sin
nx
0

 
10
 Ae   0  e   0
ny
Here, D  0 , sin  0 , e   0
10
80

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

A  0
Substitute A=0 in eqn (3)
ny
 nx
u ( x, y )  D sin Be 10
10
ny 10
 nx
 BD sin e      ( 4)
10
The most general solution is

u ( x, y )   Bn sin
ny 10
  nx
e      (5)
n 1 10
Applying condition (iv) in eqn (5)

u ( x,0)   Bn sin

ny
 f ( y )      ( 6)
n 1 10
To find Bn then we expand f ( y ) as a Fourier half range sine
series in (0, 10)
f ( y )   bn sin

ny
     (7 )
n 1 l
ny
Where n l 
2
l
b  f ( y ) sin dy
0
l

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

ny
  f ( y ) sin
1
10
dy
50 10
1 ny ny 
   20 y sin dy   20(10  y ) sin
10 10
dy 
5 0 10 5
10 
 10  ny  100  ny 
5

 x.   cos   (1 )   sin   
  n  10  n 2 2  10 0 
 4 10 

 (10  x ). 10  n y  100  n y 
 
   cos   (1) 2 2   sin  
 n  10  n   10  5 

  50 n 100 n   50 n 100 n 
 4 cos  2 2 sin  (0  0)  (0  0)   cos  2 2 sin 
 n 2 n 2  n 2 n 2 
800 n
 2 2 sin
n 2

An  0 if n  2,4,6.....
800 (2n  1)
 An  sin
(2n  1) 2  2 2


800 1 n ny  10
 nx
 (5)  u ( x, y )  sin sin e
2 n 1, 3, 5... n 2
2 10

u ( x, y )  2 
800 1 (2n  1) (2n  1)y 
 ( 2 n 1)x
sin sin e
 n1 (2n  1) 2
10
2 10

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Type II Temperature Distribution in Finite Plates

Type-A Temperature distribution along x-axis or parallel to
x-axis
1. A square plate is bounded by the lines x=0, y=0, x=l,y=l. Its
faces are insulated. The temperature along the upper
horizontal edge is given by u ( x, l )  f ( x ) while the other three
edges are kept at 00 C. Find the steady state temperature in the
plate.
Solution:
Let us take the sides of the plate be l. Let u ( x, y ) satisfies
 2u  2u
the Laplace’s equation 2  2  0  (1) . u ( x, l )  f ( x )
x y
The boundary conditions are
00 c 00 c
(i) u (0, y )  0, 0  x  l
(ii) u (l , y )  0, 0  x  l
00 c
(iii) u ( x, 0)  0, 0  x  l
(iv) u ( x, l )  f ( x ), 0  x  l
The correct solution should be
u ( x, y )  ( A cos px  B sin px)(Ce py  De  py )  (2)
Applying (i) in (2), we get
u (0, y )  A(Ce py  De py )  0
 A0
Applying (ii) in (2), we get

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

u  x, y   B sin px  Ce py  De  py    2 
Apply (ii ) in  2  we get ,
u  l , y   B sin pl  Ce py  De py 
0  B sin pl  Ce py  De  py  , Here  Ce py  De  py   0, B  0
 sin pl  0
sin pl  sin n
pl  n
n
p
l
n x  nl y 
 u  x, y   B sin    3
n y


 Ce De l
l  
Apply (iii) in (3) we get

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

n x
u  x, 0   B sin C  D 
l
n x
0  B sin C  D 
l
n x
C  D  0. sin ce sin  0, B  0
l
 D  C
n x  nl y 
 3  u  x, y   B sin
n y
C e e l 


l  
n x 1  nl y 
u  x, y   2 BC sin
n y
. e e l 


l 2 
1  nl y n y
 n y
Consider Bn  2 BC , and  e  e l   sinh


2  l
n x n y
 u  x, y   Bn sin sinh
l l
Most general solution is

u  x, y    Bn sin
n x n y
  4

sinh
l l
Aplly  iv  in  4  we get
n 1

u  x, l    Bn sinh n .sin

n x
n 1 l

f  x    bn sin
n x
  5  where bn  Bn sinh n


n 1 l
(5) represents Half range Fourier Sine series

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

nx
 bn   f ( x) sin
2
l
dx
l 0 l
nx
Bn sinh n   f ( x) sin
2
l
dx
l 0 l
nx

2
l
Bn  f ( x) sin dx
l sinh n 0
l
Substituting this value of Bn in (4), we get the required temperature
distribution.

2. A square plate is bounded by the lines x  0, y  0 ,

n x
  (lx  x 2 ) sin
2
l

l 0 l

  lx  x 2 
2 n x  n x l 2 n x l 3 
   l  2 x  sin
l 
l

  cos .  2 cos
l n  l  l n 2 2 l n3 3  0
 8l 2
2  l 3
2l 3
 4l 2
 , n is odd
  2(1) n 3 3  3 3   3 3 1  (1) n    n3 3
l n n  n 0,
 n is even
 8l 2
 cos echn : n is odd
 Bn   n3 3
 0
 : n is even

 u  x, y    3 3 cos echn sin


8l 2 n x n y
sinh
n 1,3,5,.. n  l l


n x n y
l  20  u  x, y  
3200 
1
cos echn sin sinh
3 n 1,3,5,.. n
3
20 20

3. A square plate is bounded by the lines x  0, y  0 ,

x  a & y  a .Its faces are insulated. The temperature along the
3 x 
upper horizontal edge is given by u ( x, a )  4 sin   when
 a 
0 < x < a while the other three edges are kept at 00 C. Find the
steady state temperature in the plate.
Solution:
Let us take the sides of the plate be l  a .Let u ( x, y ) satisfies the
 2u  2 u
Laplace equation x 2  y 2  0 . u  x, a   4 sin 3
x
a

The boundary conditions are 00 c 00 c

00 c
Downloaded from EnggTree.com
EnggTree.com

(i) u (0, y )  0 , 0  y  a
(ii) u (a, y )  0, 0  y  a
(iii) u ( x, 0)  0, 0  x  a
x
(iv) u ( x, a )  4sin,0 x a
3

a
The correct solution should be
u ( x, y )  ( A cos px  B sin px)(Ce py  De  py )  (1)
Applying (i) in (1), we get
u (0, y )  A(Ce py  De py )  0
 A0
Applying (ii) in (2), we get
u  x, y   B sin px  Ce py  De  py    2 
Apply (ii ) in  2  we get ,
u  a, y   B sin pl  Ce py  De  py 
0  B sin pl  Ce py  De py  , Here  Ce py  De  py   0, B  0
 sin pa  0
sin pa  sin n
pa  n
n
p
a
n x  na y 
 u  x, y   B sin    3
n y

 Ce  De

a
a  
90

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Apply (iii) in (3) we get

n x
u  x, 0   B sin C  D 
a
n x
0  B sin C  D 
a
n x
C  D  0. sin ce sin  0, B  0
a
 D  C
n x  na y 
   
n y
  

3 u x , y B sin C  e e 
a
a  
n x 1  na y 
u  x, y   2 BC sin
n y
. e  e


a
a 2 
1  na y n y
 n y
Consider Bn  2 BC , and  e  e   sinh

a
2  a
n x n y
 u  x, y   Bn sin sinh
a a
Most general solution is

u  x, y    Bn sin
n x n y
  4

sinh
a a
Aplly  iv  in  4  we get
n 1

u  x, a    Bn sinh n .sin

n x
n 1 a

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Apply  iv  in  4 we get
n x 2 x 3 x
u  x, a   B1 sinh  sin  B2 sinh 2 sin  B3 sinh3 sin  ...
a a a
x n x 2 x 3 x
4sin3  B1 sinh  sin  B2 sinh 2 sin  B3 sinh3 sin  ...
a a a a
1 x 3 x  n x 2 x 3 x
4. 3sin  sin  B sinh  sin  B sinh 2 sin  B sinh3  sin  ...
4 a a  a a a
1 2 3

 B1  3cos ech , B2  0, B3   cos ech3 , B4  B5  ...  0

x y 3 x 3 y
 4  u  x, y   3cos ech sin sinh  cos ech3 sin sinh
a a a a

4. Find the steady state state temperature distribution in a

rectangular plate of sides a and b insulated at the lateral
surface and satisfying the boundary conditions
u  0, y   0  u  a, y  for 0  y  b, and u  x, b   0, u  x, 0   x  a  x  for 0  x  a

Solution:
Let us take the sides of the plate be l  a .Let u ( x, y )
 2u  2u
satisfies the Laplace equation x 2  y 2  0
The boundary conditions are
(i) u (0, y )  0, 0  y  b
(ii) u ( a , y )  0 , 0  y  b
(iii) u ( x, b)  0 , 0  x  a
(iv) u ( x, 0)  x  a  x  ,0  x  a
The correct solution should be
u ( x, y )  ( A cos px  B sin px)(Ce py  De  py )  (1)
92

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Applying (i) in (1), we get

u (0, y )  A(Ce py  De  py )  0
 A0
Applying (ii) in (2), we get
u  x, y   B sin px  Ce py  De  py    2 
Apply (ii ) in  2  we get ,
u  a, y   B sin pl  Ce py  De  py 
0  B sin pl  Ce py  De  py  , Here  Ce py  De  py   0, B  0
 sin pa  0
sin pa  sin n
pa  n
n
p
a
n x  na y 
 u  x, y   B sin    3
n y


 Ce De a
a  
Apply (iii) in (3) we get

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

n x  na b 
u  x, b   B sin
n b

 Ce  De


a
a  
n x  na b n b

0  B sin 

 Ce De 
a
a  
n b n b
n x
 De  0. sin ce sin  0, B  0

Ce a a
a
2 n b
 D  Ce a

n x  na y 
 3  u  x, y   B sin
2 n b n y


 Ce Ce e 
a a
a  
n x 1 na b  n ( ay b ) 
u  x, y   2 BC sin
n ( y b )
e

. e e a

a 2  
n b
1  n ( ay b ) n ( y  b )
 n ( y  b)
Consider Bn  2 BCe e 

a
, and  e a
 sinh
2  a
n x n ( y  b)
 u  x, y   Bn sin sinh
a a
Most general solution is

u  x, y    Bn sin
n x n ( y  b)
 4

sinh
n 1 a a
Apply (iv ) in (4) we get

u  x, 0     Bn sin

n x n b
sinh
n 1 a a

f ( x)   bn sin

n x n b
, where bn   Bn sinh
n 1 a a
n x
 bn   f ( x ) sin
2
a
dx
a0 a
94

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

n x
  (lx  x 2 ) sin
2
a
dx
a0 a

  ax  x 2 
2 n x  n x a 2 n x a 3 
   a  2 x  sin
a 
l

  cos .  2 cos
a n  a  l n 2 2 a n3 3  0
 8a 2
2 a 3
2l  4a 3 2
 , n is odd
  2(1) n 3 3  3 3   3 3 1  (1) n    n3 3
a n n  n 0,
 n is even

5. A rectangular plate is bounded by the lines

x  0 , x  a , y  0 & y  b and the edge temperatures are
4 x 3 x
u (0, y )  0 , u (a, y )  0 , u ( x, b)  0 & u ( x, 0)  5sin  3sin .
a a
Find the temperature distribution.
Solution:
W.K.T the Laplace equation satisfies the equation
 2u  2u
 0 .
x 2 y 2
The boundary conditions are
(i) u (0, y )  0, 0  y  b
(ii) u (a, y )  0 , 0  y  b
(iii) u ( x, b )  0 , 0  x  a
4 x 3 x
(iv) u ( x , 0)  5sin  3sin ,0 x  a
a a
The correct solution should be
u ( x, y )  ( A cos px  B sin px )(Ce py  De  py )  (1)
Applying (i) in (1), we get
u (0, y )  A(Ce py  De  py )  0
95

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

 A0
Substitute A = 0 in eqn(1)
u  x, y   B sin px  Ce py  De py    2 
Apply (ii ) in  2  we get ,
u 10, y   B sin10 p  Ce py  De py 
0  B sin10 p  Ce py  De  py  , Here  Ce py  De  py   0, B  0
 sin10 p  0
sin10 p  sin n
10 p  n
n
p
10
n x  na y 
 u  x, y   B sin    3
n y

 Ce  De

a
a  
Apply (iii) in (3) we get

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

n x  na b 
u  x, b   B sin
n b


 Ce De 
a
a  
n x  na b n b

0  B sin 

 Ce De 
a
a  
n b n b
n x
 De  0. sin ce sin  0, B  0

Ce a a
a
2 n b
 D  Ce a

n x  na y 
 3  u  x, y   B sin
2 n b n y

 Ce  Ce e


a a
a  
n x 1 na b  n ( ay b )  n ( ay b ) 
u  x, y   2 BC sin . e e e 
a 2  
n b
1  n ( ay b )  n ( ay b )  n ( y  b)
Consider Bn  2 BCe a
, and  e e   sinh
2  a
n x n ( y  b)
 u  x, y   Bn sin sinh
a a
Most general solution is
u  x, y    Bn sin
n x n ( y  b)
 4

sinh
n 1 a a
Apply (iv) in (4) we get
u(x,0)  Bn sin

n x nb 4 x 3 x
sinh  5sin  3sin
n1 a a a a
x b 2 x 2b 3 x 3b 4 x 4b 4 x 3 x
B1 sin sinh  B2 sin sinh  B3 sin sinh  B4 sin sinh  .... 5sin  3sin
a a a a a a a a a a

Equating the like coefficients

100

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

When n is odd , Bn  0
400
When n is even Bn 
nb
n sinh
a
Substituting this value of Bn in (4), we get the required temperature
distribution.


400 nx ny
u ( x, y )  sin sinh
nb a a
n 1, 3, 5..
n sinh
a

Type-B Temperature distribution along y-axis or

parallel to y-axis.
 2u  2u
1. Solve   0 which satisfies the conditions
x 2 y 2
u (0, y )  0, u ( x,0)  0, u ( x, b)  0 and u (a, y )  1000 C .
Solution:
Let u ( x, y ) be the temperature at any point (x , y) in
the steady state. Then u satisfies the differential equation
 2 u  2u
 0 .
x 2 y 2
The boundary conditions are
(i) u ( x,0)  0 y
(ii) u ( x, b)  0 y
(iii) u (0, y )  0
(iv) u ( a, y )  100,
0 yb
The correct solution should be

101

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

 
u ( x, y )  Ae px  Be  px C cos py  D sin py   (1)

 
Applying (i) in (1), we get
u ( x,0)  Ae px  Be  px C  0
C 0

 
Substitute C = 0 in eqn(1)
u ( x, y )  Ae px  Be  px D sin py  ( 2)
Applying (ii) in (2) , we get

 
u ( x, b)  Ae px  Be  px D sin bp
 
0  Ae px  Be  px D sin 10 p  
Here Ae px  Be  px  0, D  0
 sin bP  0
bp  n
n
p
b
 nbx nx
 nx
 u ( x, y )   Ae  Be b  D sin  (3)


  b
Applying (iii) in eqn (3)
ny
u (0, y )   A  B D sin  0 A B  0
b
B  A
(4) reduces to
nx ny
u ( x, y )  Bn sinh sinh n  1,2,3.....
b b
Hence the most general form of the solution is

u ( x, y )   Bn sinh

nx ny
sin      ( 4)
n 1 b b
102

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Applying condition (iv) in eqn (4)

100   Bn sinh

na ny
sin      ( 6)
n 1 b b

na 2 ny
  100 sinh
b
 Bn sinh dy
b b0 b
200 b  ny  200 b
 
b

   cos  1  (  1)
b  0
n

b n b n
0 , n is odd
400
 , n is even
n
Bn  0 if n is even
400
 , n is odd
na
n sinh
b


400 
1 nx ny
 (5)  u ( x, y )  sinh sin
 na b b
n1, 3, 5...
n. sinh
b


400 
1 (2n  1)x (2n  1)y
u ( x, y )  sinh sin
 (2n  1)a b b
n 1
(2n  1). sinh
b

103

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

Type-C Temperature distribution given on x and y aixs

1. A rectangular plate is bounded by the lines x=0, y=0, x=a,y=b.

Its surfaces are insulated and the temperature along two
adjacent edges are kept at 1000C, while the temperature along
other two edges are at 00C. Find the steady state temperature
at any point in the plate. Also find the steady state temperature
at any point of side ‘a’ if two adjacent edges are kept at 1000C
and the others at 00C.
Solution:
Let u ( x, y ) be the temperature at any point (x , y) in
the steady state. Then u satisfies the differential equation
 2 u  2u
  0 . --------(1)
x 2 y 2
The boundary conditions are
(i) u (0, y )  0 0  y  b
(ii) u ( x,0)  0 0 xa
(iii) u ( a , y )  100 0  y  b
(iv) u ( x, b)  100, 0  x  a
Where u1(x,y) and u2(x,y) are solutions of (1) and further u1(x,y) is
the temperature at P with edge BC kept at 1000 C and the other
three sides at 00C while u2(x,y) is the temperature at P with the
edge AB maintained at 1000C and the other three edges at 00C.
Boundary conditions for the functions u1(x,y) and u2(x,y) are

104

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

u1 (0, y)  0 u2 (x,0)  0
u1 (a, y)  0 u2 (x, b)  0
u1 (x,0)  0 u2 (0, y)  0
u1 (x, b)  1000 C      (2) u2 (a, y)  1000 C      (3)

The most general solution for u1 ( x, y ) satisfying the equation (1)

and 1st three boundary conditions in (2) is given by

u ( x, y )   Bn sinh

nx ny
sin      ( 4)
n 1 a a

Now u1 ( x, y )   Bn sinh

nx nb
sin
n 1 a a
By applying the last boundary condition in (2)

100   Bn sinh

nb nx
sin
n1 a a

105

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

EnggTree.com

nb 2 nyx
  100 sinh
a
 Bn sinh dx
a a0 a
200  nx  200
 
a

   cos   1  (1) n
n  a  0 n
0 , n is odd
400
 , n is even
n
Bn  0 if n is even
400
 , n is odd
na
n sinh
b


400 
1 ny nx
 (5)  u1 ( x, y )  sinh sin
 nb a a
n 1, 3, 5...
n. sinh
a


400 
1 (2n  1)x ( 2n  1)y
u1 ( x, y )  sinh sin
 (2n  1)b a a
n 1
( 2n  1).sinh
a
Similarly we get


400 
1 (2n  1)x (2n  1)y
u 2 ( x, y )  sinh sin
 (2n  1)a b b
n 1
(2n  1). sinh
b

 u ( x, y )  u1 ( x, y )  u 2 ( x, y )

106

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

The Art of Problem Solving Intermediate Algebra
96% (25)
The Art of Problem Solving Intermediate Algebra
720 pages
Digital SAT Math Practice Questions
61% (31)
Digital SAT Math Practice Questions
29 pages
Discovering Geometry Solutions Manual
70% (10)
Discovering Geometry Solutions Manual
304 pages
Woodcock Johson IV Training Manual PDF
100% (2)
Woodcock Johson IV Training Manual PDF
48 pages
Introduction To Geometry
90% (21)
Introduction To Geometry
580 pages
The Motivational Interviewing Workbook - Exercises To Decide What You Want and How To Get There
100% (10)
The Motivational Interviewing Workbook - Exercises To Decide What You Want and How To Get There
224 pages
Algebra Cheat Sheet
97% (72)
Algebra Cheat Sheet
2 pages
Workout Log
63% (19)
Workout Log
8 pages
Physics Primer - Homework - 1
95% (42)
Physics Primer - Homework - 1
40 pages
Golf Strategies - Dave Pelz's Short Game Bible PDF
92% (24)
Golf Strategies - Dave Pelz's Short Game Bible PDF
444 pages
Catherine V Holmes - How To Draw Cool Stuff, A Drawing Guide For Teachers and Students
97% (35)
Catherine V Holmes - How To Draw Cool Stuff, A Drawing Guide For Teachers and Students
260 pages
Parts Work 4th Edition
100% (30)
Parts Work 4th Edition
166 pages
[Algebra Essentials Practice Workbook with Answers Linear and Quadratic Equations Cross Multiplying and Systems of Equations Improve your Math Fluency Series] Chris McMullen - Algebra Essentials Practice Workbook with A.pdf
82% (11)
[Algebra Essentials Practice Workbook with Answers Linear and Quadratic Equations Cross Multiplying and Systems of Equations Improve your Math Fluency Series] Chris McMullen - Algebra Essentials Practice Workbook with A.pdf
207 pages
Math 87 Mathematics 8 - 7 Textbook An Incremental Development Stephen Hake John Saxon
100% (10)
Math 87 Mathematics 8 - 7 Textbook An Incremental Development Stephen Hake John Saxon
696 pages
Astrology Cheatsheet
98% (44)
Astrology Cheatsheet
15 pages
Self-System Therapy For Depression Client Workbook
100% (9)
Self-System Therapy For Depression Client Workbook
113 pages
BS (CS) Courses Contents - Updated Through HEC Curriculum
75% (8)
BS (CS) Courses Contents - Updated Through HEC Curriculum
22 pages
Hildebrand CA
100% (1)
Hildebrand CA
746 pages
The Colossal Book of Mathematics PDF
100% (11)
The Colossal Book of Mathematics PDF
744 pages
Algebra 8-1studyguide
71% (7)
Algebra 8-1studyguide
110 pages
MA3351-TRANSORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS- By www.notesfree.in
No ratings yet
MA3351-TRANSORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS- By www.notesfree.in
160 pages
Module 3 - Partial Differential Equations Part 1 - PPT. 16888102435516
No ratings yet
Module 3 - Partial Differential Equations Part 1 - PPT. 16888102435516
33 pages
Q1 PDF
No ratings yet
Q1 PDF
252 pages
PDE 1 - ME (3rd Sem)
100% (1)
PDE 1 - ME (3rd Sem)
4 pages
Module-4 Partial Differential calculus
No ratings yet
Module-4 Partial Differential calculus
30 pages
MA8353TPDE2018
No ratings yet
MA8353TPDE2018
407 pages
Mathunit 1 Pde PDF Notes
No ratings yet
Mathunit 1 Pde PDF Notes
41 pages
QB 3
No ratings yet
QB 3
1 page
Course Handout MAT 201: Partial Differential Equations and Complex Analysis Module 1: Partial Differential Equations
No ratings yet
Course Handout MAT 201: Partial Differential Equations and Complex Analysis Module 1: Partial Differential Equations
37 pages
TPDE - UNIT I - PPT Class
100% (2)
TPDE - UNIT I - PPT Class
153 pages
Unit-Ii: Partial Differential Equations-I: X y Yy XX Xy
No ratings yet
Unit-Ii: Partial Differential Equations-I: X y Yy XX Xy
16 pages
Biotech All Subject Question Part A B C Odd Iii Sem 2019 20
No ratings yet
Biotech All Subject Question Part A B C Odd Iii Sem 2019 20
318 pages
ST ST
No ratings yet
ST ST
9 pages
Module - 3 Partial Differential Equations
No ratings yet
Module - 3 Partial Differential Equations
23 pages
Formulae
No ratings yet
Formulae
37 pages
PDF
No ratings yet
PDF
70 pages
Unit I Partial Differential Equations
No ratings yet
Unit I Partial Differential Equations
168 pages
Unit V Partial Differential Equations: Solution
No ratings yet
Unit V Partial Differential Equations: Solution
19 pages
MATHunit 1 (2) 2
No ratings yet
MATHunit 1 (2) 2
96 pages
12
No ratings yet
12
7 pages
II Sem - Module 4 - Partial Diferential Equations - Notes
No ratings yet
II Sem - Module 4 - Partial Diferential Equations - Notes
17 pages
Introduction New
No ratings yet
Introduction New
28 pages
MA6351 Transforms and Partial Differential Equations 11
No ratings yet
MA6351 Transforms and Partial Differential Equations 11
202 pages
MAT201 Module 1 - KQB KtuQbank
No ratings yet
MAT201 Module 1 - KQB KtuQbank
25 pages
TPDE
No ratings yet
TPDE
133 pages
MA8353 PEC - by EasyEngineering - Net 02
No ratings yet
MA8353 PEC - by EasyEngineering - Net 02
183 pages
Unit V Partial Differential Equations: Solution
No ratings yet
Unit V Partial Differential Equations: Solution
18 pages
11 - Partial Differential Equations
50% (4)
11 - Partial Differential Equations
82 pages
Stucor Ma3351 RF
No ratings yet
Stucor Ma3351 RF
295 pages
Ma6351-Tpde - Anna University Important Two Marks
No ratings yet
Ma6351-Tpde - Anna University Important Two Marks
49 pages
1.formulation of PDE
100% (2)
1.formulation of PDE
13 pages
SEM 3 Math PDF
No ratings yet
SEM 3 Math PDF
295 pages
Ma6351 Tpde PDF
No ratings yet
Ma6351 Tpde PDF
295 pages
Partial Differential Equations
No ratings yet
Partial Differential Equations
64 pages
Module 4 - Partial Differential Equations
No ratings yet
Module 4 - Partial Differential Equations
8 pages
Sri Vidya College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar Course Material (Question Bank)
No ratings yet
Sri Vidya College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar Course Material (Question Bank)
4 pages
Unit 1 Tpde & Pde Lecture Notes PDF
No ratings yet
Unit 1 Tpde & Pde Lecture Notes PDF
36 pages
1.formulation of PDE
No ratings yet
1.formulation of PDE
13 pages
Solu of Assignment 4
No ratings yet
Solu of Assignment 4
8 pages
Ma6351 Pec UNIT - Tpde 1 Pec
No ratings yet
Ma6351 Pec UNIT - Tpde 1 Pec
183 pages
Unit 1 Partial Differential Equations
100% (2)
Unit 1 Partial Differential Equations
153 pages
4
No ratings yet
4
16 pages
Derivation of A Partial D.E
No ratings yet
Derivation of A Partial D.E
7 pages
Unit 1 Maths Quantum
No ratings yet
Unit 1 Maths Quantum
22 pages
3140610_CVPDE_GTU_Study_Material_e-Notes_Unit---4_25012021084133AM
No ratings yet
3140610_CVPDE_GTU_Study_Material_e-Notes_Unit---4_25012021084133AM
8 pages
SOLUTION OF LINEAR PDE
No ratings yet
SOLUTION OF LINEAR PDE
8 pages
Unit
100% (1)
Unit
93 pages
VL2024250109208_DA (1)
No ratings yet
VL2024250109208_DA (1)
2 pages
Module 2 PDF
No ratings yet
Module 2 PDF
34 pages
Partial Differential Equation
No ratings yet
Partial Differential Equation
9 pages
tute3
No ratings yet
tute3
1 page
MA406 Tutorial 3
No ratings yet
MA406 Tutorial 3
1 page
FORMATION OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
No ratings yet
FORMATION OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
9 pages
Unit 3 DELA Tutorial PDE & Applications
No ratings yet
Unit 3 DELA Tutorial PDE & Applications
2 pages
Charpit's Method
No ratings yet
Charpit's Method
2 pages
Analytic Geometry: Graphic Solutions Using Matlab Language
From Everand
Analytic Geometry: Graphic Solutions Using Matlab Language
Ing. Mario Castillo
No ratings yet
Trigonometric Ratios to Transformations (Trigonometry) Mathematics E-Book For Public Exams
From Everand
Trigonometric Ratios to Transformations (Trigonometry) Mathematics E-Book For Public Exams
Mohmmad Khaja Shareef
5/5 (1)
Shortcuts to College Calculus Refreshment Kit
From Everand
Shortcuts to College Calculus Refreshment Kit
Juan Acevedo
No ratings yet
Solving Math Problems
From Everand
Solving Math Problems
George N. Frempong
No ratings yet
Factoring and Algebra - A Selection of Classic Mathematical Articles Containing Examples and Exercises on the Subject of Algebra (Mathematics Series)
From Everand
Factoring and Algebra - A Selection of Classic Mathematical Articles Containing Examples and Exercises on the Subject of Algebra (Mathematics Series)
CSPacademic
No ratings yet
DPCO - CS3351 Notes - Unit 2 - Synchronous Sequential Logic
No ratings yet
DPCO - CS3351 Notes - Unit 2 - Synchronous Sequential Logic
101 pages
Ma3351-Tpde Question Bank
No ratings yet
Ma3351-Tpde Question Bank
26 pages
Data Structure - CS3301 - Question Bank and Important 2 Marks Questions With Answer
No ratings yet
Data Structure - CS3301 - Question Bank and Important 2 Marks Questions With Answer
46 pages
MA3351 Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Apr May 2023 Question Paper Download
No ratings yet
MA3351 Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Apr May 2023 Question Paper Download
3 pages
How To Read Sheet Music For Beginners
100% (2)
How To Read Sheet Music For Beginners
15 pages
Algebra 2
95% (19)
Algebra 2
200 pages
How To Distinguish ADHD From Typical Toddler Behavior
100% (1)
How To Distinguish ADHD From Typical Toddler Behavior
24 pages
Tarasov Calculus
100% (1)
Tarasov Calculus
179 pages
Pre-Algebra and Algebra
100% (23)
Pre-Algebra and Algebra
66 pages
Mathematics Fundamentals
89% (9)
Mathematics Fundamentals
198 pages
Day 2 Math, Distributive Property
No ratings yet
Day 2 Math, Distributive Property
9 pages
M. Aurelius PDF
100% (10)
M. Aurelius PDF
366 pages
Fractions
100% (10)
Fractions
50 pages
Florida Teacher Certificate Examinations (FTCE) Study Guide
0% (2)
Florida Teacher Certificate Examinations (FTCE) Study Guide
20 pages
ECG Rhythm Interpretation 2007
100% (20)
ECG Rhythm Interpretation 2007
533 pages
Maple SAM-04
No ratings yet
Maple SAM-04
6 pages
P1.7 Genetic Algorithms in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
No ratings yet
P1.7 Genetic Algorithms in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
7 pages
NumericalAnalysis Notes (In Progress)
No ratings yet
NumericalAnalysis Notes (In Progress)
79 pages
MADE EASY Editorial Board - GATE-Mechanical Engineering-MADE EASY Publications (2017)
100% (2)
MADE EASY Editorial Board - GATE-Mechanical Engineering-MADE EASY Publications (2017)
739 pages
Crank NicolsonandModifiedCrank Nicolsonmethods1
No ratings yet
Crank NicolsonandModifiedCrank Nicolsonmethods1
7 pages
Class14 Annotated Module04 Problems PDF
No ratings yet
Class14 Annotated Module04 Problems PDF
14 pages
The Third Law of Thermodynamics
No ratings yet
The Third Law of Thermodynamics
8 pages
Separation of Variables Method For Partial Differential Equations
100% (1)
Separation of Variables Method For Partial Differential Equations
14 pages
Direct Trajectory Optimization Using Nonlinear Programming and Collocation
No ratings yet
Direct Trajectory Optimization Using Nonlinear Programming and Collocation
5 pages
Journal of Computational Physics: Haifeng Wang, Pavel P. Popov, Stephen B. Pope
No ratings yet
Journal of Computational Physics: Haifeng Wang, Pavel P. Popov, Stephen B. Pope
27 pages
Full Download Dynamics and Control of Industrial Cranes Keum-Shik Hong PDF
100% (7)
Full Download Dynamics and Control of Industrial Cranes Keum-Shik Hong PDF
35 pages
Tutorial Sem 4 Final
No ratings yet
Tutorial Sem 4 Final
21 pages
Chapter 3 - Continuous Dynamic Systems Modeling
No ratings yet
Chapter 3 - Continuous Dynamic Systems Modeling
23 pages
Introduction To Modeling in With Odes: Mathematical
No ratings yet
Introduction To Modeling in With Odes: Mathematical
83 pages
1801071515297576yiqBEIT 1-8
No ratings yet
1801071515297576yiqBEIT 1-8
112 pages
Process Modelling, Simulation and Control For Chemical Engineers. Solved Problems. Chapter 6: Time-Domain Dy-Namics: Part I
No ratings yet
Process Modelling, Simulation and Control For Chemical Engineers. Solved Problems. Chapter 6: Time-Domain Dy-Namics: Part I
20 pages
Lecture 4 (Laplace Transform Review)
No ratings yet
Lecture 4 (Laplace Transform Review)
19 pages
MOL Flexible Coupling of SPM For Li Ion Batteries by Thermal Modelling
No ratings yet
MOL Flexible Coupling of SPM For Li Ion Batteries by Thermal Modelling
11 pages
BSC Mathematics
No ratings yet
BSC Mathematics
13 pages
Analytical Meth For Riccati
No ratings yet
Analytical Meth For Riccati
7 pages
Fundamentals of Structural Dynamics 2nd Edition Roy R. Craig pdf download
No ratings yet
Fundamentals of Structural Dynamics 2nd Edition Roy R. Craig pdf download
84 pages
HOLDE
No ratings yet
HOLDE
12 pages
Sybscit 202324
No ratings yet
Sybscit 202324
57 pages
Examination Solutions of Simple Buckling Column by Second-Order Analysis
No ratings yet
Examination Solutions of Simple Buckling Column by Second-Order Analysis
8 pages
New Soliton Solutions of Nonlinear Space-Time Frac
No ratings yet
New Soliton Solutions of Nonlinear Space-Time Frac
6 pages

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.