Module 1: Introduction To Communication Feedback is essential, for it is then that the

Lesson 1: The Basics of Communication process of communication comes full circle.The

process of communication affects all sensory
Communication is a process of sending and receiving channels, as it can occur in a variety of ways
information among people.
Communication facilitates the spread of knowledge and forms LANGUAGE VS. COMMUNICATION:
relationships between people. WORKING TOGETHER

Communicating with others is a basic human

What is the difference between language and
need. Healthy living involves interacting and
communication?
engaging with others. And our primary means of
Language is a distinctly human activity that aids in the doing so is through shared language. As we
transmission of feelings and thoughts from one person to obtain the capability of communicating across
another. languages, we achieve interaction at the global
It is how we express what we think or feel—through soundslevel. It is not really language vs. communication;
and/or symbols (spoken or written words), signs, posture, andit is language and communication.
gestures that convey a certain meaning.
Shared language is critical to such vital functions
Among people, language is the primary means of as business and education. We are living today in
communication. It is through language communication, an interconnected global community, where
spoken or written, that we are able to share our ideas, communicating through shared language is
opinions, views, and emotions with another person. increasingly possible.

Over time, languages have been passed down Overall, communication has a wider scope than
verbally through generations and eventually language, as communication encompass
reduced to some form of written record. ( include) language.
Language, as a tool, primarily occurs in auditory (Analogy) communication as the car, language
channels and is open to dynamic change. The as the road. The car of communication can go
written form is an unchanging set of material by down another road (another language), or even go
which others can learn to communicate in a given off-roading.
language and has, therefore, become a vital aid to
global human communication. Besides language, the communication tool set is
comprised of things like empathy, knowledge,
The Definition of Communication body language, facial expressions, and intonation.
Communication - described as, “an act of THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
interchanging ideas, information, or messages
from one person or place to another, via words Four Key Terms of Communication
or signs which are understood to both parties.” 1. PROCESS – continuity. The circumstances that
Communication is necessary for any group to occur before starting a conversation and even the
function effectively. It is, at its core, a two-way incidents that follow it may still affect future
activity, consisting of seven major elements: conversations. This indicates that communication
sender, message, encoding, channel, receiver, is a PROCESS that is constantly moving and
decoding, and feedback. continuously changing. Communication is
considered a process because it is an activity in
A message is encoded then sent from one itself. Communication as a process is continuous,
individual (sender) to another (receiver), through moving and ever changing.
a channel. That message is then decoded and
given feedback, if communicated effectively. 2. SYSTEM - phrases such as “oneself to another
entity,” “from a source to a receiver,” and “people
Variety of communication channels available: interact” suggest that communication operates
face-to-face, phone calls, emails, social media within the SYSTEM. Wood(2012) defined system
platforms, brochures, advertisements, television, as interrelated parts that affect one another. To
signs, fliers, reports and more. effectively communicate and interpret a message,
it is important to understand the system within symbol that you likely to interpret as warning or
which communication takes place. danger.
3. SYMBOLS – when people communicates, they 6. Encoding and Decoding –
rely on symbols - a concrete representation of
Encoding – is defined as the process of
something abstract. It is a tangible counterpart
translating an idea or a thought into a code.
of something intangible. Communication is
Decoding – the process of assigning meaning to
symbolic as it involves interaction with and
an idea or a thought.
through symbols.
7. Noise or Barrier Noise – refers to any
4. MEANINGS – heart of communication. when
interference in the encoding and decoding
people communicate, they attach meaning to the
process which affects the clarity and
symbols use( either verbal or non-verbal) with the
understanding of a message.
intent that the person/s they are communicating
with share the same meaning as intended. Four types of Noise
7 ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION 1. Physical Noise - interference that is external to
both speaker and listener; it hampers the physical
transmission of the signal or message
2. Physiological Noise - created by barriers
within the sender or receiver.
3. Psychological Noise - mental interference in
the speaker or listener.
4. Semantic Noise - interference created when the
1. People - People who are involved in the
speaker and listener have different meaning
communication process assume two roles – both
systems.
as sources and receivers of the message.
The source/sender – message
VOICE QUALITIES
The receiver – target of the message
2. Message – the verbal and non – verbal form
of the idea, thought, or feeling that one intends to
communicate to another person or group of
people.
Verbal message – language
Non-verbal message - gesture, body movements,
sign languages and facial expression.
3. Channel - It refers to the means with which the Voice is the production of sound
message is delivered.
Speech is the combination of sounds so that they
4. Feedback - It is the receiver’s verbal and non- become symbols that represent meanings to both
verbal response to the source’s message. When speaker and listener.
one delivers a message, a response is expected.
The distinctive characteristics of voice that
5. Code - In human communication, this code makes it pleasant or unpleasant hear it is quality.
pertains to language. Is a systematic arrangement This is often referred to as a “timbre” or “tone
of symbols used to create meanings in the mind of color” and it results from the weight exerted on
another person/s. the vocal chords by the resonators in the process
Example: If someone yells “ stops “ as you of speaking.
approach a street, the word stops serves as a
Quality of a voice is determined by the Target - This is the particular direction to which
combination of resonances (richness and you are aiming and addressing –the person
volume) of sound, tone, and timbre between directly in front of you, those in the last row, or
individual and voices so that you are able to the entire audience.
identify one person to another.
Voice Focus - Requires focusing your voice on a
The difference between a good voice with definite direction. Two significant factors help in
unpleasant ones; It should be Understandable, this aspect-the purpose and nature of your
Clear, Pleasant and Varied. message.
Five common voice qualities: Guidelines to achieve volume and project your
voice well:
1. The Normal Voice - In conversation, you
speak naturally showing little or no emotions. 1. Carry your tone or throw out your voice as far
as the speech and the situation will require
Example is in praying. We just speak showing our
natural voice. 2. Practice proper breath control.
2. The Breathy Voice - Create an atmosphere of 3. Identify your listeners and acknowledge your
secrecy and mystery you use a breathy or a audience; reach out everyone in the room and
whispery voice. Whispered type of tone is an direct your voice to them.
“aspirate” quality of the voice best heard in the
4. Develop a very positive attitude toward
“stage whisper”. Ex: The partner of The Lord of
speaking to an audience.
the Rings- Precious, using breathy voice.
5. Cultivate a sense of participation with your
3. The Full Voice - In many forms of public
listeners.
speaking when the voice must be projected to a
greater distance, or when an occasion is formal 6. Always direct your thoughts toward the last row
and dignified you use the full, deep quality of your of listeners ensuring that your message will reach
voice. This is also known as the “orotund” (round them.
mouth quality). It is used to create a mood of
THE DIFFERENT MODELS OF
reverence and solemnity.(Respect and dignity).
COMMUNICATION
4. The Chesty Voice - This is a deep hollow voice
1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication
as if coming from a deep and empty cave. Its
voice quality has less nasal resonance and its Aristotle (384-322 B.C) was a Greek philosopher
accompanied vibration in the bony structure of the and writer born in Stagira, Northern Greece. He
upper chest thus making it a chesty voice with a was also the teacher of Alexander the Great. He
“pectoral” quality. It is used as part of a spirit or a studied physics, logic, mathematics, etc.
ghost voice.
While exploring the human nature scientifically,
5. The Thin Voice - This voice quality is thin and Aristotle developed a linear model of
high-pitched, the high pitch being its chief communication for oral communication known as
characteristics. This “Falsetto” kind of voice is Aristotle’s Model of Communication. This is
featured as a weakening voice, extreme fatigue, considered as the first model of communication
old aged, ill-health or extreme excitement. and was proposed before 300 B.C. It is also the is
most widely accepted among all communication
VOLUME AND VOICE PROJECTION
models.
Volume is the degree of loudness, and
projection is the process of directing the voice to
a specific target. To project your voice, define
your message and identify the target or focus of
the message.
It is mainly focused on speaker and speech. It can credible. Emotional bonds will make the
be broadly divided into 5 primary elements: audience captivated and they feel the speaker is
Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience and Effect. one of their own people.
The Aristotle’s communication model is a speaker Ex: If people of a village needs water and the
centered model as the speaker has the most politician tells them that he will help in building
important role in it and is the only one active. It is roads, the people will not get influenced but might
the speaker’s role to deliver a speech to the be more influenced if he says he’ll build a dam for
audience. The role of the audience is passive, drinking water and irrigation.
influenced by the speech. This makes the
3. Logos – Logic. People believe in you only if
communication process one way, from speaker
they understand what you are trying to say. People
to receiver.
find logic in everything. If there is no logic behind
The speaker must organize the speech beforehand, the speaker’s work or time, they do not want to
according to the target audience and situation get involved. Everybody has a sense of reason.
(occasion). The speech must be prepared so that You must present facts to the audience for them to
the audience be persuaded or influenced from the believe in you.
speech.
Ex: A presenter using factual data in an awareness
He believed “Rhetoric” is the study of program will attract the audience’s attention and
communication and persuasion and different will make them believe in the need of awareness
message or speech should be made for different in the particular matter.
audiences at different situations to get desired
effects or to establish a propaganda. This model
was highly used to develop public speaking skills
and create a propaganda at that time so, it is less
Criticism of Aristotle’s Model of Communication
focused on intrapersonal or interpersonal
communication. Even if the model is speaker - There is no concept of feedback; it is one way
oriented and focuses on audience interaction in from speaker to audience.
communication, there is no concept of feedbacks. - There is no concept of communication failure
like noise and barriers.
Ex: A politician (speaker) gives a speech to get
- This model can only be used in public
votes from the civilians (audience) at the time of
speaking.
election (occasion).
2. Shannon and Weaver Model of
The speech must be clear as well as the speaker
Communication
must have a very good non-verbal communication
with the audience like eye contact. Claude Shannon & Warren Weaver
Three Critical Elements of a Good Communicator In 1948, Shannon was an American
mathematician, Electronic engineer and Weaver
1. Ethos - is the characteristic which makes you
was an American scientist both of them join
credible in front of the audience. If there is no
together to write an article in “Bell System
credibility, the audience will not believe in you
Technical Journal” called “A Mathematical
and will not be persuaded by you. Expertise and
Theory of Communication” and also called as
positions also give credibility to a person.
“Shannon-Weaver model of communication”.
Ex: The mass will not listen to the promises of a
This model is specially designed to develop the
corrupt politician, but if a politician is known for
effective communication between sender and
his good deeds, there’s a high change his speech
receiver. Also they find factors which affecting
will be heard.
the communication process called “Noise”. At
2. Pathos - If what you say matters to them and first the model was developed to improve the
they can connect with it, then they will be more Technical communication. Later it’s widely
interested and they will think you are more applied in the field of Communication.
The model deals with various concepts like from external sources. Ex: If there is any
Information source, transmitter, Noise, channel, problems occur in network which directly affect
message, receiver, channel, information the mobile phone communication or distract the
destination, encode and decode. messages.
Practical Example of Shannon-Weaver model
of communication:
Thomson made call to his assistant “come here I
want to see you”. During his call, noise appeared
(transmission error) and his assistant received “I
want” only. Again Assistant asked Thomson
(feedback) “what do you want Thomson”.
Sender : The originator of message or the
information source selects desire message Sender: Thomson

Encoder : The transmitter which converts the Encoder: Telephone (Thomson)

message into signals. Channel: Cable
Note: The sender’s messages converted into Noise: Distraction in voice
signals like waves or Binary data which is
compactable to transmit the messages through Reception: Telephone (Assistant)
cables or satellites. Ex: In telephone the voice is Receiver: Assistant.
converted into wave signals and it transmits
through cables. Due to transmission error or noise, Assistant can’t
able to understand Thomson’s messages.
Decoder : The reception place of the signal which
converts signals into message. A reverse process *The noise which affect the communication flow
of encode between them.

Note : The receiver converts those binary data 3. David Berlo’s SMCR Model of
or waves into message which is comfortable and Communication
understandable for receiver. Otherwise receiver
In 1960, David Berlo postulated Berlo’s Sender-
can’t receive the exact message and it will affect
Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model of
the effective communication between sender and
communication from Shannon Weaver’s Model of
receiver
Communication (1949). He described factors
Receiver : The destination of the message from affecting the individual components in the
sender communication making the communication more
efficient.
Note : Based on the decoded message the
receiver gives their feed back to sender. If the
message distracted by noise it will affect the
communication flow between sender and receiver.
Noise: The messages are transferred from encoder
to decoder through channel. During this process
the messages may distracted or affected by
physical noise like horn sounds, thunder and
crowd noise or encoded signals may distract in
the channel during the transmission process which
affect the communication flow or the receiver
may not receive the correct message
Note : The model is clearly deals with external
The model also focuses on encoding and
noises only which affect the messages or signals
decoding which happens before sender sends
the message and before receiver receives the Elements - are the non-verbal things that tag
message respectively. Berlo’s Model has mainly, along with the content like gestures, signs,
four components to describe the communication language, etc.
process. They are sender, message, channel and
Treatment - is the way in which the message is
receiver.
conveyed to the receiver. It also effects the
Components of Berlo’s Model of Communication feedback of the receiver.
Sender - is the source of the message or the Structure - of the message or the way it has been
person who originates the message. The person or structured or arranged, affects the effectiveness
source sends the message to the receiver. The of the message.
following are the factor related to sender and is
also the same in the case of receiver. Code - is the form in which the message is sent.
It might be in the form of language, text, video,
Communication Skills - of a person is a factor etc.
that affects the communication process. If the
sender has good communication skills, the Channel - is the medium used to send the
message will be communicated better than if the message. In mass communication and other forms
sender’s communication skills are not good. of communication, technical machines might be
Similarly, if the receiver cannot grasp the used as a channel like telephone, internet, etc. But
message, then the communication will not be in general communication, the five senses of a
effective. It includes the skills to speak, present, human being is the channel for the communication
read, write, listening, etc. flow and it affects the effectiveness of the channel.

Attitude - of the sender and the receiver creates Hearing – We receive the message through
the effect of the message. The person’s attitude hearing.
towards self, the receiver and the environment Seeing – We perceive through seeing. We also get
changes the meaning and effect of the message. non-verbal messages by seeing.
Knowledge - Familiarity with the subject of the Touching – Many of the non-verbal
message makes the communicated message have communication happens from touching like
its effect more. Knowledge on the subject matter holding hands.
makes the communicator send the message
effectively. Smelling – We collect information from smelling.

Social Systems - Values, beliefs, laws, rules, Tasting – Taste also provides the information to
religion and many other social factors affect the be sent as a message.
sender’s way of communicating the message. It Receiver - is the person who gets the message
creates difference in the generation of message. sent in the process. This model believes that the
Place and situation also fall under social systems. thinking pattern and all other factors mentioned
Culture - Cultural differences make messages above must be in sync to that of the sender for the
different. A person from one culture might find communication to be effective. The message
something offensive which is very much accepted might not have the same effect as intended if the
in another culture. receiver and sender are not similar. The receiver
must also have a very good listening skill. Other
Message – is the substance that is being sent by factors are similar to that of the sender.
the sender to the receiver. It might be in the form
of voice, audio, text, video or other media. The 4. Laswell’s Communication Model
key factors affecting the message are Lasswell’s communication model has 5
Content - is the thing that is in the message. components which is used as an analysis tool for
The whole message from beginning to end is the evaluating the communication process and
content. components. The components are the questions to
be asked to get the answers and keep
communication going.
 This model is similar to the communication model
proposed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver.
Their model is more graphical than Lasswell’s.
George Gerbner who is the founder of the
cultivation theory, expanded Lasswell’s model
and included the concept of reaction of the
receiver.
Control analysis helps the sender to have all the Disadvantages and Criticisms of Lasswell’s
power. Model
Content analysis is associated to stereotyping and The major criticism of Lasswell’s Model is that it
representation of different groups politically. It is does not include feedback and it ignores the
also related to the purpose or the ulterior motives possibility of noise. Without feedback, a
of the message. communication process cannot be fruitful.
Lasswell’s model is very linear and does not
Media analysis represents which medium should
consider barriers in the communication
be used to exercise maximum power against the
process.
receivers.
The model is also criticized for being very
Audience analysis shows who are the target
general and only including very traditional
population to be manipulated or brain-washed.
topics. The model is very simplistic. The model is
Effect analysis is done before the process starts. It said to be propaganda based as it is more focused
is used to predict the effect of message over the on the resulting outcome and generally used for
target population to be exploited. media persuasion.
Explanation of Lasswell’s Communication 5. Helical Model of Communication
Model
“If you’re born today, you’ve limited
Though Lasswell’s model was developed to expressions”- Frank Dance
analyze mass communication, this model is used
Frank Dance proposed a communication model
for interpersonal communication or group
inspired by a helix in 1967, known as Helical
communication to be disseminated message to
Model of Communication. A helix is a three
various groups in various situations.
dimensional spring like curve in the shape of a
Lasswell’s model was developed to study the cylinder or a cone.
media propaganda of countries and businesses at
Helix is compared with evolution of
that time. Only rich people used to have
communication of a human since birth to
communication mediums such as televisions and
existence or existing moment. Helical model
radios back them. It was made to show the mass
gives geometrical testimony of communication.
media culture.
The model is linear as well as circular combined
Lasswell also brought the concept of Effective and disagrees the concept of linearity and
Communication Process. He talked about the circularity individually.
relation between presentation of facts and how it
Concept of Helical Model of Communication
generates different effects. The use of the concept
of effect makes Lasswell’s model non-linear Helical model of communication introduces the
unlike it’s name. It’s because effect can also be concept of time where continuousness of the
taken as feedback. communication process and relational
interactions are very important.
Though, generally, the component of effect was
Communication is taken as a dynamic process in
made to be more about outcome of the message,
helical model of communication and it progresses
the model is applied in different medias and fields
with age as our experience and vocabulary
despite being developed specifically for mass
increases.
communication.
 4. It is not represent in a systematic and orderly
way.
5. Variables cannot be differentiated in this model.
6. Continuity may not always be true for
communication. There might be breaks in
At first, helical spring is small at the bottom situations as well as events can be meaningless,
and grows bigger as the communication forced or unproductive.
progresses. The same effect can be seen with 7. The purpose of communication is not always
communication of humans, where you know growth.
nothing about a person at first and the
knowledge grows steadily as you know the 6. Schramm’s Field of Experience Model
person better. It considers all the activities of the
person, from the past and present.
Communication is affected by the curve from
which it emerges which denotes past behavior and
experiences. Slowly, the helix leaves its lower
levels of behavior and grows upward in a new
way. It always depends on the lowest level to form
the message. Thus, the communicative This model shows how meaning is transferred
relationship reaches to the next level in which from one person or group to another. Here he
people share more information. added Field of experience: are based on individual
beliefs, values, experiences a nd learned meanings
Communication is supposed to be continuous and both as an individual or part of group.
non-repetitive. It is always growing and
accumulative. He suggest that message can be complicated by
different meaning learned by different people.
Ex: Communication evolves with the child crying. Thus, Schramm says Message meaning can be
This is where the helix is small at the bottom. And Denotative or Connotative.
he continues communication, the helix gradually
grows. When the communication becomes more Denotative meaning: it is based on Dictionary
complex, the spiral grows wider. From then on, it meaning of word. Which is universally same and
grows steadily as his life goes on. accepted by all.

Advantages of Helical Model of Connotative meaning: based on one’s

Communication Emotional or Personal experiences, thus can be
different for different persons , based upon their
1. The model assumes sender and receiver to be evaluation. Thus, incorporating the study of
interchangeable and makes communication human behavior.
process to be two way.
Schramm’s Model of Communication, 1954
2. The model takes the communication process
speculative and intellectual.
Disadvantages of Helical Model of
Communication
1. The model is taken as more simple than it
should be.
2. Some critics don’t take it to be a model as it has
very few variables.
Another Schramm's model of communication
3. It is not testable because it is abstract.
which is used in both Intrapersonal and
Interpersonal communication. The model takes 3. Determine the elements to discuss. After
communication as a never ending process which identifying the direction to pursue in responding
constitutes messages and feedbacks. to the documentary, you should move into
collecting points and evidence to support it. Based
Each person is both sender and receiver, so
on the aspect that you intend to discuss in the
there must be interpretation of the message on
review, gather sufficient points that are striking
each turn. The interpreted data is known as
from the film to use in proving your reaction. For
information. This makes communication effective
every key point that you identify, also acquire
but might cause problems too as the message sent
examples or evidence from the documentary to
after encoding might not be the same when
use in proving it. All the elements that you pick
decoded by the receiver. So, this model is not
should connect back to the focus of the paper and
conventional like other models that only talk
effectively evaluate your response and purpose of
about sender and receiver.
writing.
Feedback is also a very important component as
4. Create an outline. An outline is a simple plan
it lets the sender know if the receiver has
showing how you intend to present the review. It
interpreted the message as required or not. The
should briefly highlight the introduction, body and
message becomes useless if the receiver does not
conclusion of the paper. The purpose of the
understand it making feedback different than the
outline is to provide you with a ‘blueprint’ of the
expected outcome.
paper and easy reference when writing.
5. Introduce the paper. Begin by giving a brief
and accurate summary of the documentary in the
opening statements of the paper. On this part, you
HOW TO WRITE A REACTION OR RESPONSE
should include basic information about the piece,
PAPER
including its title, producer, characters, and date of
1. Watch the documentary or the Video clip screening among other key elements.
and take notes. You can only be able to write a
6. Evaluate the documentary. This should make
review or response to a documentary when you
up the bulk of the paper, and present a
understand all its elements, contents and message.
comprehensive evaluation of the documentary.
Therefore, it is always advisable that you watch
This section highlights the body paragraphs and
the documentary more than once in order to
should clearly indicate that you have watched and
properly digest it and know what it is all about.
understood the context of the film.
While watching the documentary, it is advisable to
Every paragraph should properly establish and
treat it more like a story or a letter. Note down
explain your position or response to the
some of the striking features of the film, like
documentary, backed with evidence and examples.
characters, scenes, messages and how they are
Devote every paragraph to a particular idea and a
relayed.
few related evidences.
2. Identify the focus of your review. The basis of
7. Write the conclusion. The final paragraph of a
a reaction paper is to present your opinion or
response paper should present a summary of your
thoughts about the documentary. However, these
position on the piece. This can be achieved
should be backed by examples or evidence from
through restating the focus of the paper and the
the film. Academic papers require that you
key points that are discussed in the body
identify a particular angle to pursue in writing,
paragraphs. Remember that the conclusion should
which will be the basis of the paper.
just be short and not open a fresh discussion.
When identifying the focus of your paper do not
Lesson 2: Communication in Multicultural
simply look at the documentary, instead, compare
Settings
it with your general knowledge, other films on the
same subject and even comments from experts in DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION CONTEXTS
that field. You can also relate the documentary to
your personal experiences.
Context - refers to the circumstances and essential to unlock some cultural dimensions,
settings of communication. The following are the provide examples, and explain how they affect
different communication contexts. communication
PERSONAL CONTEXT - It involves the CULTURAL DIMENSIONS IN
background of both the sender and the receiver COMMUNICATION
of the message. Ex. Education, religion, 1. Individualistic Culture vs. Collectivist Culture
socioeconomic status, marital status and other
beliefs.
PHYSICAL CONTEXT - It is the environment
where communication takes place. It include
factors perceived by the senses such as
temperature, humidity, odor, lighting and noise
level.
2. Low-Context Culture vs. High-Context
SOCIAL CONTEXT - It refers to the kind of Culture
relationship that exists between the sender and
the receiver.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT - It includes
the emotions and feelings of the participants in
the communication process. It also involves
opinions, judgements, prejudices, attitudes and
perception toward each other.
CULTURAL CONTEXT - sets of beliefs, value 3. Monochronic Culture vs. Polychronic Culture
systems, guiding principles and assumptions
based on one’s race, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual
orientation, gender identity and religion, within
which communication happens.
COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE
4. Uncertainty Avoidance Culture
Communication and Culture are entwined and
inseparable. Culture influences what and how we
communicate with people.
Culture – is defined as set of unique and shared
beliefs & values that guide a certain group of
people on how to think, behave and act.
5. Power Distance
Filipino communication and culture
Ex: Pagmamano & “Po” and “Opo”
Cultural Differences
Americans are more direct or straightforward
when they deliver their messages
Filipinos are non-confrontational. They try to
euphemize or use polite words or expression in 6. Gender Prominence Culture: Masculine
place of ideas that may come across as offensive, Culture vs. Feminine Culture
rude, or harsh.
To increase awareness and to develop competence
in communicating in a multicultural settings, it is
 1. Formal – this type of register is used in a
professional context. It is highly structured,
impersonal, and more serious in this tone,
vocabulary, and grammar.
2. Informal – Language is casual, personal and
more intimate in its tone, sentence structure, and
choice of words.

7. Long-term or Short-term Orientation Culture 3. Neutral – This is a more factual and non-
emotional type of language register.
C. Non-Verbal Communication is our primary
mode to communicate feelings and emotions
which we usually do not express verbally. Non-
verbal expressions are thus more reliable than
words. What you do speaks so loud, I can’t hear
what you say.
Non-Verbal messages refer to the cues that are
sent through body language, posture, gesture,
movements, facial expression, and appearance
that are used in place of or simultaneously with
verbal message.

LESSON 3: Communication through Verbal D. Non-Verbal Messages group

and Non Verbal Communication 1. KINESICS: USE OF BODY - The technical
A. Verbal Communication uses spoken or name for the interpretation that comes along
written words to communicate a message. On the with motions when someone communicates is
other hand, there is also non – verbal kinetics. This includes gesture, movements,
communication which uses body language, posture, eye contact facial expression, and touch.
gestures, facial expressions, and even posture to 2. PARALANGUAGE: USE OF VOICE - The
communicate. voice should have intelligibility, variety, and
B. Verbal Communication: Language Variety understandable patterns. Intelligibility pertains
and Register to the loudness of your voice rate of your
speech, pronunciation, and enunciation.
Language is a set of arbitrary symbols which Variety refers to your pitch, force, and pause.
create possible combination of utterances
primarily used for communication. Language 3. PROXEMICS: USE OF SPACE - Proxemics
register refers to the level and style of spoken refers to the space in which our interpersonal
and written discourse depending on the context communication takes place affects us in many
you are in. It determines the vocabulary, tone, and subtle ways in which we are not always aware of.
structure of your language. When you talk to your
friend, you use a more formal language register,
more casual and friendly, than when you talk to
your teacher where you employ a more formal
language register, a polite tone and well-thought
out words.
Three types of Language Registers Types of Proxemics
1. Intimate – Distance varies from touching to a international trade and investment and aided by
space of 1-1.5 feet. Intimate distance is information technology.
appropriate only for the most intimate
This process has effects on the environment, on
conversations.
culture, on political systems, on economic
2. Personal Distance - has a space roughly 1-2.5 development and prosperity, and on human
feet. This is when people meet in an office or on physical well-being in societies around the world.
the street. Technology has been the other principal driver of
globalization.
3. Social distance - varies from 4-6 feet. This
kind of distance is good for impersonal business. Advances in information technology, in particular,
have dramatically transformed economic life.
4. Public distance - starts about 12 feet and
Information technologies have given all sorts of
extend as is feasible in a large room.
individual economic actors—consumers,
5. Orientation/geographic location - as investors, businesses—valuable new tools for
important as distance is the geographic location of identifying and pursuing economic opportunities,
the participants – where people are in relation to including faster and more informed analyses of
one another. economic trends around the world, easy transfers
of assets, and collaboration with far-flung
6. Gestures and Body Movements - Gestures are partners.
probably one of the first means of communication
that human beings developed before oral language LANGUAGE AND GLOBALIZATION
appeared.
“Globalization” is a social process “characterized
7. Postures – body postures are another signal by the existence of global economic, political,
which is largely involuntary but can communicate cultural, linguistic and environmental
important social signals. interconnections and flows that make the many of
the currently existing borders and boundaries
8. Facial Expressions – is a key characteristic of irrelevant”. Globalization is not as recent a
nonverbal communication, your facial phenomenon as economists have generally led us
expression can communicate happiness, sadness, to believe, although it has undoubtedly operated in
anger, or fear. This refers to change in the use of faster and more complex ways since the late 1980s
mouth, eyes and cheeks.
Globalization is readily increasing in today’s
9. Silence - This technique is used to convey world. This increase in globalization has many
meaning either consciously or unconsciously. effects on language, both positive and negative.
Sometimes, silence can convey positive message. These effects on language in turn affect the culture
Silence does not mean absence of communication. of the language in many ways. However, with
10. Chronemics: use of time - As previously globalization allowing languages and their
discussed, chronemics refers to how people cultures to spread and dominate on a global scale,
perceive and value time. In a monochromic it also leads to the extinction of other languages
culture “Time is of the essence.” and cultures.

Lesson 4: Communications and Globalization Language contributes to the formation of culture,

such as through vocabulary, greetings or humor.
GLOBALIZATION Language is in a sense the substance of culture.
Globalization is the spread of products, Languages serve as important symbols of group
technology, information, and jobs across belonging, enabling different groups of people to
national borders and cultures. In economic know what ethnic groups they belong to, and what
terms, it describes an interdependence of nations common heritages they share. Without a language,
around the globe fostered through free trade. It is a people would lose their cultural identity.
process of interaction and integration among Languages are, then, the very lifeline of
the people, companies, and governments of globalization: without language, there would be
different nations, a process driven by no globalization; and vice versa, without
globalization, there would be no world B.1 Creation of a Global Village affected both by
languages. globalization and global communication. The
global village is created when distance and
Globalization is deeply controversial, however.
isolation no longer matter because people are
Proponents of globalization argue that it allows
connected by technology. Wide-spread telephone
poor countries and their citizens to develop
and internet access have been life-changing for
economically and raise their standards of living,
many people across the world, especially those in
while opponents of globalization claim that the
developing countries. Many are now enrolling in
creation of an unfettered international free market
universities across the world without having to
has benefited multinational corporations in the
leave their desk chair. Virtual assistant jobs are
Western world at the expense of local enterprises,
becoming commonplace, where employees from
local cultures, and common people.
developing countries work with companies in
A. Impact of Globalization on How People North America or Europe, providing
Communicate administrative support and other business services
that can easily be conducted over the phone or via
The global language system is very much the internet.
interconnected, linked by multilingual persons
who hold the various linguistic groups together. Globalization and global communication have
The hierarchical pattern of these connections made it easier to see people on the other side of
closely corresponds to other dimensions of the the world as a neighbor, instead of a stranger from
world system, such as the global economy and the a faraway land. There is so much knowledge
worldwide constellation of states. about other countries and cultures available
online, that it’s no longer a complete mystery.
English is distinguished from the other languages
by having very significant numbers of non-native C. Diversity - This is the concept that endures,
speakers, I think it’s going to be the one most respect, acceptance, and understanding. It
affected by globalization. recognizes that people are unique from each
other with respect to their age, gender, race,
We can say that almost everywhere language is ethnicity, culture, socio-economic status,
used as an identity to be part of the “world educational background, and ideologies.
system” now, and the thing about any system that
integrates people is that it benefits its architects. COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION
Imported cultures are going to push out A. Types of CMC
indigenous ones.
Synchronous and Asynchronous Communication
It’s clear that globalization is making English
especially important not just in universities, but in Synchronous communication occurs when
areas such as computing, diplomacy, medicine, communication happens between two actively
shipping, and entertainment. No language is communicating parties. Video conferencing and
currently being learned by more people — there instant messaging are both forms of synchronous
may soon be 2 billion actively doing so — and the communication. Of course, sometimes
desire to learn it reflects a desire to be plugged circumstances could disrupt the connection, but
into a kind of “world brain.” most of the time, it's pretty reliable.

B. The Effects of Globalization on Global Asynchronous communication refers to those

Communication instances where a conversation does not depend
on an immediate answer. Email, video messages,
Global communication is directly affected by the and text messages are examples of asynchronous
process of globalization, and helps to increase communication. Of course, you could respond
business opportunities, remove cultural barriers rapidly, as people are prone to do with texts, but
and develop a global village. Both globalization the design is not dependent on an immediate
and global communication have changed the response.
environmental, cultural, political and economic
elements of the world.
The other division we can make between types of through. It is obtaining, providing and
computer-mediated communications is the type of disseminating information to move people in
message. Text-based messages have been around action through persuasion or through
the longest and range from emails and instant argumentation. “The content of the message is
messages to social media posts and texts. reliant to the purpose.”
Nowadays the technology we use is often related Purposive communication is transactional
to computers, giving rise to the popular term communication. It involves social and technical
computer-mediated communication, mediated communication. It is social in nature for it
technology need not be computerized as writing a involves the interpersonal exchange of thoughts
letter using a pen and a piece of paper is also and ideas with common ends among people.
using mediated communication. Language is used in a co-construction of
meanings.
Thus, mediated communication is the use of any
technical medium for transmission across time and Purposive communication is technical in form as
space. certain predictable patterns are observed lending
itself to the formal and professional manner of
presenting issues for a business or industry related
environment. Specific work relevant
communication skills have to be mastered to
ensure that the intended messages come clear.

B. Basic Principles in Communicating for a

MODULE 2: COMMUNICATION FOR Purpose Learning the Principles of
VARIOUS PURPOSES Communication are important as they serve as
guides in the practice and continuous
Lesson 5: Understanding Purposive improvement of your communication skills.
Communication
1. Communication is Transactional. It is a two
The basic rule in communication, is to express and way process which involves an exchange. A
not to impress. The Conventional ways of transactional communication respects the turn
disseminating information have evolved into taking practice.
digitization, hence the emergence of digital
communication in which ‘writers are almost 2. Communication is Inevitable. You cannot get
always everywhere’. Social media, posts, blogs, away with communication. It is an indispensable
chats, emails, videos, and other personal or part of life.
individual technology – based forms of 3. Communication is Goal Oriented. The
communication have become a familiar sight to purpose of communicating is expressing your
many. Best described as informal, they do intentions. The ultimate goal after the expression
function as intended by the authors or senders. is to understand each other.
Feedback, however, is either positive or negative.
4. Communication is Complex. It is interactive,
Purposive communication is communicating for context-based, culturally loaded, circular, and
various purposes. It recognizes that the content of irreversible. To be Irreversible means once
a message is reliant on a purpose in order to something is said, it cannot be taken back.
generate the desired outcome of communication.
In particular, purposive communication is for 5. Communication can be learned. It is a skill
frequent transactions facilitated in different that can be learned. Polyglot - the term applied to
settings where prompt attention is most required. an individual who knows many languages.
It is not confined to the mere giving out of
information, it is about getting the information
6. Communication is Relational. the process Basic Outline in doing the essays
how meaning is created echoes two vital aspects
of relationships of the communicators;
Immediacy and Control.
7. Communication is guided by Culture. It is
culture bounded. How messages are created and
processed in order to foster understanding is
greatly influenced by the cultural background of
the communicators. Methods of Paragraph Development
ETHICAL COMMUNICATIONS
Ethical Communication - is fundamental to
responsible thinking, decision making, and the
development of relationships and communities
within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and
media.
Why Are Ethics Important in Communication?
Ethical Communicators are honest. They never
lie, nor deceive. To fully realize the intentions of
good communication, thoughts, ideas and feelings
must be sincere and expressed with good
intentions.
THE ESSSAY IN A THREE-POLED FRAME
They are well aware of the consequences of
their thoughts and action. The way we Three Writing Styles in writing essays.
communicate may build or ruin our reputation.
1. Personal (autobiographical) - when writer
Thus, you take accountability for what you are
utilizes autobiography to able to describe what he
doing and saying. Communication is irreversible,
wants to convey.
so you must be cautious on your choice of words
and be responsible for your thoughts and actions. 2. Concrete-Particular (objective factual) –
when a writer anchors his judgments and
They value diversity and respect other’s
perceptions on a relevant and factual data.
opinions. Regard for others’ opinion is respect.
You may disagree to other people without 3. Abstract-Universal – when a writer relies on
sounding rude or offensive. better abstractions than on personal experience or
facts.
They are Just and Fair. This is being impartial
and objective. An ethical communicator exerts Three Major Reasons why essays are written
every effort to gather relevant facts or pertinent
To inform, explain, and persuade
information related to a situation before making
decisions THE OPINION ESSAY
Lesson 6: Conveying Messages through Opinion essays presents arguments for this
Written Communication reasons:
Written communication refers to the process of To convince others that one’s stand on an issue is
conveying a message through the written symbols. reasonable
Mastering the basic structures in essay writing is
the foundation for effectively communicating thru To influence others in their way of thinking
written materials. To persuade others to change their views and take
WRITING PERSUASIVE AND INFORMATIVE the desired actions.
ESSAY
Techniques on how to create interesting principal organ for phonation, found at the top of
introductions the Trachea. Its protuberance is known as
”Adam’s Apple” The vocal chords are a pair of
1. You may start asking question, or series of
muscles and cartilages that open and close at
question.
various degrees.
Ex. What is an educated man? Is he the man who
3. The Resonation stage - The voice produced in
has read a lot?
phonation is weak, it becomes strong and rich
2. You may have your own operational only when amplified and modified by resonators.
definition. Resonation is the process of voice modulation and
amplification.
Ex. Happiness is making smiles.
4. The Articulation stage - Articulation occurs
3. You may start with a proverb, quotation or when the tone produced in pharynx is changed
remark. into specific sounds. This is the result of the
Ex. Laughter is the best medicine. movement of the articulators towards the point of
articulation. The articulators are the uvula, velum,
4. Create a little story. tongue, lower lip and lower jaw.
Ex. Last summer, we went to Boracay beach. It VOICE PRODUCTION
was a wonderful trip, since it is my first time to go
there. To produce pleasant voice and distinct sounds,
you should learn how to use your speech organs
effectively. In breathing, the diaphragm is the
main organ used for breathing. It pumps air in and
out of the lungs. Your lungs provide the necessary
Lesson 7: Expressing Oneself through Oral air you need to produce sounds. You breathe air in
Communication and out and sound is produced when you breathe
ORAL COMMUNICATION out. When you speak, air is released slowly as you
produce sounds. To speak your best, you need to
Most communication is oral. You spend more time learn how to control the airflow through your
speaking and listening than reading and writing. lungs.
This being the case, it is important that you exert
effort in improving your oral communication TYPES OF SPEECHES ACCORDING TO
skills. PURPOSE

SPEAKING PROCESS 1. Informative Speech – meant to explain or

describe facts, truths, and principles to educate
Stages of Speaking audiences.
1. The Breathing Stage - Breathing which is a. Speeches about Processes - An informative
primarily concerned with maintaining life is speech about a process then describes how
secondarily a force in assisting vocalization. It something is made, done, or works.
consists of two phases; Inhalation and
exhalation. The lungs serves as a reservoir of air. b. Speeches about Events - A speech about an
As you inhale you will fill the lungs with air event then, describes the occurrence in full: the
needed for speaking. The diaphragm is a large time, date, location, and circumstances of that
sheet of muscle separating the chest cavity from occurrence.
the abdomen. It forms the floor of the chest and c. Speeches about Concepts - When speaking
roof of the abdomen. about concepts, you may have to find concrete
2. Phonation Stage - Phonation takes place when ideas in order to make abstract ideas more
voice is produced in speaking as the expiratory air relatable and tangible to your audience.
stream from the lungs going to the trachea or 2. Persuasive Speech – speech given to an
windpipe to the larynx. The Larynx is the audience with the intention of influencing or
convincing your listeners to agree with the but you do need to be able to back up your ideas
particualr point of view. and what you’re saying. Off the cuff won’t work.
Argumentative Speech - often about hot topics, 2. Create next steps: Structural thinking is built on
and they encourage the audience to change their clarity moving forward. You don’t need to provide
views or opinions on a topic. every detail under the sun, but being clear on
expectations and next steps or what you want from
Types of appeal
your colleagues will make a huge difference.
a. APPEAL TO REASON - The argument should
3. Ask for feedback and involve others: Social
appeal to rational intellect by finding a common
thinking is rooted in relationships. You’d think
ground to enable the audience to fully understand
that by default, communication is about
the topics.
connecting with others. You’d be wrong. Think
b. APPEAL TO EMOTION - Argument should about how many times people are talking for
anticipate the ethical, religious, social and political themselves and not for those to whom they’re
beliefs and feelings of the audience. speaking. Don’t do that—think of the listener.

c. APPEAL TO CHARACTER - Argument 4. Be visionary, give people a reason to listen:

should appeal to the sense of right and wrong, Compelling communication happens when you
justice and fair play. believe in an idea and provide the WHY! There’s
nothing worse than having no idea why you’re in
3. Entertainment Speech - to entertain is to have a meeting or what a presentation is about. Give
the audience relax, smile and enjoy the occasion. people the vision.
It aims to amuse and delight people.
5. Express yourself while being open:
4. Inspirational Speech - written to persuade, or Expressiveness runs the gamut, from those who
convince the listeners, that they can succeed. are quieter to those who are more gregarious.
Inspirational speaker is a speaker who makes Even if you’re quiet, communication can be
speeches intended to motivate or inspire an effective, but maybe it’s done through email or 1-
audience. on-1. Be open to different ways to communicate
Main Elements to Writing an Inspirational and know that others require that same kind of
Speech openness.

Optimism - Instill optimism to make the audience 6. Drive things ahead and involve others in doing
believe in what you are saying so: Communication can be directive or inclusive,
and both are necessary. Reading the situation is
Achievable Objectives - Goals must be positive critical to know how to best assert yourself.
and the audience must believe that they are Knowing how to actually get stuff done means
achievable that communication will be more effective
Passion - Convey the subject with enthusiasm, because your colleagues will see how it is moving
passion and conviction to appeal to the emotions forward.
of the audience 7. Be flexible and understand that changes
Confidence - Inspire the audience with a 'Can Do' happen: Communication isn’t a one-and-done
approach.’ thing. Effective communication is an ongoing
process, and that means embracing all facets of
Lesson 8: Communicating ideas effectively the Flexibility spectrum, from staying the course
A. WAYS TO COMMUNICATE MORE (and communicating why) to shifting direction
EFFECTIVELY (and communicating why).

1. Make sure your message is backed up by data: INFOGRAPHICS

To appeal to Analytical thinkers, communicating
Information in a visually engaging way in order to
clearly means knowing what you’re talking about.
attract and inform a large audience.
You don’t need mountains of facts, data and logic,
 2. Simplify and limit the number of words on each
screen. Use key phrases and include only essential
information.
3. Limit punctuation and avoid putting words in
all capital letters. Empty space on the slide will
enhance readability.
4. Use contrasting colors for text and background.
Light text on a dark background is best. Patterned
backgrounds can reduce readability of text.
5. Avoid the use of flashy transitions such as text
fly-ins. These features may seem impressive at
first, but are distracting and get old quickly.
6. Overuse of special effects such as animation
and sounds may make your presentation “cutesy”
and could negatively impact your credibility.
7. Limit the number of slides. Presenters who
constantly “flip” to the next slide are likely to lose
their audience. A good rule of thumb is one slide
per minute.
General Presentation Tips
Essential Rules to Create Info-graphics
 Plan carefully.
1. Make one big point. you should have a single,
 Do your research.
coherent message that the entire info-graphic
 Know your audience.
serves to deliver
 Time your presentation.
2. Use simple combinations of primary colors.  Speak comfortably and clearly.
3. Spcae it out. You need to pick and choose  Check the spelling and grammar.
which information you want to display, that best  Do not read the presentation. Practice the
suits your premise, and use negative space to lead presentation so you can speak from bullet
your reader from point to point until they reach points. The text should be a cue for the
the conclusion. presenter rather than a message for the viewer.
 Give a brief overview at the start. Then
4. Choose three quality fonts. (title, body, flavor) present the information. Finally review
5. Come up with a solid, eye-catching design. important points.

6. Decide on what’s important and what’s not.

7. Make it addictive.
EFFECTIVE POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS

Tips for Making Effective PowerPoint

Presentations
1. Use the slide master feature to create a
consistent and simple design template. It is fine to
vary the content presentation (i.e., bulleted list, 2-
column text, text & image), but be consistent with
other elements such as font, colors, and
background.