Drainage System

3.2.1 INTRODUCTION
The drainage system is an additional element of the infrastructure design of a building. Drainage
systems minimize the chance of flooding-related property damage, infrastructure disruptions, and
possible health risks by diverting excess water away from populated areas. In addition to
safeguarding ecosystems and promoting sustainable development, effective water management
also helps to keep the water table steady. The Cabinet approved the adoption of the Urban
Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia (MSMA) by the Drainage Irrigation Department
of Malaysia to replace the existing storm water management manual in urban areas. This new
handbook emphasizes stormwater management in a more ecologically sustainable way rather than
emphasizing faster drainage. The detention, infiltration, and purification procedures are used in
this method. Current concerns covered in this handbook include soil erosion, hill development,
river pollution, flash floods, and others. The design of drainage system involved

Preliminaries Stage
• Site visit based on the key, location, site and architectural plan
• Liaise with local authority to get the basic data about the flood level history, minimum and
maximum flood level, rainfall intensity, existing suitable discharge point with appropriate
level.
Design Stage
• Design shall meet requirements in the Urban Stormwater Management Manual for
Malaysia (MSMA).
Construction Stage
• All works shall be accordance as detail drawings and specification.
Maintenance Stage
• It is recommended to have drainage system inspected annually or semi-annually.

3.2.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATION AND CONSTRAINT

The Urban Storm Water Management Manual for Malaysia (MSMA), Second Edition, August
2012, published by the Drainage and Irrigation Department, is the official guide for planned
drainage according to standards set by Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran (JPS). Every relevant
equation, set of rules, design code, and assumption is applied by our drainage design system.
3.2.3 DESIGN PROCEDURE

Step 1: Select Design ARI

The design ARI for the catchment area's return period was chosen by consulting Quantity Design
Storm ARIs (MSMA SECOND EDITION). The return period has been chosen for minor system
ARI which is less than 20 years.

No. Type of development Minimum ARI (year)

Minor System

1. Commercial and Business 10

Centres

In terms of drainage roughness, Manning Roughness, n was used in this case study by referring to
Table 2.3: Values of Manning's Roughness Coefficient (n) for Open Drains and Pipes (Chow,1959;
DID,2000 and French,1995). Two types of drainage have been proposed.

No. Drain type Manning Drain section

Roughness, n
1. Concrete, 0.015 D1,D2,D3,D4,D5,D6,D7,D8,D9
Smooth finish

The values of the IDF constants were then chosen using Appendix 2.B: IDF CONSTANTS, Table
2.B1. This group has been assigned the state of Negeri Sembilan, with the station name Stor JPS
Sikamat, Seremban. The constant values are shown below:

State No. Station Station Name Constant

ID λ ĸ θ ɳ
Negeri 1 2719001 Stor JPS 52.823 0.167 0.159 0.811
Sembilan Sikamat
Step 2: Discretise sub-catchment

Proposed development for this drainage design is as show in Figure 3.2.3.a

Figure 3.2.3.a
Figure
Proposed drainage layout has been designed as in Figure 3.2.3.b that included 9 drainage that will
be flow out to the main road drainage.

Figure 3.2.3.b
Drain Catchment

Figure 3.2.3.c

Figure 3.2.3.d : Roof from y-y direction

 Figure 3.2.3.e : Roof from x-x direction
For this stage, the sub-catchments have been divided as in Figure 3.2.3.f for area identification and
calculation at each drain section.

Figure 3.2.3.f
Where:
D = Drain
B = Building
R = Road
 Drain Sub-area
D1 B1, R3
D2 B2, R4
D3 R8
D4 R7
D5 R6
D6 R5
D7 R2
D8 R1
D9 R9
Sub-area Area (ha)
R1 0.04481
R2 0.00767
R3 0.00767
R4 0.04481
R5 0.04481
R6 0.00839
R7 0.02718
R8 0.00922
R9 0.04481
B1 0.01745
B2 0.01745

Step 3: Estimate time of concentration tc

The formula in Equation 3.1 was used to estimate the time of concentration, tc, where the to for
this case study was standardized at 5 minutes. The tf, on the other hand, can be calculated using
the formula in Equation 3.2 below.
𝑡𝑐 = 𝑡𝑜 + 𝑡𝑓 Equation 3.1
𝐿
𝑡𝑓 = 𝑉 Equation 3.2

Where;
L = Length of the catchment area
V = Flow velocity

Step 4: Determine average rainfall intensity, I

The formula can be used to minimize error in estimating rainfall intensity values from IDF curves
to determine the average rainfall intensity.
 𝜆𝑇 𝐾
𝐼 = (𝑡 𝜂
Equation 3.3
𝑐 +𝜃)

Where;
𝐼 = Average rainfall intensity (mm/hr)
𝑇 = Average recurrence interval - ARI (0.5 ≤ T ≤ 12 month and 2 ≤ T ≤ 100 year)
𝑡𝑐 = Time of concentration (hours)
λ, κ, θ and η = Fitting constants dependent on the rain gauge location

Step 5: Estimate runoff /coefficients

The runoff coefficient (C) compares the amount of runoff to the amount of precipitation. It is
greater in areas with low infiltration and high runoff (pavement, steep gradient) and decreases in
permeable, well-vegetated areas (forest, flat land).
Depending on the type of land use and the duration of ARI in that system, each runoff coefficient
will be different. Table 2.5: Recommended Runoff Coefficient for Various Land uses was used to
determine the recommended runoff coefficient for these design drains (DID,1980; Chow et al.,
1998; QUDM, 2007 and Darwin Harbour, 2009)
Table shows the land use and runoff coefficients used in this design.
No Landuse Runoff Coefficient, C
1. Commercial and Business 0.90
Centres
3. Roads 0.95

Step 6: Calculate average runoff coefficient

Because there are multiple subareas with different runoff coefficients at each catchment drain, the
average runoff coefficient, Ce, must be calculated. This average runoff coefficient, Ce, was
calculated at each drain using the equation below.
∑ 𝐶𝑖𝐴𝑖
𝐶𝑒 = ∑ 𝐴𝑖
Equation 3.4

Where;
𝐶𝑖= Runoff coefficient
𝐴𝑖= Drainage area
Step 7: Calculate peak flow rate Q for the sub-catchment
Peak flow rate or maximum peak discharge, Qp, occurs when the entire catchment contributes to
the water flow. This Qp was calculated using the equation below.
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐼𝐴 Equation 3.5
Where;
𝐶= Average runoff coefficient
𝐼= Average rainfall intensity (mm/h)
𝐴= Total equivalent area

Step 8:
In designing a drainage system, 9 different types of drain sections with varying depths can be
used. There are several types of drain sections used in this drainage design, as shown in Table
below.

Type Depth P A R Drain

m m m2 m
C-12 1.2 2.438 0.415 0.170 D1, D2, D9
D-12 1.1 2.134 0.345 0.162 D4, D7
F-12 0.8 1.524 0.206 0.135 D3, D8, D5,
D6
A suitable ratio for gradient size at each drain has been chosen to avoid water ponding in that
situation.
Step 9: Calculate flow capacity for the sub-catchment
Flow capacity was calculated using Equation 3.6, and all peak flow rates, Qp, in each drain design
were found to be less than this flow capacity, Qcap. As a result, the drain design met the design
criteria.
Where;
2 1
1
𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝑛 𝐴𝑅 3 𝑆 2 Equation 3.6

A= Cross-section area (m2)

R = Hydraulic radius (m)
n = Manning Roughness S = Channel slope
*Note: A and R are taken from Table 3.6 by referring the designed drain section

Step 10: Calculate actual velocity and flow time

Actual velocity was calculated by referring to the flow rate equation as shown in Equation 3.7, and
velocity was simplified as shown in Equation 3.8. To avoid water ponding, the actual velocity must
be greater than 0.9 m/s.

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 Equation 3.7
𝑄
𝑉= Equation 3.8
𝐴

The actual flow time, tf, was calculated using Equation 3.9.
𝐿
𝑡𝑓 = Equation 3.9
𝑉

Where;
L= Length of drain (m)
V= Actual velocity, (m/s)
SAMPLE CALCULATION

For drain (D1)

1. Length of drain: 14.6 m
2. Return period: 10 years
3. Sub-area identification:
• Building (B1)
• Road (R3)
4. Area calculation
• Area B1 = 0.01745 ha
• Area R3 = 0.00767 ha
5. Overland time, to= take from time of concentration (D9 = 5.247 minutes)
𝐿
6. Drain time, 𝑡𝑑 = 𝑉

Assume velocity= Softline 2.0 water ways which is m/s

14.6 1𝑚
𝑡𝑑 = ×( ) = 0.122 𝑚𝑖𝑛
(2) 60𝑚𝑖𝑛

7. Time of concentration,
𝑡𝑐 = 𝑡𝑜 + 𝑡𝑑
= 5.247 𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 0.122 𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 5.369

8. Critical Time of Concentration = 5.369 min @ 0.089 hour

𝜆𝑇 𝐾
9. Intensity, 𝐼 = (𝑡 𝜂
𝑐 +𝜃)

(52.823)(10)0.167
= (0.089+0.159)0.811
= 240.39 mm/hr
10. Runoff coefficient
• B1 =0.90
• R3 = 0.95
11. Equivalent Runoff Coefficient
∑ 𝐶𝑖 𝐴𝑖
𝐶𝑒 =
𝐴𝑖
(0.90 × 0.01745) + (0.95 × 0.00767)
= = 0.91
(0.01745 + 0.00767)

12. Total Equivalent Area

𝐴 = 0.01745 + 0.00767 = 0.02512 ℎ𝑎 @ 251.2 𝑚2
13. Discharge, 𝑄𝑝 = 𝐶𝐼𝐴

𝑄𝑝 = 𝐶𝐼𝐴

= 0.91 × 0.24039 × 251.2

= 54.95 m3/hr @ = 0.015 m3/s
14. Drain section = C-12
1
15. Gradient = 300
2 1
1
16. Capacity, 𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝑛 𝐴𝑅 3 𝑆 2

• Manning roughness, n = concrete (smooth finished) = 0.015

1
1 2 1 2
𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑝 = (0.415)(0.170)3 ( )
0.015 300
= 0.49 m3/s
𝑸𝒄𝒂𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗 > 𝑸𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓, therefore pass

17. Actual velocity

𝑄
𝑉=
𝐴
0.49
=
0.415
 = 1.181 m/s
V= 1.181 > 0.9, therefore pass

𝐿
18. Flow time, 𝑡𝑓 = 𝑉

14.6
=
(1.181 × 60)
= 0.206 min

19. Invert level, 𝐼𝐿

Total depth = 1.5 × 0.3 𝑚 + 1.2 m = 1.65 𝑚
RL = 47.5, then 𝐼𝐿 = 47.5- 1.65 = 45.85 𝑚
COP KELULUSAN MPS

PROJEK

CADANGAN MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN

SEBUAH ‘BUDGET’ HOTEL 4 TINGKAT DIA ATAS
LOT 27139, JALAN PERSIARAN S2/B2,
SEREMBAN 2, MUKIM RASAH, DAERAH
SEREMBAN, MAJLIS PERBANDARAN
SEREMBAN, NEGERI SEMBILAN DARUL KHUSUS

TANDATANGAN PEMILIK

TANDATANGAN ARKITEK

BANGUNAN

BLDG
TAJUK LUKISAN

FLOW LAYOUT
DILUKIS

SITI NUR AIN BINTI OMAR

DISEMAK

IR. TS.DR.THEVANEYAN

SKALA

TARIKH

25 JUNE 2024
COP KELULUSAN MPS

PROJEK

CADANGAN MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN

SEBUAH ‘BUDGET’ HOTEL 4 TINGKAT DIA ATAS
LOT 27139, JALAN PERSIARAN S2/B2,
SEREMBAN 2, MUKIM RASAH, DAERAH
SEREMBAN, MAJLIS PERBANDARAN
SEREMBAN, NEGERI SEMBILAN DARUL KHUSUS

TANDATANGAN PEMILIK

TANDATANGAN ARKITEK

BANGUNAN

BLDG
TAJUK LUKISAN

SUB-AREA DRAINAGE
DILUKIS

SITI NUR AIN BINTI OMAR

DISEMAK

IR. TS.DR.THEVANEYAN

SKALA

TARIKH

25 JUNE 2024
COP KELULUSAN MPS

PROJEK

CADANGAN MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN

SEBUAH ‘BUDGET’ HOTEL 4 TINGKAT DIA ATAS
LOT 27139, JALAN PERSIARAN S2/B2,
SEREMBAN 2, MUKIM RASAH, DAERAH
SEREMBAN, MAJLIS PERBANDARAN
SEREMBAN, NEGERI SEMBILAN DARUL KHUSUS

TANDATANGAN PEMILIK

TANDATANGAN ARKITEK

BANGUNAN

BLDG
TAJUK LUKISAN

INVERT LEVEL LAYOUT

DILUKIS

SITI NUR AIN BINTI OMAR

DISEMAK

IR. TS.DR.THEVANEYAN

SKALA

TARIKH

25 JUNE 2024