18.

16 HIGHER ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—V

(a+x)3 (y−a)3
√
Ans. z = 3
+ 3
+b Ans. z = ax + by ± 1 + a 2 + b2 d
3. p + q = sin x + sin y 5. (p + q)(z − xp − yq) = 1
Ans. z = ax − cos x − cos y − ay + b Ans. z = ax + by + 1
a+b
2 2 2
4. p y(1 + x ) = qx 6. 4xyz = pq + 2px y + 2q xy 2
2
√
Ans. z = a 1 + x 2 + 21 a 2 y 2 + b Hint: Put X = x 2 , Y = y 2 , equation reduces
y x
5. pe = qe to z = P X + QY + P Q.
Ans. z = a(ex + ey ) + b Ans. z = ax 2 + by 2 + ab.
6. p − q = x 2 + y 2
Ans. z = 13 (x 3 − y 3 ) + a(x + y) + b 18.5 CHARPIT’S METHOD
2 2
7. y q − xp + 1 = 0 Charpit’s method is a general method to find the
Ans. z = (a 2 + 1) ln x + a ln y + b complete solution of the first order non-linear P.D.E.
of the form
8. z2 (p2 + q 2 ) = x 2 + y 2
f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0 (1)
Hint: Put Z = 21 z2 equation reduces to P 2 +
Q2 = x 2 + y 2 where P = zp, Q = zq. We know that
√ ∂z ∂z
Ans. z2 = x √x 2 + a + y y 2 − a + dz = dx + dy = p dx + q dy (2)
2 ∂x ∂y
a ln x+√x 2 +a + 2b
y+ y −a Integrating (2), we get the complete solution of (1).
9. z(xp − yq) = y 2 − x 2 In order to integrate (2), we must know p and q in
2 terms of x, y, z. For this purpose, introduce another
Hint: Put Z = z2 equation reduces to xP − first order non-linear P.D.E. of the form
yQ = y 2 − x 2 where P = ∂Z
∂x
, Q = ∂Z
∂y
.
g(x, y, z, p, q, a) = 0 (3)
Ans. z2 = 2a ln xy − (x 2 + y 2 ) + 2b
10. z(p2 − q 2 ) = x − y involving an arbitrary constant “a” compatible with
3
(1). Solving (1) and (3), we get
Hint: Put Z = 23 z 2 , equation reduces to P 2 −
p = p (x, y, z, a), q = q(x, y, z, a) (4)
Q2 = x − y where P = ∂Z ∂x
, Q = ∂Z
∂y
3 3 3 On substitution of (4) in (2), equation (2) becomes
Ans. z 2 = (a + x) 2 + (a + y) 2 + c.
integrable, resulting in the complete solution of (1)
in the form
Form IV: z = px + qy + f ( p, q):
F (x, y, z, a, b) = 0 (5)
Clairaut’s equation
containing two arbitrary constants a and b.
1. 2q(z − px − qy) = 1 + q 2 Now differentiating (1) and (3) partially w.r.t.
b2 +1 x and y and eliminating ∂x ∂p
and ∂q , we get after
Ans. z = ax + by + 2b ∂x
simplification, a Lagrange’s linear equation of φ
2. pqz = p 2 (xq + p ) + q 2 (yp + q 2 )
2
(as dependent variable) in terms of x, y, z, p, q (as
a3 b3 independent variables) as
Ans. z = ax + by + b
+ a
∂g ∂g ∂g ∂g
3. z = px + qy ± pq fq + fq + (pfp + qfq ) − (fx + pfz )
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂p
Ans. z = ax + by ± ab
∂g
4. (px + qy − z)2 = d (1 + p2 + q 2 ) − (fy + qfz ) =0 (6)
∂q
 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 18.17

The subsidiary equations of (6) are dz √ dx 1 dy

= a +√ .
dx dy dz dp z x a y
= = = Integrating, we get the complete solution as
fp fq pfp + qfq −(fx + pfz )
1
dq z = b xa y a
= (7)
−(fy + qfz )
where a and b are two arbitrary constants.
These Equations (7) are known as Charpit’s equa-
tions. Solving (7), we get relations (4) of p and q, Example 2: Solve 2(z + xp + yq) = yp2 .
using which, the equation (2) is integrated resulting
in the complete solution (5) of (1). Solution: Here f = 2(z + xp + yq) − yp2
Forming the auxiliary equations
Note: Not all of the Charpit’s Equations (7) need dx dy dz dp
be used. Choose the simplest of (7) so that p and q = = =
2x − 2yp 2y 2xp − 2yp2 + 2qy −(2p + 2p)
are easily obtained.
dq
=
−(2q − p2 + 2q)
WORKED OUT EXAMPLES dx dy dz dp dq
= = = =
x−yp y xp−yP 2 +yq −2p −(2q− p2 )
2
Example 1: Solve z2 = pq xy. Using second and fourth
2 dy dp a
Solution: Here f (x, y, z, p, q) = z − pq xy = 0. = or p = ay −2 =
Differentiating f partially w.r.t. x, y, z, p, q, form y −2p y2
the auxiliary equations
Substituting p in the given P.D.E.
dx dy dz dp dq 2
= = = = a a
fp fq pfp +qfq −(fx +pfz ) −(fy +qfz ) 2 yq = y − 2z − 2x or
y2 y2
dx dy dz dp
= = = a2 z ax
−qxy −pxy −2pqxy −(−pqy + p2z) q= − − 3
dq 2y 4 y y
=
−(−pqx + 2qz)
a a2 z ax
Using the multipliers p, q, o, x, y, we have Now dz = p dx + q dy = dx + − − 3 dy
y2 2y 4 y y
p dx + xdp q dy + y dq
= or Regrouping the terms
−pq xy + xpq y − 2pxz −q pxy + ypq x − 2y qz
p dx + x dp q dy + y dq y dz + z dy ay dx − ax dy a2
= = + dy
−2xpz −2yqz y y3 2y 4
d(xp) d(yq) Multiplying throughout by y:
=
(xp) (yq)
x a 2 dy
Integrating xp = a yq. d(yz) = ad + .
y 2 y3
Solving q = xpay
. Substituting q in given P.D.E.
x a2 1
xp p2 x 2 √ z Integrating yz = a + · +b
z2 = p · xy = or p = a · ; y 2 −2y 2
ay a x
ax a2 b
xp x √ z z z= − 3 +
Then q= = · a = √ y 2 4y y
ay ay x ay
√ z 1 z is the required complete solution involving two arbi-
Now dz = pd x+q dy= a dx+ √ dy
x ay trary constants a and b.