Unit-I Partial Differential Equations

PART-B
1) Find the equation of all planes which are at a constant distance k from the
origin.
Solution:
The equation of a plane which is at a constant distance k from the origin.

x cos y cos z cos k

Where
Taking

cos , cos , cos

are the direction cosines of a normal to the plane.

cos a, cos b, cos c

the plane can be assumed as

and noting that a2 + b2 + c2 =1, the equation of

ax by 1 a 2 b 2 z k .......(1)

here a and b are treated as arbitrary constants diff (1) p.w.r.to x and y ,
we have

a 1 a 2 b 2 p 0.......(2)

b 1 a 2 b 2 q 0.......(3)

and

a b
1 a 2 b 2 , say
p q
From (2) and (3),

a p, b q and 1 2 ( p 2 q 2 )
2

1
1 p q
2

ie ) 1 2 ( p 2 q 2 ) 2

or

1 p2 q2

is negative as 1 a 2 b 2

px qy z k z px qy
Using these values in (1) we get

k
or

z px qy k 1 p 2 q 2
which is the required solution of the PDE.
2) Form the PDE by eliminating f from f( x2 + y2 + z2, ax +by +cz) = 0
Solution:
Rewriting the given equation as
x2 + y2 + z2 = f(ax +by +cz)
diff (1) p.w.r to x we get

...(1)

2x + 2zp = f( ax +by +cz) (a+cp)

...(2)

diff (1) p.w.r to y we get

2y + 2zq = f( ax +by +cz) (b+cq)
2( x zp )
2( y zq )

( 2)
(3)

...(3)

a + cp
b cq

i.e., (cy -pz)p + (az - cx)q = bx - ay

3) Solve z = px + qy + p2 + q2
Solution:

The given equation is a clairauts type equation.

Complete solution is z = ax+by+ a2 + b2(1)
Diff (1) p.w.r.to a , x+2ab2 = 0.(2)
Diff (1) p.w.r.to b , y+2a2b= 0.(3)
From (2) and (3),we get

x b
b a
or k , say
y a
x y
b kx and a ky u sin g in (2) x 2k 3 x 2 y 0
1
y
x
or k
a
and b
1
1
1
(2 xy) 3
(2 xy) 3
u sin g these values in (1), we get

xy
1

(2 xy) 3

xy
1

(2 xy) 3
2

(2 xy) 3

x2 y2
4

(2 xy) 3
2

1
3
ie ) z (2 xy) 3 (2 xy) 3 (2 xy) 3
4
4
3
2 2
3
64 z 27(4 x y ) or 16 z 27 x 2 y 2 0
Which is the singular solution of the given PDE.
To get the general solution, we put b = f(a) in (1),where f is an arbitrary function.
Then z = ax+f(a)y+ a2[f(a)]2..(4)
Diff (4) p.w.r.to a we get 0 = x + y f (a ) + 2a[f(a)]2 + 2a2 f(a). f (a)..(5)
from (4) and (5) gives the general solution of the PDE.

4) Solve z = px+qy+

1 p2 q2

Solution:

1 p2 q2
Given z = px+qy+
This is of the form z = px + qy + f(p,q) [clairauts form]
Hence the complete integral is z = ax+by+

1 a2 b2

---(1)

Where a and b are arbitrary constants.

for finding singular solution differentiate (1) w .r.to a and b

......( 2) y

......(3)
1 a 2 b2
1 a2 b2
a 2 b2
a2 b2
2
2
x2 y2
;
1

1 a2 b2
1 a2 b2
1
1
1 x2 y2
; 1 a 2 b2
2
2
1 a b
1 x2 y2
(2) and (3) becomes a

x
1 x2 y 2

;b

y
1 x2 y2

sub a and b in (1) we get z 1 x 2 y 2

Therefore z 2 1 x 2 y 2
x 2 y 2 z 2 1 is the sin gular solution.
put b ( a ) in (1) z ax (a ) y 1 a 2 (a ) 2 .....(4)
diff ( 4) p.w.r.to a we get
[2a 2 (a ) ' (a )]
0 x ( a )' y
.........(5)
2 1 a 2 (a ) 2
e lim inate a between (4) and (5) we get the general solution.
ie)
5) Solve z = px + qy +p2 - q2
Solution:
Given z = px + qy +p2 - q2

...(1)

The equation is of the form z = ax + by + f(p,q) [Clairauts type]

Therefore the complement integral is
z = ax + by +a2 - b2

...(2)

diff (2) p.w.r. to a we get

0 = x + 2a

...(3)

diff (2) p.w.r to b we get

0 = y - 2b

(3) a =

x
,
2

...(4)

(4) b =

y
2

sub in (2) we get

z=

x2 y2 x2 y2

2
2
4

4z = y2 - x2is the singular solution.

put b = (a) in (2)
z = ax + (a)y + a2 - [(a)]2

...(5)

diff (5) p.w.r we a get

0 = x + (a)y + 2a - 2 (a) (a)

...(6)

Eliminating a between (5) & (6) we get the general solution.

6) Solve p + q = pq.
Solution:
Given p + q = pq
This is of the form F(p,q) = 0
The solution of this equation is z = ax + by + c

a + b = ab since p =

z
x

= a, q =

z
y

=b

Solving for b, we get

ab - b = a
b(a - 1) = a

b=

a
a 1

Hence the complete solution is

ax

z=

a
yc
a 1

...(1)

diff p.w.r to c we get

0 = 1 [absurd]
Hence there is no singular Integral.
To find the general solution put c = (a)
ax

z=

a
y (a)
a 1

...(2)

diff p.w.r. to a
x

(a 1) (1) a(1)
(a 1) 2

y (a )

=
x

a 1 a
y (a )
(a 1) 2

1
y ( a )
( a 1) 2

...(3)

Eliminating a between (2) & (3) we get the general solution of the given PDE.
7) Solve x(y - z)p + y(z -x)q = z(x - y)
Solution:
Given x(y - z)p + y(z -x)q = z (x - y)
where P = x(y -z), Q = y(z -x), R = z(x - y)
Lagranges subsidiary equations are
dx dy dz

P Q
R

i.e.,

dx
dy
dz

x( y z ) y ( z x) z ( x y )

Taking the Lagranges multipliers are 1, 1, 1, we get

dx dy dz
d ( x y z)

x( y z ) y ( z x) z ( x y )
0

Hence d (x + y +z) = 0 Integrating we get

x+y+z=0
1 1 1
, , ,
x y z

Taking the Lagrange multipliers

we have

dy
dx
dz

x ( y z ) y ( z x) z ( x y )

1
1
1
1
1
1
dx dy dz
dx dy dz
x
y
z
x
y
z

( y z ) ( z x) ( x y
0

1
1
1
dx dy dz 0
x
y
z

i.e.,

Integrating we get
log x + log y + log z

= log b

xyz = b
Hence the general solutions is (a, b) = 0
i.e., (x + y + z , xyz) = 0
where is arbitrary.
8) Find the general integral of p - q = log ( x + y)
Solution:
Given p - q = log ( x + y)
The given p.d.e is of the form Pp + Qq = R
Where P = 1, Q = -1, and R = log(x + y)
Lagranges subsidiary equations are
dx dy dz

P Q
R
dx dy
dz

1 1 log ( x y )

i.e.,

...(1)

dx dy

1 1

Take

dx = -dy
dx = -dy
x = -y + c1
u=x+y

i.e.,

...(2)

dx
dz

1 log ( x y )

Take

dx
dz

1 log (u )

by (2)
(log u) dx = dz
(log u) dx = dz
[Since log u is constant, x + y = c1]
(log u) x = z + c2
x log (x + y) z = c2
i.e.,

v = x log (x + y) z

Hence the general equation is

(x + y, x log(x+ y) - z) = 0
or x log (x + y) - z = (x +y) where is arbitrary.
9) Solve (mz-ny) p + (nx-lz) q = ly-mx
Solution:
The given equation is of the form Pp+ Qq = R

Lagranges subsidiary equations are

dx
dy
dz

..........(1)
mz ny nx lz ly mx
.

Choosing the multipliers l,m,n each ratio in (1)

ldx mdy ndz

= 0,

lx my nz a

is one of the solution of the equations

Choosing the multipliers x,y,z each ratio in (1) =

Therefore
Therefore

xdx ydy zdz

ldx mdy ndz

0

xdx ydy zdz

0

= 0,

x2 y2 z2 b

is another solution of the equations

So General solution of the lagrangian equation is f(

Where f is an arbitrary function.
p x q y z.

10) Find the solution of

Solution:
p x q y z

Given
The equation is of the form Pp+Qq = R
P x, Q

R z

Where

and
dx dy dz

P Q
R

Lagranges subsidiary equations are

dx
x

i.e.,
...(1)

dy
y

dz
z

lx my nz, x 2 y 2 z 2

)=0

dx
x

dy

Take

dz
z

Take

dx
x

dy

2 x 2 y 2c1
x

dz

2 y 2 2 2c 2

y c1
x

dy

y z c2
y z

c1 =

c2 =
x y

y z

u=

i.e.,

v=

i.e.,

Hence the general solution is

y , y z 0.

Where is arbitrary.
11) Solve (x2 - yz)p + (y2 - zx)q

= (z2 - xy).

Solution:
Given (x2 - yz)p + (y2 - zx)q = (z2 - xy)
This equation is of the form Pp+Qq = R
When P = x2 - yz Q = y2 - zx R = z2 - xy
Lagranges subsidiary equation are
dx dy dz

P Q
R
dy
dx
dz
2
2
x yz y zx z xy
2

i.e.,
Method of grouping not possible

By method of multipliers
xdx ydy zdz

dx dy dz
x 2 y 2 z 2 xy yz zx

x y 3 z 3 3xyz
2

=
xdx ydy zdz
( x y z )( x y z xy yz zx )
2

dx dy dz
x y z 2 xy yz zx
2

xdx ydy zdz dx dy dz

x yz
1

xdx + ydy + zdz = (x+y+z) d(x+y+z)

Integrating on both sides
x 2 y 2 z 2 ( x y z) 2 a

2
2
2
2
2

x2 + y2 + z2 = (x+ y + z)2 + a
a = x2 + y2 + z2 (x + y + z)2
= x2 + y2 + z2 x2 y2 z2 2xy 2yz 2zx
= -2(xy + yz + zx)

i.e.,xy + yz + zx =

a
2

= u [constant]

dx dy
dy dz
2
2
( x yz ) ( y 2 z ) ( y zx ) ( z 2 xy )
2

d ( x y)
d ( y z)
2
2
( x y ) z ( x y) ( y z 2 ) x( y z )
2

d ( x y)
d ( y z)

( x y )( x y 2) ( y z )( y z ) x( y z )
d ( x y)
d ( y z)

( x y )( x y z ) ( y z )( x y z )
d ( x y) d ( y z)

x y
yz

Integrating on both sides we get

log (x y) = log (y z) + log b
x y
bv
yz

Hence the general solution is

x y
0
f xy yz zx ,
y z

When is arbitrary.
12) Find the general solutions x(y2 - z2)p + y(z2 - x2)q = z ( x2 - y2)
Solution:
Given x(y2 - z2)p + y(z2 - x2)q = z(x2 - y2)
The equations is of the form Pp +Q q = R

...(1)

where P = x(y2 - z2), Q = y(z2 - x2), R = z ( x2 - y2)

dx dy dz

P Q
R

Lagranges subsidiary equation is

dy
dx
dz

2
2
2
2
x( y z ) y ( z x ) z ( x y 2 )
2

i.e.,
Use Lagranges multipliers x, y, z we get each ratio in (2)

x dx y dy z dz
x ( y z ) y (z x ) z (x y )
2

i.e.,

x dx y dy z dz
0

x dx + y dy + z dz = 0

Integrating we get
x dx + y dy +z dz = 0

x2 y2 z2 a

2
2
2 2

i.e.,

x2 + y2 + z2 = a
1 1 1
, ,
x y z

Use Lagranges multipliers

we get

each ratio in (2)

1
1 1
1
1
1
dx dz
dx dy dz
x
y z
x
y
z
2

2
2
2
2
2
0
y z z x x y

1
1
1
dx dy dz 0
x
y
z

i.e.,
Integrating we get

1
dx
x

1
dy
y

1
dz 0
z

log x + log y + log z = log b

log (xyz) = log b
i.e., xyz = b

Hence the general equations is (x2 + y2+ z2, x yz) = 0. when is arbitrary.
13) Solve [ D2 - DD - 6D 2]z

= x2y + e3x +y

Solution:
Given [D2 - DD - 6D2]z = x2y + e3x +y
The auxiliary equation is m2 m 6 = 0
m = -2, 3
C.F =

1( y - 2x) + 2( y + 3x)

1
1
x2 y 2
2
2

D DD 6 D
D

D 6 D
1

D2

P.I1 =
1
D2

D 6D 2

D D2

1
2

x2 y

x2 y

1
D 6D 2 2
1 2
x2
1

x
y

x
y

D
D
D2
D2
D2
x4 y x5 x4
1 2
x3
x
y

[5 y x]

3
12
60 60
D2
1
e 3x y
D DD 6 D 2
2

P.I2 =

Replace D by 3 D by 1 we get dr = 0

1
e3x y

( D 3D )( D 2 D )
1
1
e3x y
5 D 3D
1 3x y
xe
5

by Note 1.

Hence the complete integral is

z

C.F + P.I1 + P.I2

1 ( y 2 x) 2 ( y 3x)

z=

x4
x
( x 5 y) e 3x y
60
5

14) Solve (D3 - 7DD 2 - 6D 3)z = sin ( x + 2y) + e3x + y

Solution:
Given (D3 - 7DD2 - 6D3)z = sin ( x + 2y) + e3x + y
The auxiliary equation is m2 - 7m - 6 = 0
(m + 1) (m + 2) (m - 3) = 0

=
m

x4 y x5 x4
1 2
x3
x
y

[5 y x]

3
12
60 60
D2

-1, -2, 3.

C.F = 1(y - x) + 2(y - 2x) + 3(y + 3x)

P.I1 =

1
sin ( x 2 y )
D 3 7 DD 2
sin ( x 2 y )
D 7(2) D 6(4) D
sin ( x 2 y )
D 14 D 24 D
sin ( x 2 y )
D 38 D

D2 by -22 = -4

DD by (-1)(2) = -2

D 38 D
sin ( x 2 y )
D 2 1444 D 2

( D 38D ) sin ( x 2 y )
1 1444 (4)
1
[ cos ( x 2 y ) 38 cos ( x 2 y ) 2]
5775
1
[cos ( x 2 y ) 76 cos ( x 2 y )]
5775

ReplaceD2 by -12 = -1

77 cos ( x 2 y )
1

cos ( x 2 y )
5775
75

1
e 3x y
D 7 DD 2 6 D 3
2

P.I2 =

Replace D by 3 and D by 1 we get dr = 0

1
e 3 x y
( D D ) ( D 2 D ) ( D 3D )

1
e 3x y
(4) (5) ( D 3D )
1
1
e 3x y

20 D 3D
1
x e 3x y
20

by Note 1

Hence the complete solution is

z

C.F + P.I1 + P.I2

f 1 ( y x) f 2 ( y 2 x) f 3 ( y 3 x)

1
x 3 x y
cos(x 2 y )
e
75
20

15) Solve (D3 + D2D - DD 2 - D 3)z = ex cos 2y.

Solution:
Given ( D3 + D2D - DD2 - D3)z = ex cos 2y.
The auxiliary equation is m3 + m2 - m - 1 = 0
(m +1)2 (m -1) = 0
m = 1, -1,-1
C.F =

1(y + x) + 2(y - x) + x3(y - x)

1
e x cos 2 y
D D D DD 2 D 3
3

P.I. =

ex

cos 2 y
( D 1) ( D 1) 2 D ( D 1) D 2 D 3
3

=
ei2 y
( D 1) 3 ( D 1) 2 D ( D 1) D 2 D 3

exReal part of

exR.p of
ex
5

e i2 y
1 2i 4 8i

R.p of

1 x1
e
5 5

1 2i
e i2 y
(1 2i) (1 2i)

(1 2i ) [cos 2 y i sin 2 y ]

R.p of

e
[cos 2 y 2 sin 2 y ]
25

The complete solution is z = C.F + P.I.

f 1 ( y x) f 2 ( y x) xf 3 ( y x )

ex
[cos 2 y 2 sin 2 y ]
25

16) Solve [D2 +3DD - 4D 2]z = x + siny

Solution :
The auxiliary equation is m2 +3m 4 = 0
(m+4)(m-1)= 0
m=1,m=-4
C.F = f1(y-4x)+ f2(y+x)

P.I1

1
x
D 3DD 4 D2
2

P.I 1

1
2
D

1
2

3DD 4 D 2
D 1

D2

3DD 4 D 2
1

D2

1
3DD 4 D 2
2 1
....
2
D
D

1
2 [ x 0]
D
x3

1
sin y
D 3DD 4 D 2
1

sin y replace D 2 by 0 D 2 by 12
0 0 4( 1)
PI 2

1
sin y
4
z C.F P.I 1 PI 2

17) Solve [D3 +D2D - D 3]z = sin2x cosy

Solution:

The auxiliary quation is m3 +m2 -m 1 = 0

ie)(m+1)( m2 1)= 0 ie) m=-1,-1,1
C.F= f1(y-x)+x f2(y-x)+ f3(y+x)

1
1
sin( 2 x y ) sin( 2 x y )
2
2
( D D )( D D ) 2
1
1
1
sin( 2 x y ) sin( 2 x y )

2 ( D D ) 4 1
1 ( D D )
sin( 2 x y ) sin( 2 x y )

6 ( D 2 D 2 )
1
cos( 2 x y ) 3 cos( 2 x y )
18
PI1

General solution is z = C.F + P.I

18) Solve [ 2D2- DD - D 2 + 6D + 3 D ]z = xe

Solution :
2D2- DD - D2 + 6D + 3 D = (2D + D ) (D - D )+ 3(2D + D )
= (2D + D ) (D - D +3)
So the given equation becomes (2D + D ) (D - D +3) =xe
C.F = f1(y-(x/2))+e-3x f2(y + x)

(or) f1(2y-x)+e-3x f2(y + x)

1
( xe y )
2
2 D DD D 6 D 3D
1
ey
( x)
2
2 D D( D 1) ( D 1) 2 6 D 3( D 1)
1
ey
( x)
2 5 D D 2 D 2 DD D 2
ey
1
{1 (5D D 2 D 2 DD D 2 )}1 ( x )
2
2
y
e
5
{1 D}x
2
2
1
(2 x 5)e y
4
2

P.I=

General solution = C.F + P.I

Unit-II Fourier series

Part-B

(0, )
( , 2 )

x
2 x

f ( x)
1.

Expand

1 1 1
2

.........

12 32 52
8

as Fourier series and hence deduce that

Answer:

f x

ao
an cos nx bn sin nx
2 n 1
n 1

........(1)

To find a0

1
a0

a0

1
f ( x) dx =

2 2

2
2

1
0 x dx+

1 x 2

(2

-x)
dx
=

(2 x) 2

............. (2)

To find an

1
an

1
an

an

1
f ( x) cos nx dx =

x cos nx dx + (2 x) cos nx dx
0

sin nx cos nx

x
1

2
nx
n

sin nx

(2 x)
(1)

1 cos n
1
1
cos n
2 2
2

n
n
n
n 2

2
n 2
2

cos

nx
2
n

cos n -1

' n' is even

0 ,
2
n

an 2 2 1 1 4

n
n 2 2 , 'n' is odd
To find bn

bn

1
bn

f ( x) sin nx dx =

x sin nx dx +

cos nx sin nx

x
1

2
n
n

(2 x) sin nx dx

-cos nx

(2 x)
( 1)

sin

nx
2
n

bn

cos nx + cos nx 0

n
n

f x
Fourier series

4
2 cos nx
2 n 1,3,5 n

Here x = 0 is a point of discontinuity which is one end of the given interval. Therefore,
the sum of Fourier series at x = 0 is the average value of f(x) at the end points of the
given interval.
Putting x = 0

4
f 0
2

4
0
2
4

n 1,3,5

n 1,3,5

n 1,3,5

1
n2

1
n2

n 1,3,5

=
n2
2

1
2
=
n2
8

1
1
1
2
+
+
+ .......=
12 32 52
8

2. Find the Fourier series for f(x) = x in (2

1 1 1
2
.........
12 22 32
6

(i)

(ii)

) and also prove that

1 1 1
2
.........
12 22 32
12

Answer:
Given f(x) = x2 . Here f(x) = f(-x) = x2
Hence f(x) is an even function.
Therefore bn = 0. Now the Fourier series of f(x) is given by

f ( x)

a0

To find a0

a
n 1

cos nx bn 0

2
2
2 x
a0 f ( x) dx = x 2 dx =
0
0
3

2
2
3

To find an

2
2
2 sin nx
sin
cos nx
nx
an f ( x) cos nx dx = x 2cosnx dx = x 2
2
2 x

2
0
0

n
n
n 3

u = x2
u = 2x

v = cos nx
v1
=

(Using Bernoullis formula)

sin nx
n
u= 2

v2 =

cos nx
2
n
u= 0

v3=

sin nx
3
n

an

2 2 cos n

n2

f ( x)

x2

2
3

2
3

2
3

4
n 1

4
n 1

4
( 1) n
2
n

( 1) n
cos nx
n2

( 1) n
cos nx
n2

cos 2 x cos 3 x
cos x

...
2
2
2

1
2
3

cos 3 x
cos x cos 2 x

...
2
2
2

2
3
1

Here x =

< x< .

(1)

is a point of discontinuity which is one end of the given interval

Therefore, the sum of Fourier series (1) at x =

is the value of f(x) at the end

points.

Putting x =

in (1), we get

1
1
1
f ( ) f ( )

4 2 2 2 ...

3
1
2
3
2

1
n 2

1
n 2

2 2
2

2
3

1
2

n2
6

Since x =0 is a point of continuity , the Fourier series (1) converges to f(0). Putting x
=0 in (1) ,we get,

1
1
1
2

...

12
22
32
12

3. Expand f(x) = x sinx as a Fourier series in

(0, 2 )

Answer:

ao
f x
an cos nx bn sin nx
2 n 1
n 1

........(1)

To find a0

a0

f ( x) dx =

x sin x dx = x( cos x) -1 (sin x)

0

2
0

1
2 2

sin 2 = 0, cos 2 =1

To find an

an

f ( x) cos nx dx =

Q cos A sin B

x sin x cos nx dx=

1
sin( A B) sin( A B)
2

1
2

x sin(n 1) x sin(n 1) x dx
0

sin (n+1)x
cos(n 1)x cos( n 1) x

n 1
n 1
(n 1) 2

1
an
2

an

sin (n-1)x

2
(n 1)

1
1
2

2
n 1 n 1 n 1

When n =1, we have

f ( x) cos nx dx =

Provided n 1

x sin x cos x dx=

1
2

x sin 2 x dx
0

Q sin 2 x 2 sin x cos x

1

2
a1

cos 2x
sin 2x

x 2 1 4

1
1

2
2

To find bn

bn

sin 2(n-1) =0 and cos 2(n+1) =1, cos 2(n-1) =1,

whether n is odd or even.)

a1

1
cos 2(n+1)
cos 2(n-1)

2
n 1
n 1

(Since sin 2(n+1) = 0,

an

f ( x) sin nx dx =

x sin x sin nx dx
0

1
bn
2

x cos(n 1) x cos(n 1) x dx
0

Q 2 sin A sin B= cos(A-B) - cos (A+B)

1
bn
2

cos (n-1)x cos (n+1)x

sin (n 1) x sin (n+1)x

n 1
n 1
( n 1) 2
( n 1) 2

bn

1 cos 2(n 1) cos 2( n 1)

1
1

2
2
2
2
(n 1)
(n 1)
( n 1)
( n 1) 2

bn

1
2

1
1
1
1
( n 1) 2 ( n 1) 2 ( n 1) 2 + ( n 1) 2 0

provided n 1

When n = 1, we have

1
b1

1
f ( x) sin nx dx =

1
x sin x sin x dx =
2

x 2 cos 2 x
sin 2 x
x
x

2
2
4

x(1 cos 2 x) dx
0

1
4 2 1 1
2

(2

2
2
4 4

Fourier series

f x

a0
a1 cos x b1 sin x an cos nx+
2
n2

a0 2, an =

f x 1

b
n2

sin nx

2
1
,
(n

1)
a

, b n 0, b1
1
n2 1
2

1
2
cos x sin x 2
cos nx
2
n

1
n2

x sin x 1 sin x

1
2
2
cos x 2
cos 2x + 2
cos 3x+.......
2
2 1
3 1

4. Find the Fourier expansion of

f ( x ) ( x)

in

(0, 2 )

and hence deduce

Answer:

ao
f x
an cos nx bn sin nx
2 n 1
n 1

........(1)

To find a0

1
a0

1
f ( x ) dx =

1 ( x)3
(

-x)
dx
=
0

3

3
1 3
2 2

3 3
3

To find an

an

f ( x) cos nx dx =

( x)

cos nx dx

1
sin nx
cos nx sin nx
=
( x) 2
2( x)(1)
2

n
n2
n3

1 2 cos 2n 2
4
2 2
2

n
n
n

1
n2

To find bn

1
bn

1
f ( x) sin nx dx =

( x)

sin nx dx

cos
-cos nx
sin nx
nx
2
2( x)(1)
( x)
2
3
n
n

1 - 2cos 2n
2 cos 2n 2 2

n
n3
n n3

1 - 2 2
2 2

0
n
n3 n n 3

2 4
f x

cos nx
3 n 1 n 2
Fourier series

f x

2
cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x

.......
2
2
2
3
2
3
1

f ( x) x

5. Obtain the Fourier series to represent the function

1
2

2
8
n 1 (2 n 1)

Deduce

Answer:

f ( x) x
,

The given function

x
is an even function.

The Fourier coefficient bn =0.

Hence the Fourier Series of f(x) is given by

f x

ao
an cos nx
2 n 1

( Q bn =0)

To find a0
a0

f ( x ) dx =

To find an

x dx =

x dx
0

2 x 2
2

........(1)

and

2
2
2
f ( x) cos nx dx = x cos nx dx = x cos nx dx

0
0
0

an

2 sin nx cos nx
=
x
1

n
n 2

2 cos n 1
2
2 2 ( 1) n 1
2

n
n
n

if ' n ' is even

0,

an 4
n 2 , if 'n' is odd

4
f x
cos nx
2 n 1, 3, 5 n 2

Fourier series

f x

4 cos x cos 3 x cos 5 x

.......
2
2
2
2 1
3
5

4 cos x cos 3 x cos 5 x

.......
2
2
2
2 1
3
5

Putting x =0

4
1
1

1 2 2 .......
2
3
5

2
1
1
1 2 2 .......
8
3
5
6. Find the Fourier series upto second harmonic for the following data for y with
period 6.
x:
y:

0
9

1
18

2
24

3
28

4
26

5
20

Answer:
Here the length of the interval is 6(not 2).
2l = 6 or l=3

The Fourier series is

f x

ao
x
2 x
x
2 x
a1 cos
+a2 cos
+b1 sin
b2 sin
........(1)
2
3
3
3
3
2 x
3

x
3

Y
y cos

x
3

y sin

x
3

y cos

Y sin

2 x
3

2 x
3

x
3

2 x
3

18

15.7

-9

15.6

2 x
3

4 x
3

24

-12

20.9

-24

28

-28

28

4
3

8
3

26

-13

-22.6

-13

22.6

5
3

10
3

20

10

-17.4

-10

-17.4

125

-25

-3.4

-19

20.8

a0 2

y
6

2( 125)
6

= 41.66

x
3 = -8.33

y cos

a1 2

x
3 = -1.13

y sin

b1 2

a2 2

2 x
3 = -6.33

y cos

2 x
3 = 6.9

y sin

b2 2

Substituting these values of a0, a1, b1, a2 and b2 in (1),we get

f x

41.66
x
2 x
x
2 x
8.33cos
6.33cos
-1.13sin
6.9 sin
2
3
3
3
3

7. Find the Fourier series up to 2nd harmonic for the function y = f(x) in
x:

f(x):

1.4

2
3

4
3

5
3

1.9

1.7

1.5

1.2

(0, 2 )

Answer

f x

ao
a1 cos x +a2 cos 2x + b1 sin x b2 sin 2x ........(1)
2

Where the Fourier coefficientsa0, a1, b1, a2 and b2.

Cos

Sin

y cos

2x
1

2x
0

x
1

0.5

0.866

0.5

0.866

1.9

-0.5

0.866

-0.5

1.7

-1

-1

4
3

1.5

-0.5

-0.5

5
3

1.2

0.5

Cos x

Sin x

1.0

1.4

3
2
3

0.866
0.866

-0.5

0.7

1.212

-0.7

1.212

-0.95

1.65

-0.95

-1.65

-1.7

1.7

0.866

-0.75

-1.299

-0.75

1.299

0.6

-1.039

-0.6

-1.039

-1.1

0.5196

-0.3

-0.1732

0.866

0.866

2
8.7 2.9
6

a1 2 mean value of y cos x in (0, 2 )

y cos x
6

-0.37

Ysin 2x

a0 2 mean value of y in (0, 2 )

Y cos
2x
1

8.7

y sin x

a2 2 mean value of y cos 2x in (0, 2 )

y cos 2x

-0.1

b1 2 mean value of y sin x in (0, 2 )

y sin x

0.17

b2 2 mean value of y sin 2x in (0, 2 )

y sin 2x
6

-0.06

Substituting these values of a0, a1, b1, a2 and b2 in (1), we get

f x 1.45 0.37 cos x 0.1cos 2 x 0.17 sin x 0.06 sin 2 x

8. Find the Fourier expansion of f(x) = x in the interval
Answer:
F(x) = x is an odd function Hence a0=0 , an= 0.

f x bn sin nx

........(1)

n 1

To find bn

1
1
bn f ( x) sin nx dx = x sin nx dx


1

cos nx sin nx


x
2
n
n

1 cos n
cos n

n
n

2 cos n

2
( 1) n 1
n

( , )

( 1) n 1 sin nx
n
n 1

f x 2

9. Find the Fourier sine series for the function

deduce the value of

f ( x) x( x)

in

1 1 1
...
13 33 53

Answer:

f x bn sin nx

........(1)

n 1

To find bn

bn

2
2
f ( x) sin nx dx = x( -x) sin nx dx

2
cos nx
cos nx
sin nx

( x x 2 )
(2)
( 2 x )

n
n
n 3

2 2 cos n
2
4
3 3 1 (1)n
3

n
n
n

when ' n ' is even

0,

bn 8
n3 , when 'n' is odd
Substituting this value of bn in (1) we get,

f x

1
sin nx
3
n 1,3,5 n

f x

Put x =

sin x

........(2)

sin 3 x sin 5 x

......
3
3
3
5

, we get

8
1
1

( ) 1 3 3 ......
2
2

3 5
2

(0, )

and hence

3
1
1
1 3 3 .......
32
3 5
10. Find the half-range Fourier cosine series of

Hence find the sum of the series

f ( x ) ( x) 2

1 1 1
...
14 24 34

Answer:
The half-range Fourier cosine series is given by

f x

ao
an cos nx
2 n 1

( Q bn =0)

........(1)

To find a0

2
2
2 ( x)3
a0 f ( x) dx = ( -x) 2 dx =
0
0

2
2
3

To find an

2
2
an f ( x) cos nx dx = ( x) 2 cos nx dx
0
0
2
sin nx
cos nx sin nx
=
( x ) 2
2( x)(1)
2

n
n2
n 3

2 2
4
2
2

n
n

2
1
f x
16 2 cos nx
3
n 1 n

Fourier series
We know that Parsevals identity for Fourier cosine series

a0 2
2
an 2
2

2
f ( x) dx=

2 4
1
2 ( x)5
16 4
9

5
n 1 n

2 4
1
2 5
2 4
16 4 =
9
5
5
n 1 n

x
0

dx

in the interval

(0, )


4
1 4
8 4
9
5
n 1 n

1 4 4
4

= 4
4
5
9
45
n 1 n

1
4

4
90
n 1 n

f x

4 cos x cos 3 x cos 5 x

.......
2
2
2
2 1
3
5

4 cos x cos 3 x cos 5 x

.......
2
2
2
2 1
3
5

Putting x =0

1
1

.......
2
2

3
5

2
1
1
1 2 2 .......
8
3
5
11. Determine the first harmonic of the Fourier series for the following values
x:

2
3

4
3

5
3

y:
Answer:

1.98

1.30

1.05

1.30

-0.88

-0.25

f x

ao
a1 cos x + b1 sin x ........(1)
2

Where the Fourier coefficients a0, a1,and b1

x

Cos x

Sin x

y cos x

y sin x

1.98

1.98

1.30

0.5

0.866

0.65

1.1258

2
3

1.05

-0.5

0.866

-0.525

0.9093

1.30

-1

-1.3

4
3

-0.88

-0.5

-0.866

0.44

0.762

5
3

-0.25

0.5

-0.866

-0.125

0.2165

4.6

1.12

3.013

a0 2 mean value of y in (0, 2 )

2
4.6 1.5
6

a1 2 mean value of y cos x in (0, 2 )

y cos x
6

0.37

b1 2 mean value of y sin x in (0, 2 )

y sin x
6

1.0046

Substituting these values of a0, a1, and b1 in (1), we get

f x 0.75 0.37 cos x 1.0046 sin x

12.Find the half range cosine series for the function f(x) = x, 0 < x <

hence deduce the sum of the series

1
(2 n+1)
4
n=0

Answer:
The half-range Fourier cosine series is given by

f x

ao
an cos nx
2 n 1

( Q bn =0)

To find a0
a0

f ( x) dx =

x dx =
0

2 x 2
2

........(1)

and

To find an

an

2
2
f ( x) cos nx dx = x cos nx dx

0
0

2 sin nx cos nx
=
x

n
n 2

2 cos n 1
2
2 2 (1) n 1
2

n
n
n

when ' n ' is even

0,

an 4
n 2 , when 'n' is odd

f x

1
4 2 cos nx
2
n 1 n

Fourier series
We know that Parsevals identity for Fourier cosine series

a0 2
2
an 2
2

2 16 2 2 x 3

2 n 0 n 4 4 3
2 2 2 16

2
3
2

2
f ( x) dx= x 2dx
0
2

1
1

1 34 54 .......

4
1
1
1 4 4 .......
96
3
5

Unit-III Application of Partial Differential Equation

PART - B
1) A string is stretched and fastened to two points x=0 and x=l apart. Motion is
started by displacing the string into the form y=k(lx-x 2) from which it is released
at time t=o. Find the displacement of any point on the string at a distance of x
from one end at time t.

Soln:we have to solve the wave equation

2
2 y
y
2

a
t 2
x 2

with given boundary conditions

i)
ii)

y(0,t) =0 , t0
y(l,t) =0 , t0

y
( x,0) 0
t

iii)
iv) y(x,0) = K (lx-x2) , 0 x l
The correct solution of (1) is
y(x, t) = [C1cospx+ C2sinpx] [C3cospat + C4sinpat]

Apply condition (i) in (2) , we get

y( 0,t) = C1 [C3cospat + C4sinpat]=0
=>C3cospat + C4sinpat 0
C1=0
Sub C1=0 in (2) , we get the solution
y( x,t) =C2sinpx [ C3cospat + C4sinpat]

Apply condition (ii) in (3), we get

y(l,t) = C2sinpl [C3cospat + C4sinpat]=0
=> C2 0 and C3cospat + C4sinpat 0
sinpl =0
ie., pl =n
ie.,p=

n
l

n
Sub p= l in (3) , we get the solution

y ( x, t ) C 2 sin

nx
nat
nat
[C3 cos
C4 sin

l
l
l

Partially .Diff (4) w.r.to t, we get

y ( x, t )
nx
na nat
na
nat
C2 sin
C3
sin
cos
C4

t
l
l
l
l
l

Apply condition (iii) in (I) , we get

y ( x, 0)
n x
n a
C2 sin
C
0
4
t
l
l
n a
n x
C 2 C4
sin
0
l
l
n a
n x
C2 0 &
0 & also sin
0
l
l
C4 0

nx
nat
cos

l
l
nx
nat
y ( x, t )] C n sin
cos
whereC n C 2 C3
l
l
y ( x, t )] C 2 C3 sin

By superposition principle , we get the solution

 nx
nat
y ( x, t ) C n sin
cos

l
l
n 1

Apply condition (iv) in (5) we get

nx
nx
2
K (lx x ) bn Sin

l
n 1

y ( x,0) C n Sin
n 1

This show that this is the half range Fourier series of K(lx-x 2). Using Fourier coefficient
formula
cn bn

2
n x
K (lx x 2 ) sin
dx
l 0
l
l

Cn=

4 Kl 2
(1 (1) n
n 3 3

2k l
n
(lx x 2 )sin

l
l

4 Kl 2
(1 ( 1) n )
n 3 3

Sub Cn=

in (5) , we get

4 Kl
nx
nat
1 (1) n sin
cos

3 3
l
l
n 1 n

y ( x, t )

2) A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x=0 and x=l is initially in a
position given by y(x,0) = y 0 sin3(

x/l).if it is released from rest from this

position . Find the displacement y at any distance xfrom end x=0 and at any
time t.
Soln : -

Here, we have to solve the wave equation

2
2 y
2 y

a
t 2
x 2

With boundary conditions

i)

y(0,t)=0

ii)

y(l,t)=0

y ( x,0)
0
t

iii)

3 x
1
x
3 x
y0 sin
sin

4
l
l
l
4

y ( x, 0) y0 sin 3

iv)
The correct solution of (1) is
y(x,t) = (c1cospx + c2sinpx) (c3cospat +
c4sinpat)

Apply condition (i) in (2) , we get

y(0,t) = c1[ (c3cospat + c4sinpat] =0
=>c3cospat + c4sinpat 0
c1=0
sub c1=0 in (2) , we get
y( x,t) =C2sinpx [ C3cospat + C4sinpat]

Apply condition (ii) in (3) , we get

y(x,t) = c2sinpl (c3cospat + c4sinpat) =0
=>c2 o and c3cospat + c4sinpat 0
sinpl =0
ie. pl =n

n
l

p
sub

n
l

in (3) , we get
y(x,t) = c2 sin

nx

nat
nat
c 4 sin

l
l

c3 cos

Patially diff (4) w.r.t ,we get

y ( x, t )
nx
c2 sin

t
l

na nat
na
nat
c3 l sin l c4 l cos l

Apply condition (iii) in the above equation, we get

y ( x,0)
nx na
c2 sin
c4
0
t
l
l
na na
c2c4
sin
0
l
l
na
nx 0
c2 0,
0and sin
l
l
c4 0
subc4 0in (4), weget
nx
nat
cos

l
l
nx
nat
cos
wherecn c2c3
l
l

y ( x, t ) c2c3 sin

y ( x, t ) cn sin

By superposition principle, we get

y ( x, t )

c
n 1

nx
nat
cos

l
l

sin

Apply condition (iv) in (5) , we get

y ( x, o )

c
n 1

n 1

sin

sin

3
nx
1
x
3x
y 0 sin
sin

l
4
l
l
4

nx 3 yo
y
x
3x

sin
0 sin

l
4
4
l
l

3 y o x y0
3 x
x
2 x

3 x
sin
c2 sin
c3 sin
..........

sin

l
4
l 4
l
l

c1 sin

Equating the coeffients, we get

c1

3 y0
y
; c2 0; c3 0 ; c4 c5 .......... 0
4
4

Substitute these values in (5) , we get

y ( x, t )

3 yo
x
at y o
3x
3at
sin
cos
sin
cos

4
4
l
l
l
l

3)A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x=0 and x=l is initially at rest
in its equilibrium position and each of its points is given the velocity.

y
x
( x, 0) V0 sin 3 ( ),0 x l
t
l

Determine the displacement function y(x,t)

Soln : Here we have to solve the wave equation

2
2 y
2 y

a
t 2
x 2

with boundary conditions

i)
ii)
iii)

y(0,t) =0
y(l,t) =0
y(x,0) =0

(iv)

y
x
( x,0) V0 sin 3 ( ), 0 x l
t
l

The correct solution of (1) is

y(x,t) = [C1cospx + C2sinpx] [C3cospat +
C4sinpat]

Apply condition (i) in (2) , we get

y(0,t) = c1 [c3cospat _ c4sinpat] =0
=>c3cospat + C4sinpat 0

c1 =0

Sub c1 =0 in (2) , we get

y(x,t) = [c2 sinpx [c3Cospat + c4sinpat]]

Apply condition (ii) in (3) , we get

y(l,t) = c2sinpl [c3cospat + c4sinpat]=0
=> C2 0 and C3cospat + C4sinpat 0
sinpl =0

n
l
p

sub

y ( x, t ) C 2 sin

n
l

in (3), we get

nx4
nat
nat
[C3 cos
C4 sin

l
l
l

]
Apply condition (iii) in (4) we get

y ( x, 0) C 2 sin

n x
C3 0
l

n x
C3 0
l
n x
C2 0 & sin(
)0
l
C3 0
C2C3 sin

Sub c3=0 in (4) , we get

n x
n at
C4 sin
l
l
n x
n at
C2C4 sin
sin
l
l
n x
n at
Cn sin
sin
l
l
y ( x, t ) C 2 sin

By superposition principle, we get

y ( x, t ) Cn sin
n 1

n x
n at
sin
l
l
----------------- (5)

Partially diff.(5)w.r.to t we get

y ( x, t )
na nx
nat
cn
sin
cos

t
l
l
l
n 1

Apply condition (iv) in the above equation we get,

 3 x 1 3x
y ( x,0)
na nx
cn
sin
V0 sin
sin

t
l
l
n 1
4 l 4 l

c1

a x
2a
2x
sin
c2
sin

l
l
l
l

x V0 3x
sin

3 4 V0 sin
l 4
l

3a
3x
sin
.........
l
l

c3

Equating like coefficients, we get

c1

a 3
V0
4
l
c1

3lVo
3a

C2=0

c3

Vo l
12a

c4=c5=..=0
&
Sub these values of cs in (5),

we get

y ( x, t )

3lV0
at Vol
x
3x
3at
sin

sin
sin
sin

3a
l
12a l
l
l

4)A string is stretched between two fixed points at a distance 2l apart & the
points of the string are given initial velocities V where

cx
l

in 0<x<l

c
(2 lx)
in l < x <2l
l

x being the distance from an end point. Find the displacement of the string as
any time
Solution:Here we have to solve the wave equation

2
2 y
2 y

a
t 2
x 2

------------------(1)

Where 2l =L for convenience

With boundary conditions
i)
ii)
iii)

y(0,t) =0
y(L,t)=0
y(x,0)=0

y
( x, 0) 2 cx
L
t

iv)

, 0<x<L/2

2c
( Lx)
= L

L/2<x<L

The correct Solution of (1) is

2
y(x,t) = [C1cospx + C2sinpx] [C3cospat + C4sinpat]

Apply condition (i) in (2), we get

y(0,t)=c1[c3cospat+c4sinpat ] =0
=>c3cospat + c4sinpat 0
c1=0
sub c1 = 0 in (2) , we get

3
y(x,t) = c2sinpx[ c3cospat + c4 sinpat]

Apply condition (ii) in (3) , we get

y(L,t) = c2 sinpL[ c3cospat + c4 sinpat]
=> c3cospat + c4 sinpat0 c20
sinpL=0
pL=n

p
Sub

n
L

n
L

in(3), we get

y ( x, t ) C 2 sin

nx
nat
nat
[C3 cos
C4 sin

l
l
l

--------------------(4)
Apply condition (iii) in (4) we get

y ( x, 0) C 2 sin

n x
C3 0
l

n x
C3 0
l
n x
C2 0 & sin(
)0
l
C3 0
C2C3 sin

Sub c3=0 in (4) , we get

n x
n at
C4 sin
l
l
n x
n at
C2C4 sin
sin
l
l
n x
n at
Cn sin
sin
l
l
y ( x, t ) C 2 sin

By superposition principle, we get

y ( x, t ) Cn sin
n 1

n x
n at
sin
l
l
-----------------(5)

Partially diff.(5)w.r.to t we get

y ( x, t )
na nx
nat
cn
sin
cos

t
l
l
l
n 1

Apply condition (iv) in the above equation, we get

2cx

,0 x L / 2
y ( x, 0)
n a

n x
cn
sin
L

t
l
l
n 1
2c( L x ), L / 2 x L

cn

n a
bn
L

bn

cn

bn L
n a

2
2cx
n x
2c
n x
[
sin(
) dx
( L x) sin(
) dx]
L 0 L
L
L
L
L /2

L/ 2

4c
2
L

nx
nx
0 x sin L dx L/ 2 ( L x) sin L dx

cn

na

cn

8c sin
n 2

n
2
2

n
L 8c sin
2
2
2
na
n

cn

n
)
2
n3 3 a

8cL sin(

Sub cn in (5) , we get

y ( x, t )

8cL sin n

n 1

2 sin nx sin nat

3 3
n a
L
L

ReplaceL by 2l, we get

y ( x, t )

n 1

16cl sin n
n 3 3 a

2 sin nx sin nat

2l
2l

which is the required solution

5.)Find the displacement of a tightly stretched string of length 7 cms vibrating
between fixed end points if

velocity is 15 sin (

initial displacement is 10 sin(

3 x
7 ) and initial

9 x
7 )

Soln :
Here we have to solve the wave equation

2u
2u
x
t 2
x 2

Here
l=7
cm
boundary conditions, we get
(i)y(o,t)=0
(ii)y(l,t)=0

 3 x

10sin
(iii)y(x,0)=

9 x

15sin

(iv)

y
( x, 0)
t

The correct soln of (1) is

y(x,t)= [ c1cospx+c2sinpx] [c3 cospat +

c4 sinpat]

Apply condition (i) in (2) we get

y(0,t) =c1[c3cospat + c4sinpat] =0
=>c3cospat + c4sinpat0

c1=0
Sub c1=0 in (2) we get

y(x,t)=c2sinpx(c3 cospat + c4 sinpat)

Apply condition (ii) in (3) , we get

y(l,t) = c2sinpl [c3cospat + c4sinpat] =0
=>c3cospat + c4sinpat 0 &c2 0
sinpl =0
pl = n

n
l
p

Sub

n
l

in (3) , we get

nx

y ( x, t ) c 2 sin

nat
nat
c4 sin

l
l

c3 cos

By super position principle, we get

n x
n at

n x
n at
cos

d n sin
sin

l
l

l
l
n 1

y ( x, t ) cn sin
n 1

-----------------(4)

Apply condition (iii)in (4) . we get

3 x
n x
)
10sin(
l
l
n 1
x
2 x
3 x
3 x
c1 sin( ) c2 sin(
) c3 sin(
) ....... 10sin(
)
l
l
l
l

y ( x, t ) cn sin

Equate like coefficients, we get

c3 = 10 & c1 = c2 = c4.............. = 0

(A)

From (4) , we get

y
n a
n a
n x n at
n x
n at
( x, t ) cn
sin
sin
sin
dn
cos

t
l
l
l
l
l
l
n 1
n 1

Apply condition (iv) in the above equation , we get

y
n a
9 x
n x
( x, 0) d n
sin
)
15sin(
t
l
l
l
n 1
9 a
d9
15
l
15l
d9
9 a

d9

15l
9 a

& d1= d2 =d8 =d10 = 0_______________(B)

Sub(A)&(B)in( 4), we get

3at
3x 15l
9at
9x
sin

sin
sin

l
l 9a
l
l

y ( x, t ) 10 sin

Where l =7

6). Solve the equation

u
2u
2 2
t
x

subject to the boundary conditions u(0,t) = 0 ,

u( l,t)=0,u(x,0) = x.
Soln:-

Here, we have to solve the heat flow equation

u
2u
2 2
t
x

with given boundary conditions

i)
ii)
iii)

u(0,t)=0
u(l,t)=0
u(x,0)=x

The correct solution of (1) is

u(x,t) = ( A cospx + B sinpx)

p 2t

------------(2)

Apply condition (i) in (2) , we get

u(0,t) = A

=>

p 2t

=0

p 2t

=0

A=0
Sub A=0 in (2) , we get

u(x,t) = B sinpx

p 2t

----------------------(3)

Apply condition (ii) is (3) , we get

u(l,t) = Bsinpl

=>B0

=>sinpl=0

p 2t

p 2t

=0

------------------------(1)

pl = n

n
l
p

Sub

n
l

in (3), we get
2 n 2 2t

l2

u(x,t) =

n x
B sin(
)e
l

In general,

nx
u ( x, t ) Bn sin
e
l

2n 2 2t

l2

By superposition principle, we get

nx
u ( x, t ) Bn sin
e
l
n 1

2 n 2 2t
l2

------------------(4)
Apply condition (iii) is (4) we, get

n x
x
l

u ( x, 0) Bn sin
n 1

2
n x
x sin(
)dx

l 0
l
l

Bn bn
where

Bn bn

2l
(1) n 1
n

Sub Bnin (4) we get

2l
n x
u ( x, t ) ( 1) n 1 sin
e
l
n 1 n

2 n 2 2t
l2

7.)A rod of length l has its ends A and B kept at 00 c of 1000 c until steady state
condition prevail. if the temperature at B is reduced suddenly to 0 0 c & kept so

while that of A is maintained, find the temperature u(x,t) at a distance x from A

and time t.
Solution:
Steady state
l
A

00 c

1000c

In given problem,When steady state prevails the end A is at 00 c and the end B is at
1000 c
Now, we have to find the temperature when steady state condition prevails
ie.,to find u(x, t) before the end B is reduced to 00 c
Hence when steady state conditions prevails, the heat flow equation becomes

2u
d 2u

0
x 2
dx 2
The solution of the above equation is u(x)=ax+b--------------(1)
boundary conditions
(i)
u(0) =0
(ii)
u(l) =100
Apply (i) in (1) , we get u(0) = b=0
=> b=0
Sub b=0 is (1) we get

u(x) =ax ---------------(2)

Apply (ii) in (2) we get u(l) = al = 100

a=100/l
Sub a in (2) we get

u ( x)

100 x
l

----------------(3)

In steady state, the temperature distribution is

u ( x)

100 x
l

Now, the temperature distribution reached at the steady state becomes the initial
distribution for the unsteady state

u ( x,0)
i.e.

100 x
l

in 0<x<l-------------------(4)

Unsteady state
l
A
B
00 c
0 0c
(the end A is at 00 C & B is at 00C)
Hence, when unsteady state condition prevails,
2
u
2 u

t
x 2

------------------------(5)

with boundary conditions

(i)
(ii)

u(0,t) = 0
u(l,t)=0

u ( x)
(iii)

u(x,0) =

100 x
l

in 0<x<l

The correct soln of (5) is

u(x,t) = ( A cospx + Bsinpx)

Apply condition (i) is (6)

u(0,t) = A

=>

p 2t

----------------------(6)
,we get

p 2t

p 2t

A=0

Sub A=0 in (6), we get

e
u(x,t) = Bsinpx

p 2t

---------------------(7)

Apply condition (ii) is (7) , we get

u(l,t) = B sinpl

p 2t

=> B 0 &

=0

p 2t

sinpl=0
pl = n

n
l
p
Sub

n
l

in (7), we get
2 n 2 2t

l2

u(x,t) =

n x
B sin(
)e
l

In general,

nx
u ( x, t ) Bn sin
e
l

2n 2 2t

l2

By superposition principle , we get

nx
u ( x, t ) Bn sin
e
l
n 1

2 n 2 2t

---------------------(8)
Apply condition (iii) in (8) , we get

100 x
n x

l
l

u ( x, 0) Bn sin
n 1

Bn bn
where

2 100 x
n x
sin(
)dx

l 0 l
l
l

l2

Bn bn

200
(1) n 1
n

Sub Bnin (4) we get

200
n x
u ( x, t )
( 1) n 1 sin
e
l
n 1 n

2 n 2 2t
l2

8.) A bar 10 cm long with insulated sides, has its ends A&B kept at 20 0C and
400C respectively until steady state conditions prevail. The temperature at A is
then suddenly raised to 500C & at the sometime that at B is reduced at 100C
.Find the temperature at any point of the bar at any time
Soln: In given problem,When steady state prevails the end A is at 200 c and the end B is at
400 c
Now, we have to find the temperature when steady state condition prevails
Hence when steady state conditions prevails, the heat flow equation becomes

2u
d 2u

0
x 2
dx 2
The solution of the above equation is u(x)=ax+b--------------(1)
boundary conditions
(i)
u(0) =20
(ii)
u(l) =40
Apply (i) in (1) , we get u(0) = b=20
=> b=20
Sub b=20 is (1) we get

u(x) =ax+20 ---------------(2)

Apply (ii) in (2) we get u (l) = al+20 = 40

=>a=20/l
Sub a in (2) we get

u ( x)

20 x
20
l

----------------(3)

In steady state , the temperature distribution is

u ( x)

20 x
20
l
Now , the temperature at A & B are changed

At this stage , the steady state is changed into unsteady state.

From this stage, the initial temperature distribution is

u ( x, o )

20 x
20
l

in 0<x<20---------------(4)

Hence , when unsteady state condition prevails the heat flow equation is

u
2u
2 2
t
x

------------------(5)

with boundary conditions

(i) u(0,t)=50

10cm

(ii) u(10,t)=10

u ( x, o )

20 x
20
l

(iii)
The correct solutions of (5) is

500 c

p 2t

100c

u(x,t)=(Acospx + Bsinpx)
Apply (i) in

u(0,t)=A

, we get

6
2

p 2t

= 50

Apply (ii) in

, we get

u(10,t)=(Acos10p +Bsin10p)
From

p 2t

= 10

&

, it is not possible to find the constants A & B.

In this case, we spilt the solution u(x,t) into two parts.

i.e

u(x,t)=u s(x) + ut
(x,t)

where us(x) is a solution of the

u
2u
2 2
t
x

and is a function of x alone

and satisfying the conditions

us(0) = 50
&us(10) = 10
9

and ut(x,t) is a transient solution satisfying

To find us(x)
us(x)=a1x+b1

10

with boundary conditions

(i)
(ii)

us(0)=50
us(10)=10

Apply (i) in

10

, we get

us(0) = b1 = 50
=>

b1 =
50

Sub b1 in (10), we get

us(x) =
a1x+50

11

Apply (ii) in(11) , we get

us(10)=a1(10)+50=10
a1+5=1
a1= - 4
sub a1 in (11), we get

which decreases as t increases.

12

us(x)= - 4x+50

To find ut(x,t)
13

=>ut(x,t)=u(x,t)-us(x)

14

u
2u
2 2
t
x

is a transient solution of

Now, we have to find the boundary conditions for ut(x,t)

(i)
ut(0,t)=u(0,t)-us(0)=50-50=0
(ii)
ut(10,t)=u(10,t)-us(10)=10-10=0
(iii)
ut(x,0)=u(x,t)-us(x)=2x+20+4x-50=6x-30
The correct solution of (13) is

ut(x,t)=(Acospx+ Bsinpx )

p 2t

15

Apply condition (i)in (15), we get

ut (0, t ) Ae
e

P t

p 2t

A=0

Sub A=0 in (15) , we get

ut ( x, t ) B sin pxe

16

p 2t

Apply (ii), in (16) we get

ut (10, t ) B sin 10 pe

P 2t

2 P 2 t

=> B 0 & e
sin 10 p = 0

=0

10p = n

p n

p n

10

10

in (16), weget
Sub

nx
ut ( x, t ) B sin
e
10

2n 2 2t
102

In general,

nx
ut ( x, t ) B sin
e
10

2n 2 2t
100

By superposition principles, we get

ut ( x, t )
n 1

n x
Bn sin
e
10

2 n 2 2t
102

Apply condition (iii) in (17) , we get

ut ( x, t ) Bn sin
n 1

nx
nx
6 x 30 bn sin
10
10
n 1

2
6 x 30 sin nx dx

10 0
10
10

WhereBn bn

3 10
2 x 10 sin nx dx

50
10

17

u = 2x-10

Bn=

v = sin

nx
10

60
n
(1+(1) )
n

Sub Bnin (17), we get

2 2

n
60
nx 100
n
u ( x, t )
(1 1) sin
e
n

10
n 1

But u(x,t) =us(x) + ut(x,t)

2 2 2

n
60
n x 100
ut ( x, t ) 4 x 50
(1 (1) n ) sin
e
10
n 1 n

9.) A square plate is bounded by the lines x=0, y=o, x=20 & y=20. Its faces
insulated. The temperature along the upper horizontal edge is given by u(x,20)
=x(20-x)when 0<x<20 while the other three edges are kept at 0 0C. Find the
steady state temperature in the plate.
Soln:
Let us take the sides of the plate be l=20 (for convenience)
The temperature distribution is given by

2u 2u

0
x 2 y 2

Y
with boundary conditions
u(x,l)=x(l-x)
y=l
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

u(0,y) = 0
u(l,y) = 0
u(x,0) = 0

x=0

0C
0
C

x=l

(iv)

u(x,l) = x(l-x), 0 < x <l

y=0

The correct solution of eqn (1) is

u(x,y) =(c1cospx + c2sinpx ) ( c3epy +
c4 e-py)

Apply conditions (i) in (2), we get

u(0,y) =c1 ( c3epy + c4 e-py) = 0
=> c3epy + c4 e-py 0
c1=0
Sub c1=0 in (2) ,we get

u(x,y) =(c2sinpx ) ( c3e

c4 e-py)

py

Apply condition (ii) in (3), , we get

u(l,y) =(c2sinpl ) ( c3epy + c4 e-py)=0
=> c20 & c3epy + c4 e-py 0
sinpl =0
pl =n

p
sub

n
l

n
l

in (3), we get

n x
c3e
l

u ( x, y ) c2 sin

n y
l

c4 e

Apply condition (iii) in (4), we get

n x
(c3 c4 ) 0
l

u ( x, 0) c2 sin

n y
l

 nx
0
l

c2 0 & sin

c3 +c4 =0
=> c3 = -c4
Sub c3 = -c4 in (4), we get

nx

u ( x, y ) c2 sin

nx

c 2 c 4 sin

c4 e

ny
l

ny
l

ny
l

ny
l

c4 e

nx
ny
2 sinh

l
l

c 2 c4 sin

nx
ny
sinh

l
l

2c 2 c 4 sin

nx
ny
sinh

l
l

u ( x, y ) cn sin

The most general solution is

u ( x, y )

c
n 1

nx
ny
sinh

l
l

sin

5
Apply condition (iv) in (5) ,we get

 nx
nl
sinh
x(l x) f ( x )
l
l

u ( x, l ) cn sin
n 1

nx

f ( x) bn sin
n 1

Which is of the form of F.S. series

nl 2
l
l

bn c n sinh

c n sinh n 2

nx
dx
l

x(l x) sin
0

nx
dx
l

( xl x
l

) sin

4l 2
cn 3 3 1 (1) n cos echn
n
Sub cn in (5), we get

4l 2
ny
nx
1 ( 1) n cos echn sinh
sin

3 3
l
l
n1 n

u ( x, y )

Replace l by 20, we get

4( 20) 2

u ( x, y )
3
n 1

1 (1) n

n3

ny
nx
sin

20
20

cos echn sinh

1600 1 (1) n
ny
nx
u ( x, y ) 3
cos
echn

sinh
sin

n1
n3
l
l

10.) Find the steady state temperature at any point of a square plate whose two
adjacent

edges are kept at 00C & the other two edges are kept at the constant

temp 1000C.
Soln :
Let the side of the square plate be l
The temperature u(x,y) is given by

2u 2u

0
x 2 y 2

with boundary conditions

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

1000 C
u(x,0) =0
for
u(l,y) =100
u(x,l) =100 for
u(0,y) =0 for

0<x<l
for
0 <y < l
0<x<l
0<y<l

00 C

1000 C

let u(x,y) = u1(x,y) + u2(x,y)

where u1(x,y) & u2(x,y) are satisfying the following boundary conditions.
(a1) u1 (0,y) =0
(b1) u1(l,y) =0
(c1) u1(x,0) =0
(d1) u1(x,l) =100

(a2) u2(x,0) =0
(b2) u2 (x,l) =0
(c2) u2(0,y) =0
(d2) u2(l,y) =100

To find u1 (x,y)
The correct solution is
u1(x,y) =(c1cospx + c2sinpx ) ( c3epy + c4 e-py)
Apply condition (a1) in (2), we get
u1(0,y) =c1( c3epy + c4 e-py)=0
=> c3epy + c4 e-py 0
c1=0

Sub c1=0 in (2), we get

u1(x,y) =(c2sinpx ) ( c3epy + c4 e-py)

Apply condition (b1) in (3) , we get

u1(l,y) = c2sinpl ( c3epy + c4 e-py) = 0

=> c20 & c3epy + c4 e-py 0

sinpl =0
pl =sin-1 0 = n

p
Sub

n
l

nx
u1 ( x, y ) c 2 sin

n
l

in (3) , we get

c3 e

ny
l

c4 e

ny
l

Apply condition (c1) in (4), we get

nx
(c3 c4 ) 0
l

u1 ( x, o) c2 sin

nx

sin
=> c2 0 &

c3 +c4 =0 => c3 = -c4

Sub c3 = -c4 in (4), we get

nx
u1 ( x, y ) c 2 sin

c4 e

ny
l

c4 e

ny
l

 nx

c2 c4 sin

ny
l

ny
l

nx
ny
2 sinh

l
l

c2 c4 sin

nx
ny
2 sinh

l
l

2c2 c4 sin

nx
ny
sinh

l
l

cn sin

The most general solution is

nx
ny
sinh

l
l

u1 ( x, y ) cn sin
n 1

Apply condition (d1) in (5) , we get

nx
sinh (n ) 100
l

u ( x, l ) cn sin
n 1

Which is of the form of Fourier sine series

nx

sin
f(x) =bn

bn cn sinh n 2

nx
dx
l

100 sin
l

200
n
1 1
n

cnsinhn =

cn

Sub cn in (5) , we get

u1 ( x, y )

200
(1 (1) n cos echn
n

200 1 (1) n
ny
ny
cos echn sinh
sinh

n1
n
l
l

To find u2 (x,y)
The correct solution is
u2(x,y) =(c1cospy + c2sinpy ) ( c3epx + c4 e-px)
Applying the boundary conditions (a2), (b2), (c2), & (d2) we get

u 2 ( x, y )

200 1 (1) n
ny
nx
cos echn sinh
sinh

n1
n
l
l

The solution of (1) is

u(x,y) =u1 (x,y) + u2(x,y)

200 1 (1) n
nx
ny
ny
nx
cos echn sinh
sinh
sin
sinh

n1
n
l
l
l
l

11.) An infinitely long rectangular plate has its surfaces insulated & the two
sides as well as one of the short sides are maintained at 0 0C. Find an expression

for the steady state temp u(x,y) if the short side y=0 is cm long & is kept at
u00C.
Soln :The temperature distribution is given by

2u 2u

0
x 2 y 2

y=
with boundary conditions
i)

u(0,y) =0

ii)
iii)
iv)

u(,y) =0
u(x,)=0
u(x,o) =u0

00 C
00 C
x=0
x=

00C

y=0

u 00 C
The correct solution of (1) is
u(x,y) =(c1cospx + c2sinpx ) ( c3epx + c4 e-px)

Apply condition (i) in (2), we get

u(0,y) =c1( c3epy + c4 e-py)=0
Here c3epy + c4 e-py 0
c1=0

Sub c1=0 in (2), we get

u(x,y) = c2sinpx ( c3epy + c4 e-py)

Apply condition (ii) in (3), we get

u (,y) = c2sinp ( c3epy + c4 e-py) =0
Here c3epy + c4 e-py 0 & c2 0
sinp =0
p=
n

p =n

sub p = n in (3), we get

u(x,y) = c2sinnx ( c3eny + c4 eny
)

Apply condition (iii) in (4), we get

u(x,) = c2sinnx ( c3e)=0
=>e 0 ; sinnx 0 & c2 0
c3 =0
Sub c3=0 in (4), we get
u(x,y) = c2sinnx c4 e-ny
u(x,y) = c2 c4 e-nysinnx
u(x,y) = cn e-nysinnx
The most general solution is

u ( x, y) cn e ny sin nx
n 1

Apply condition (iv) in (5), we get

u ( x, o) cn e ny sin nx u0
n 1

This is of the form of Fourier sine series

f ( x) bn sin nx
n1

bn cn 2

f ( x) sin nxdx
0

where

u0 sin nxdx

cn

2uo 1 (1) n

n

Sub cnin (5), we get

2u0 1 (1) n
sin nxe ny
n
n 1

u ( x, y )

2u
u ( x, y ) 0

12.)

n 1

1 (1) n
sin nxe ny
n

An infinitely long rectangular plate with insulated surface is 10 cm.The

two long edges & one short edge is kept at 00C. While the other edge x=0 is
kept
at

u=

20 y ,

for

0 < y< 5

20 (10-y) ,

for

5<y<10

Find the steady state temperature distribution in the plate.

Soln :
The temperature distribution is given by

2u 2u

0
x 2 y 2

y=l

with boundary conditions

00 C

f(y)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

00C
u(
OC

u(x,l) =0
, y) =0
(x,0) =0x=0
u(0,y) = 2ly
0< y< l/2
y=0
2l(l-y) l/2 <y<l

(let l=10 for the convenience)

The correct solution of (1) is
u(x,y) = ( c1epx + c2e-px) (c3cospy + c4sinpy
)

Apply condition (i) in (2), we get

u(x,o) = c3( c1epx + c2e-px) =0
c3=0

sub c3 =0 in (2), we get

u(x,y) = ( c1epx + c2e-px)
c4sinpy

Apply condition (ii) in (3), we get

u(x,l) = ( c1epx + c2e-px) c4sinpl =0

p
Here c4 0 sinpl =0 ie, pl =n =>

p
Sub

n
l

in (3), we get

nx
nx

ny
u ( x, y ) c1e l c 2 e l c4 sin
l

Apply condition (iii) in (4) , we get

u(,y) = ( c1e + c2e-) c4 sin

c1e c4 sin

ny
0
l

e 0c4 0 & sin

n
l

ny
l

=>

ny
0
l

=0

c1=0

u ( x, y ) c 2 e

nx
l

ny

c4 sin

Sub c1=0 in (4), we get,

c2 c 4 e

cn e

nx
l

nx
l

ny

c 4 sin

ny

c4 sin

The most general solution is

u ( x , y ) cn e
n 1

Apply condition (iv) in(5),we get

n y
f ( y)
l

u (0, y ) cn sin
n 1

Where f(y) =

2ly ,

l < y<l/2

2l(l-2), l/2< y<l

This is form of the Fourier Sine Series

nx
l

ny

sin

------------

sin

n 1

bn cn 2

f ( y)

ny
dy
l

ny

f ( y ) sin

2l 2
n
4 2 2 sin

2
n

8l 2
n
cn 2 2 sin
n
2

8l 2
sin n e
2 2
2
n 1 n

u ( x, y )

nx
l

ny

sin

Sub (6) in (5), we get

Replacing l by 10, we get

u ( x, y )

800 1
sin n 2 e
2 n 1 n 2

nx
10

ny

10

sin

Unit-IV Fourier Transform

Part - B

1. Find the fourier sine transform of f(x)=

Solution:

2
Fs f x

Fs f x

e ax
x

f x sin sx dx
0

e ax
0 x sin sx dx

Differentiating on both sides w.r.t. s we get ,

d
d 2
Fs f x
ds
ds
d
2
Fs f x
ds

d
2
Fs f x
ds

d
2
Fs f x
ds

e ax
0 x sin sx dx

e ax
0 S x sin sx dx

xe ax cos sx
dx
0
x

e
0

ax

2
a
a
cos sx dx
[Q e ax cos bx dx 2
]
2
2
s a
b a2
0

Integrating w.r.t. s we get,

2
Fs f x

s
0

a
ds c
a2

2
s
F s f x
tan 1 c

But Fs [f(x)]=0 when s=0,

c 0

2
s
Fs f x
tan 1

x
dx
2
2
2. Find the Fourier sine transform of e-2x,x>0. Hence evaluate
0 (x +4)
Solution:

2
Fs f x

f x sin sx dx
0

2
Fs e2 x

2 x

sin sx dx

2
s

2
s 4

Fs e

2 x

ax
Q e sin bx dx

a b2
2

Using parsevals identity for fourier sine transform,

f ( x) ds Fs [ f ( x )] ds
2

2 x

2 s
ds
s2 4

dx
0

2
s2
dx
ds
0 ( s 2 4)2

4 x

s2

ds e 4 x dx
2
2
( s 4)
20

s2

ds
2
2
( s 4)
8

Changing s to x we get ,

x2

dx
2
2
( x 4)
8

3. Find the fourier cosine transform of f(x)=

Solution:

Fc f x
e

Fc

ax

f x co s sx dx
0

e ax
0 x cos sx dx

e ax
x

Differentiating on both sides w.r.t. s we get ,

e ax
0 x cos sx dx

d
d 2
Fc f x
ds
ds

e ax
0 S x cos sx dx

2
=

xe ax sin sx
dx
0
x

ax
e sin sx dx
0

2
s
2
s a2

ax
Q e sin bx dx
0

b a 2
2

Integrating w.r.t. s we get,

Fc f x

s
2 1
1
ds
log s 2 a 2
log s 2 a 2
2
a
2
2

4. Find the fourier cosine transform of

x in 0<x<1,
f(x) =
2-x in 1<x<2
0 in x>2
Solution:

Fc f x

f x co s sx dx
0

2
Fc f x

x
co
s
sx
dx

(2

x
)
co
s
sx
dx

0
1
2 0 co s sx dx
1

sin sx cos sx

x
s
s 2

sin sx
cos sx
(2 x ) s (1) s 2

2 sin s cos s 1 cos 2 s sin s cos s

2 2 2
2
s
s
s
s
s
s

2 cos s 1 cos 2s
2 2 2 2

s
s
s

2 1
2 cos s (1 cos 2s)
s2

2 1
2 cos s 2 cos 2 s
2
s

2 2 cos s
Fc f x
1 cos s

s2

5. Find the fourier cosine transform of

e 4 x

. Deduce that

x sin 2 x

dx e 8
2
16
2

x
0

Solution:

2
Fc f x

2
Fc e 4 x

f x co s sx dx
0

4 x

cos sx dx

2
4
a
Fc e 4 x
[Q e ax cos bx dx 2
]
2
s 16 0
s a2
Using inverse fourier transform we get,

cos 2 x

dx e 8
2
16
8

x
0

and

f ( x)
e

4 x

F f x
c

co s sx ds

2
4
co s sxds
2
s 16

co s sxds e 4 x
s 16
2
2

co s sx

ds e 4 x
2
s 16
8

Put x=2 we get,

co s 2 s

ds e 8
2
s 16
8

co s 2 x

ds e 8
2
x 16
8

Changing s to x,
Using inverse fourier transform we get ,

2
f ( x)

4 x

F f x
s

sin sx ds

2
s
2
s
4 x

sin
sxds
Q
F
e

s 2 16
s 2 16

sin sxds e 4 x
s 16
2
2

s sin sx

ds e 4 x
2
s 16
8

Put x=2 we get,

s sin 2s

ds e 8
2
s 16
8

Changing s to x,

x sin 2 x

ds e 8
2
x 16
8

6. Show that the fourier transform of f(x) =

x2
2

is e

s2
2

x2
2

. Hence show that Fc e

s2
2

Solution:
We know that the fourier transform of f(x) is given by

F[f(x)] =

1
2

x2
2

f ( x )eisx dx

F e

eisx dx

1
2

x2
2

x2
isx
2

1
2

dx =

x2
s2
isx
2
2

s2
2

e dx =

s2
2

x2
s2
isx
2
2

dx =

s2
2

( x is )2
2

x is
put
= u dx = 2du
2
Limits when x = -, u = -
when x = ,
u=

s2
2

x2
2

F e

2
x
2
F e

x2
2

u
e

2e

= e

s
2

2du =

s2
2

2e

u
e du =
2

s2
2

.
2

s2
2

u
e du
2

u
e du
2

is self-reciprocal under fourier transform.

Equating real parts we get,

1
2
2
2

x2
2

cos sxdx e

s2
2

x2
2

cos sxdx e

s2
2

s
2 2x
2
e
cos
sxdx

e
0

x
Fc e 2

s2
2

7. Find Fs[xn-1] and Fc[xn-1],0 < n < 1. Hence show that

F
both the transforms. Hence, find

1
x

is self-reciprocal under

dx

Solution:
We know that the gamma function is given by

n e x .x n 1
0

put x=at dx=adt

when x=0, t=0
whenx=, t=

n e .(at )
at

n 1

adt a

e at t n1dt
0

at n 1

t dt

n
an

(or) e ax x n 1dx
0

[by definition of gamma fuction]

n
-------(1)
an

[ Q t is dummy variable, we can replace it by x]

put a=is in (1), we get

isx

x dx n n = n nn
(is)
i s

cos

n 1

n
cos i sin s
2
2

isx

cos

x n 1dx

cos sx i sin sx x

n
n
i sin n
2
2
n
s

cos

dx

n 1

i sin
2
2
n
s

n
n
i sin n
2
2
n
s

Equating real and imaginary parts, we get

n

cos
n 1
...............( A)
0 cos sx x dx s n 2 n

sin sx x

n 1

dx

sin
s

From (A),

n
2
n
n

cos sx x

.................(B)

n 1

dx

Fc x n 1

cos
s
cos
s

n
2
n
n

n
2
n
n

.............(C)

From (B),

sin sx x

n 1

Fs x n 1

Put n=

1
2

dx

sin
s

n
2
n
n

sin
s

n
2
n
n

.................(D)

in (C) and (D) we get,

2
1
Fc

x

4
1
s
2

cos

2
1

x

2 1
1

2 s
s

=
sin

Similarly Fs

4
1
s 2

2 1
1

2 s
s

1
is self-reciprocal under both sine and cosine transforms.
x

Hence

Now F

f ( x) e

isx

1
dx =
2

=
=

1
2

cos sx i sin sx
x

1
2

eisx dx

cos sx
x

dx

i
dx
2

sin sx
x

dx

2 cos sx
dx
0
x

[using even and odd function property]

[ Q x =x, in (0,)]

1
2
1
1
2
=
cos
sx
x
dx = Fc

0
s
x
x
1
1
=
F
s
x

x a

x a0

f ( x)
8. Find Fourier Transform of

sin t

0 t dt 2

Deduce that (i)

Solution:

(ii)

sin t
0 t dt 2

[form (C)]

1
2

F f x

f x e

isx

dx

isx

dx

f x e

[Q x a;

a x a]

Here f(x) = 1, -a < x < a

f(x) = 0, - < x < -a and a < x <

F f x

1 eisx
1
e
dx

2 is a
a
a

isx

1 1 isa isa
e e
2 is

1 1
2 sin as
2i sin as
s
2 is

(i) Using inverse fourier transform formula,we get

f ( x)

1
2
1
2

=
=

F f ( x) e

isx

ds

2 sin as
(cos sx i sin sx )ds
s

sin as
i
s cos sx ds

sin as
sin sx ds
s

2 sin as
sin as
sin as
=
cos sx ds [ Q
sin sx is an odd fuction and
cos sx is an even function]
0 s
s
s

sin as

cos sx ds =
f ( x)
s
2
0

when x a
2
= 0 when x a
=

In particular if x = 0 ,we get

sin as

cos sx ds =
s
2
0

putting as = t ds =

dt
a

when s = 0, t = 0
when s = , t =

sin t dt
sin t

a =

dt =
t
a
2
t
2
0
0

(ii) Using parsevals identity

f ( x ) dx

F [ f ( x )] ds

Q f ( x) 0 0n - < x < -a and a < x <

a

We have

f ( x) dx

2 sin as
s ds

2

2 sin as
a dx s ds
2

4 sin as
2a =
ds
0 s

a
sin as
0 s ds 2
putting as = t ds =

dt
a

when s = 0, t = 0
when s = , t =
2

a
sin t
sin t
2 dt
=

a

t
a
2
0 t
0

(x

9. Evaluate
Solution:

dt =

dx
a )( x 2 b 2 )
2

using transforms.

2 a
Fc e ax
s2 a2

We know that
By convolution theorem ,

and

2 b
Fc e bx
s2 a2

Fc f ( x) .Fc g ( x) ds f ( x).g ( x)dx

0

F e

i.e.,

.F c e

ax

bx

ds e ax .e bx dx
0

2
a
2
b
.
ds e ( a b ) x dx
2
2
2
2
s a s a
0

2ab
1
1
ds
2
2
2
2

0 ( s a )( s a )
ab

(s

(x
0

ds

2
2
a )( s a ) 2ab(a b)
2

dx

2
2
a )( x a ) 2ab(a b)
2

[changing 's' to x]

10.Using fourier transform show that

x2

0 ( x 2 a 2 )( x 2 b2 )dx 2(a b)

Solution:

2
s
Fs e ax
2
s a2

We know that
By convolution theorem ,

and

2
s
Fs e bx
2
s b2

F f ( x) .F g ( x) ds f ( x).g ( x)dx
s

i.e.,

ax
bx
ax bx
Fs e .F s e ds e .e dx

2
s
2
s
.
ds e ( a b ) x dx
2
2
2
2
s a s b
0

2
s2
1
ds
2
2
2
2

0 ( s a )( s a )
ab

s2

0 (s 2 a 2 )(s 2 a 2 )ds 2(a b)

x2

0 ( x 2 a 2 )( x 2 a 2 )dx 2(a b)

[changing 's' to x]

11.
Using parsevals identity calculate (i)
Solution:

We know that

2
s
Fs e ax
2
s a2

2 a
Fc e ax
s2 a2

dx
0 ( x 2 a 2 )2

(1)

and
..(2)
(i) Using parsevals identity for sine transform

, (ii)

x2
0 ( x 2 a 2 )2 dx

if a > 0.

f ( x) dx Fs [ f ( x)] ds
2

ax 2

2
s

2
s a 2

dx

2 ax
e dx
0

ds

[using (1)]

2
s2
ds
0 ( s 2 a 2 ) 2

s2
2 ax
0 (s 2 a 2 )2 ds 2 0 e dx

s2
1

0 (s 2 a 2 )2 ds 2 2a = 4a

x2

0 ( x 2 a 2 )2 dx 4a

[changing 's' to x]

(i) Using parsevals identity for cosine transform

f ( x) dx Fc [ f ( x)] ds

ax 2

dx

2 ax
e dx
0

2
a

s 2 a 2

ds

[using (1)]

2
a2
ds
0 ( s 2 a 2 ) 2

2 ax
0 (s 2 a 2 )2 ds 2a 2 0 e dx

(s

(x
0

ds
1

2 = 3
2 2
a )
2a 2a
4a
dx

3
2 2
a )
4a

[changing 's' to x]

1 x ,

f ( x)
12.

0,

f x eisx dx

1
2

Find the fourier transform of

Hence deduce that

Solution:

x 1

sin t
0 t dt 3

1
We know that F f x
2

1 x

eisx dx

since f(x) =0, when x >1 , i.e., f(x)=0 in - x 1, and 1<x<

1
F f x
2
2
2

1 x

(cos sx i sin sx) dx

1
1

1 x cos sx dx

[since ' 1 x sin sx' is an odd function

and 1 x cos sx is an even function ]

2

sin sx
cos sx
( 1)

(1 x)
s
s 2

2 cos s 1
2 1
2
1 cos s

2
s
s
s2

Usin

g parsevals identity

f ( x) dx

F [ f ( x)] ds

1 x

dx

2 1
1 cos s ds
s2

2 1 cos s
s 4 ds 1 1 x

2

dx

[ Q f(x) = 0 in- < x < -1 and 1 < x <

]

2 1 cos s
2
ds 2 (1 x) 2 dx
4

s
3
0
2

put s = 2t ds = 2 dt
when s = -, t = -
when s = ,

1 cos 2t
(2t ) 4

t=

2 dt
3

4sin 4 t

2
2 dt
4
16t
3
0

sin t
t

dt

a 2 x 2 ,

x a

0,

x a >0

f ( x)
13.

is

Show that the fourier transform of

2 sin as as cosas
2

s3

identity show that

Solution:

sin t t cost

dt
3
t
4
0

. Hence deduce that

2

sin t t cost
dt
3
0
t
15

.using parsevals

1
2

We know that F f x

f x eisx dx

1
2

x 2 eisx dx

since f(x) =0, when x >a >0 , i.e., f(x)=0 in - x a, and a<x<
a

isx

eisx
1 2
e isx
2 e

2
x
)

2
3 3
2
2
is
i s
i s

F f x

e
e

1
2a 2 2i 3 2a
s
2
s

1 2a
2i
ias
ias
3
s2 e e
2

e
e

2
i

3
2
s
s

eias eias

1 2a
2i
2i sin as
s 2 2 cos as s
3
2

=
=
=

ias

ias

ias

ias

1 4sin as 4as cos as

4 sin as as cos as
2 sin as as cos
as

3
3
3
s
s
s
2
2

Using inverse Fourier transform formula, we get

f ( x)

1
2

F f ( x) e

ds

isx

2 sin as as cos as
(cos sx i sin sx) ds

s3

f(x) =

4 sin as as cos as
cos sx ds
0
s3

[Q

sin as as cos as
sin sx is an odd fuction and
s3

sin as as cos as
cos sx is an even function]
s3
putting a = 1 and x = 0 in the above integration we get,

f(0) =

4 sin s s cos s
ds
0
s3

4 sin s s cos s
ds 1
0
s3

sin s s cos s

ds
3
s
4
0

sin t t cos t

dt
3
t
4
0

[changing 's' to t]

Using parseval's identity,

F f ( x)

ds

f ( x ) dx

2
2

sin as as cosas
2
2
ds 2 a x dx

s3

0
putting a = 1 in the above integration we get,
8

sin as as cos as
2
2

ds a x dx
3
s

sin s s coss
2
2
4
ds 2 1 x dx 2 1 2 x x dx
3

s

0
0

8
sin s s coss
ds
3

s
4 15

2
sin s s coss

2
ds
3
s
15
0

sin t t cost

dt
3
t
15
0
[ changing 's' to t]

Unit-V Z-Transform
PART-B
1. Find the Z-Transformof rncosn, rnsinn and hence find Z(2ncos
Z(2 sin
n

n
2

n
2

).

Solution:

z
za

We know that Z[an] =

Put a = rei

z
i
zr e

Z[r e ]=
n

in

Z [ r cos n + i r sin n ] =
n

z
zr (cos+ isin)
z
( zrcos )ir sin

z
( zrcos )ir sin

( zrcos ) +ir sin

( zrcos ) +ir sin

z ( zrcos ) +ir z sin

( zrcos )2+ r 2 sin 2

Equating the real and imaginary parts

Z [ r cos n] =
n

z ( zrcos )
n
z 2 rz cos +r 2 Z [ r sin n] =
2

r z sin
z 2 rz cos +r 2
2

),

Put r = 2 and =

Z(2 cos

n
2

Z(2 sin

n
2

we get,

)=

2
z 4 z cos +4
2

)=

z 24 z cos +4
2

z z2 cos

z2
z 2 +4

2z
z 2 +4

2 z sin

z 3

2
z 2 z 9

z 1
2. Find

z 3

2
z 2 z 9

z 1

step 2 :

ToFindPartialFraction :
Let

z 3
A
Bz C

2
.....(2)
2
z 2 z 9 z 2 z 9

1
1
15
, B ,C .
13
13
13

Step 3 :

1 z
1
z2
15
z

F ( z)
2 2 2
2
13 z 2
13 z 3
13
z 3
1 1 z
1 1
z2
15 1
z
z F ( z ) z
z 2 2 z 2
13 z 2
13 z 3
13 z 32
1

f ( n)

1 n 1 n
15 n 1 n
n
2 3 cos
3 sin
.
13
13
13
2

2
z 5
z 6 z 8

Find the Z 1
3.

step 1:

LetF ( z )

z 5
z 6z 8
2

5
1
F ( z)
z

......(1)
z
( z 2)( z 4)
5
A
B
z
Let

.......(2)
( z 2)( z 4) ( z 2) ( z 4)
1

hereA

7
9
,B
4
8

step 2 :

9
7
F (z)
(2)
4 8
z
( z 2) ( z 4)
Z 1 F ( z )

fn

7 1
z
9
z
Z
z 1

4
8 ( z 4)
( z 2)

7
9
(2) n (4) n
4
8

z 2 3z

2
( z 9)( z 2)

3. Find the Z 1

Ans :

F (z)
A
Bz c

2
z
( z 2) ( z 9)

hereA

1
1
15
, B ,c
13
13
13

Z 1 F ( z )

fn

1 1
z
1 1
z2
15 1
z2
Z

13
13 ( z 2 32 )
13 ( z 2 3 2 )
( z 2)

1 n 1
15 n1 n
n
(2) (3) n cos
(3) sin
.
13
13
13
2

4. Find Z 1 2
z 3z 2

Ans :

F (z)
1

.......(1)
z
( z 2)( z 1)

F (z)
A
B

............(2)
z
( z 1) ( z 2)
A 1, B 1,

f n (2) n 1

z 3z 2

Z 1

6. Find the inverse Z transform of

z (z +1)
(z1)3

by the method of residues.

Solution:
Let f(n) = Z-1 [

zn

] and F(z) =

z ( z +1)
3
( z1)

1
z n1 F ( z ) dz

2 i

Then f(n) =

(z)=

z ( z +1)
3
( z1)

(z+1)
1
zn
dz

2 i
(z1)3

1
2 i

2i [ sum of the residues of (z) at each of its poles]

where

(z+ 1)
(z1)3
= [ sum of the residues of (z) at each of its poles] ------------------------(1)

To find the residues of (z)

The poles of (z) are z = 1 of order 3.

2

[Res ( z)] z=1 =

d
2
dz

lim

z1

[ zn(z + 1)]

lim

z1

d
dz

lim [n z
z1

[ zn + (z + 1) n zn - 1]
n1

+n {( z +1 ) ( n1 ) z

n2

+z

n1

}]

= n(1)n-1 +2n(n-1) (1)n-2+ n(1)n-1

z ( z +1)
3
( z1)

f(n) = Z [
-1

] = n(1)n-1 +2n(n-1) (1)n-2+ n(1)n-1

z2
6. Find z
by using the convolution theorem.
2
( z 3)
1

Solution:

put a 3 in the previous problem we get the Answer

z2
z z
z 1
.
.
2
(
z

3)
(
z

3)
z

z 1

3 .3
m

nm

m 0

n
n
n
n
n
n
3
3 . m 3 3 1 3 n 1 n 1 3

3
m 0
m 0
m 0
m

z2
7. Find z 1
by using the convolution theorem.
( z a)( z b)
Solution:
step-1:

The convolution theorem,

n

z 1 F ( z ).G ( z ) f m .g n m ........(1).
m 0

z z
1
z 1
.
z F ( z ).G ( z ) ...(2)
( z a ) z b

F ( z)

z
z
n
m
f n z 1
a fm a
( z a)
(
z

a
)

G( z)

z
z
n
n
nm
g n z 1
b g n b g n m b
( z b)
( z b)

step 2 :
n
n
z z
m n m
m b
From(1) z
.
a .b a . m
b
m0
m0
( z a) z b
1

a
b .
b
m 0
n

a n 1 b n 1
b .x b (1 x x ......... x )

a b

m 0
n

z z
8. Find z 1
.

( z 2) z 3

2n 1 3n 1
.
23

put a 2, b 3 in 7 we get
Solution:

z2
Find z 1
2
( z a)

using the convolution theorem.

10.
Solution:
step-1:

The convolution theorem is ,

n

z 1 F ( z ).G ( z ) f m .g n m ........(1).
m 0

step 2 :

z2
z
z
1
z 1
.
z F ( z ).G ( z ) ...(2)
2
( z a ) z a
( z a)

z 1

from(2) F ( z )

&G ( z )

z
z
n
m
f n z 1
a fm a
( z a)
( z a)

z
z
n
n
nm
g n z 1
a g n a g n m a
( z a)
(
z

a
)

step 3 :

step 1 a .a
m

n m

m 0

z2
Find z 1
2
( z a)

n
n
n
n
n
n
a
a . m a a 1 a n 1 n 1 a
a
m 0
m 0
m 0
m

using the convolution theorem.

11.
Solution:
step-1:

The convolution theorem is ,

n

z 1 F ( z ).G ( z ) f m .g n m ........(1).
m 0

z2
z
z
1
z
z 1
.
z F ( z ).G ( z ) ...(2)
2
step 2 :
( z a) z a
( z a)
1

from(2) F ( z )

&G ( z )

z
z
n
m
f n z 1
a fm a
( z a)
( z a)

z
z
n
n
nm
g n z 1
a g n a g n m a
( z a)
( z a )
n

step 3 :

step 1 a .a
m 0

n m

n
n
n
n
n
n
a
a . m a a 1 a n 1 n 1 a
a
m 0
m 0
m 0
m

12. Solve the difference equation by using z-transform:

yn 2 3 yn 1 10 yn 0, y0 1, y1 0 :
Solution:

step 1: Taking z transform as follows :

z ( yn 2 ) 3 z ( yn 1 ) 10 z ( yn ) 0

z 2 z ( yn ) y0

y1
3 z z ( yn ) y0 10 z ( yn ) 0
z

z 2 z ( yn ) 1 0 3 z z ( yn ) 1 10 z ( yn ) 0
taking z ( yn ) F ( z ),

z 2 F ( z ) 1 3z F ( z ) 1 10 F ( z ) 0
F ( z ) z 2 3 z 10 z 2 3 z 0

F ( z)

z ( z 3)
( z 5)( z 2)

F ( z)
( z 3)

.........(1)
z
( z 5)( z 2)

step 2 : To find partial fraction :

Let

( z 3)
A
B

.......(2)
( z 5)( z 2) ( z 5) ( z 2)

2
5
Here A , B
7
7

2
5
F ( z)
2 z
5 z
7 7 F (z)

from(2) : z
( z 5) ( z 2)
7 ( z 5) 7 ( z 2)
step 3 : Taking Z 1 both sides of the above equation :

 Z 1 F ( z )

yn

2 1
z
5
z
Z
Z 1

7
7 ( z 2)
( z 5)

2 n 5
(5 ) (2n ).
7
7

13. Solve the difference equation by using the inverse z-transform:

y(n + 2) +6 y(n + 1) +9 y(n) = 2n , y(0) = 0 ,y(1) =0
Answer:
step-1:

Z(y(n)) =

z
( z 2)( z 3) 2

.(1)

z
.......(2)
2
( z 2)( z 3)

yn z 1
step 2 :

F ( z)

z
( z 2)( z 3) 2

F ( z)
1

...... 3
z
( z 2)( z 3)2

step 3 : to find the partial fraction :

1
A
B
c

.......(3)
2
( z 2)( z 3)
( z 2) ( z 3) ( z 3) 2
A

1
1
1
, B ,c
25
25
5

step 4 :

z 1 F ( z )

yn

z
1 1
z
1
z
1
z

z 1

25
25
5
( z 3) 2
( z 2)
( z 3)

2n (3)n
(3) n1

n
.
25
25
5