SPIRITED SOUL- courageous part of a person,

one who wants to do something or to right the

wrongs that they observe. Soul of passion
Western Philosophical Perspective of the self
RATIONAL SOUL- the drive of our lives, the part
What is philosophy? that thinks a plan for the future (conscious mind)

- Greek words: Philos and Sophia meaning ARISTOTLE

love of wisdom.
- The soul is the essence of the self
- Study of acquiring knowledge through
- Anything with life has a soul/ psyche
rational thinking and inquiries that involve
in answering questions regarding the nature 3 Kinds of Soul
and existence of man and the world we live
VEGATIVE- includes physical body that can grow
in.
- A desire to know, to discover causes, SENTIENT- has the capacity for sensory
reasons and principles of everything experience that includes sensual desire, feelings and
emotions. Happiness and pain
SOCRATES
RATIONAL- it is the capacity to act and think in
- He is the first martyr of education,
universal terms, includes the intellect that allows
knowledge and philosophy
man to know and understand things. rational nature
- His philosophy underlies in the importance
of the self, lead to a good, flourishing and fulfilling
of the notion “ know thy self”
life which is a self-actualization
- Men’s goal in life is to obtain happiness
- Understand ourselves is through internal ST. AUGUSTINE
questioning or introspection
- Incessant soul- searching - A saint and a philosopher of the church
- Follows the idea that god encompasses all,
Body or the physical realm that everything will be better if we are with
god
- Changeable, transient, imperfect
- Believed that god and his teaching affect
- The body belongs to the physical realm
various aspects in life
Ideal realm - The self is created by God beautifully
- Wisdom by design
- Unchanging, eternal and immortal
- Body and soul are unified (one affects the
- The soul belongs to ideal realm
other)
PLATO - The self has an immortal soul
- The body and soul struggle to find happiness
- Followed the idea of Socrates on knowing which exists only in God’s love
thy self
- According to him a person who is a follower HAPPINES
of truth and wisdom will not be tempted by
- Socretes – to be happy incessant soul-
vices and will always be correct/moral and
searching, introspection
ethical.
- Plato- harmong among reason, passion and
- The self is an immoral soul
physical appetite
3 parts of the soul - Aristotle- happiness is reached through the
rational part of the soul. Through self-
APPETITIVE SOUL- the part of the person that is actualization
driven by the desire and need to satisfy oneself. - St. Augustine- happiness is attained through
Physical needs, pleasure, objects. God’s love
RENE DESCARTES - The experiences and perception of a person
is important in the establishment of who that
- I think therefore I am”
person can become
- He was concerned of the thinking process
we use to answer question The self develops throughout a person’s lifetime
- Desecrates wanted to penetrate the nature of using reasons and knowledge
our reasoning process and understand its
The self is consciousness
relation to the human self
- Describe as the father of western philosophy - The self-exist in our direct sense experience
- French philosopher known to be the father – empiricism
of modern philosophy - Conscious awareness and memory or
- Known for the statement “cogito ergo sum” previous experiences are the keys to
(I think therefore I am) understanding the self.
The self as a thinking thing Self-consciousness – necessary to have a coherent
personal self identify or knowledge of the self as a
- The self, being self-conscious/ aware of
person
itself, is proof of its existence
Consciousness- makes the identity of a person
Eg.
similar in different situations
- You understand situation in which you find
A person is a thinking, intelligent being who has the
yourself
abilities to reason and to reflect. A person is also
- You doubt the accuracy of ideas presented to
someone who considers itself to be the same thing
you
in different times and different places.
Descartes believed that we would use the power to
- Consciousness—being aware that we are
achieve absolutely certain knowledge of the world,
thinking—always accompanies thinking and
and then use this rationally based knowledge to
is an essential part of the thinking process.
understand our world of experience
- Consciousness- is what makes possible our
2 dimension of the self (dualistic view of reality) belief that we are the same identity in
1. Thinking self – is a non material, immortal, different times and different places.
conscious being and independent of the David Hume
physical laws of universe
2. Physical Self- is a material, moral, non thinking - Scottish Philosopher
entity and fully governed by the physical laws - Focused his work on the field of
of nature empiricism, skepticism and naturalism
- There is no permanent self because
Difference of the 2 dimension of the self impressions of things are based from our
- The body from its nature is always divisible experiences where we can create our ideas
and mind is entirely indivisible. and knowledge, thus it may improve or
totally replaced
JOHN LOCKIE \
2 Distinct entities of experience
- English philosopher and physician
- Considered as the father of classical 1. Impressions— are the basic sensations of our
liberation experience.
- Work on the self is most represented by the 2. Ideas—are copies of impressions, and as a
concept “tabula rasa” blank slate result they are less “lively” and “vivid.”
The self does not exist.
– No self (E.g. cartoon in motion) - Denies the immortality of the soul= no
dichotomy between soul and body
– Personal identity is a result of imagination.
- You are what you do, brain is the hardwired
The mind is simply a container for fleeting to what you often do.
sensations and disconnected ideas
“don’t judge me by what I do”
Immanuel Kant
Paul Churchland
- German Philosopher that is known for his
- Mind/self= brain
works on empiricism and rationalism
- Grounded on neuroscience
- Established that the collection of
- The body-mind problem cannot be solved by
impressions and different contents is what it
philosopher but by neurosciences
only takes to define a person
- The self is the brain
- Awareness of different emotions that we
- The mental state of min can impact on the
have, impressions and behaviors is only a
cognitive, affective, and psychomotor of the
part of our self
self
- transcendental apperception
Sigmund Freud
Immanuel Kant
- Conscious- rational, practical, appropriate
Transcendental apperception /Transcendental
Unconscious- instincts, unfulfilled wishes,
unifying principle of consciousness
feelings, desires, aggressions
- is the dynamic organizing principle that Maurice Merleau- Ponty
makes consciousness possible.
The self is embodied subjectivity
- We construct the self.
- We have “a priori” (innate) experience of - The self is a lived body- it can never be
the self. objectified/ known in a complete way
- The self is not an object, but the subject. The mind and body are unified
It’s our self that makes experiencing an intelligible The self from the eastern philosophies
world possible, because it’s the self that is
BUDDHISM
responsible for synthesizing the discreet data of
sense experience into a meaningful whole 1. Life is suffering
2. Suffering is caused by attachment to desire
3 Layers of self
3. Suffering can be eliminated
1. Conscious self- the reality principle 4. Elimination of suffering is through the
2. Preconscious- contains materials that is less practice of eightfold path
threatening and easily brough to mind
THERE IS NO SELF= anatta
3. Unconscious- the pleasure principle
- Five parts- matter, sensation, perception,
Gilbert Ryle
mental, constructs and consciousness
- A British philosopher - There is in human no permanent, underlying
- The self is the way people behave substance that can be called the soul
- The self is the best understood as a pattern - If you die, you die, but whatever behavior
of behavior, the tendency or disposition of a you do will exist
person to behave in a certain way on a
A way of life
certain circumstance
- I act therefore I am - To be more attuned with life
 - To detach one’s self from things, emotions, - Emphasizes doing what is natural and
material things "going with the flow" in accordance with the
- To let go, not be anxious; meditation Tao (or Dao)
- End product: NIRVANA - tao = a cosmic force which flows through all
things and binds and releases them.
NIRVANA- a place of perfect peace and
happiness, like heaven There is no ultimate knowledge of the self.
- Give yourself permission to feel anger, pain, - the self is a process (of knowing). 
resentment, relax then let it go… with love - When you are ready, you will learn (chi)
- Let go of the anger; let go of the pride. - Highlights the natural course of things (tai
When you are bound by nothing, you go chi)
beyond sorrow
Yin/ yang – balance between darkness and light/
CONFUCIANISM good and bad
- Do not do to others what you would not There are nonsense things. You don’t need
want others do to you to explain it
The self as the center of the relationships.
“nonsense” things you cannot understand
- Emphasis is on family and social harmony
- The self is achieved by living in harmony HINDUISM
with others - There is a soul
Five cardinal relationships - The self is reincarnated
1. Between ruler and minister -
2. Between father and son Reincarnation
3. Between husband and wife
4. Between brothers - When the soul, which is seen as an eternal
5. Between friends and part of a spiritual realm. Returns to the
physical realm in a new body
The self as dynamic spiritual - A soul will complete this cycle many times,
- Human beings are fundamentally good, and learning new things each time and working
teachable, improvable, and perfectible through its karma
through personal and communal endeavor, - Samsara- the cycle of reincarnation
especially self – cultivation and self-creation
Self- cultivation- knowing ones role in society and 1. The goal of life is to attain salvation
acting accordingly (moksha)
Humanistic approach to understanding self 2. There is only one God, but in many forms.
3. Time is circular, rather than linear.
Argues that we can be truly human humane 4. Wealth is not a sin
To be truly human, one must be compassionate llness is due to the chakras
TAOISM (“wheel”; rotating & spinning) 
- Chinese philosophy (& religion) attributed - A healthy, balanced person has all 7 chakras
to Lao Tzu that provide exactly the right amount of
energy to every part of the body, mind and
spirit.
 - Meditation exercise - Jesus Christ was the Son of God – fully
human and fully divine – and that through
Yoga
believing in him and following his teachings
- experiencing life through the body (spiritual they can inherit eternal life.
& physical) - there are three basic streams of Christianity:
- different movements is a prayer. Orthodox, Protestant and Roman Catholic.
- uses breathing techniques, exercise and
MANDALAS
meditation to improve health and happiness
Reflection of the soul / an echo of the soul
OM
- An aid to concentration, meditation, and
- the first sound heard at the creation of the
relaxation
universe.
- Provides stress relief and spiritual self-
- When each syllable is pronounced fully, you
expression
should feel the energy of the sound lifting
- An invitation to look inside yourself &
from your pelvic floor all the way up
allow shapes, patterns & colors to represent
through the crown of your head.
anything from your current state of mind to
- The droning sound of the Om is said to
your most deeply-desired wish for yourself,
unblock the throat chakra, which can lead to
a loved one, or for humanity –Thaneeya
more attuned communication with others.
McArdle
MANTRA -

- a positive phrase or affirmative statement

that you say to yourself for the purpose of
motivation or encouragement.
- This could be your favorite quote, proverb,
spiritual truth or religious saying that
motivates and inspires you to be your best
self
ISLAM
The self as a way of life.
- Complete submission to the will of God.
- Pray 5 times a day
- Serve God, promote peace (even to the
nonfaithful)
There are more similarities than differences
between Christianity & Islam
- There is no God except Allah (not referred
to as him / man. )
- Men can marry/have several wives, provided
he will be just to all.
CHRISTIANITY
The self is achieved only by following Jesus’
teachings.
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE: THE SELF AS another THE SELF IS DEVELOPING AND
A PRODUCT OF SOCIETY EMERGES THROUGH PRETEND PLAY
- 3rd stage 5-9 game stage- can consider task
SOCIOLOGY
and relationship simultaneously THE SELF
- Study of social life, social change and the HAS EMERGED
social issue causes and consequences of
George Herbert mead’s theory of self
human behavior
- Being in a group changes “the self” Preparatory (language)
- Offers theories to explain how “the self”
- Responding to others through symbols,
emerges as a product of social experiences
gestures. Words, and sound
- Unlike philosophy which explains “what is
the self” sociology answers the question Play
“how does the self-develop”
- Taking on different roles (role- playing)
Sociology and the self pretend and express expectation
- The self is not a product of biology, but of Games
social interaction
- Understanding that there are rules in which
Charles Horton Cooley- Looking glass self one must abide by in order to win the game
or be successful at an activity
George Herbert Mead- Social self
2 sides of the self
George Lanuza- Modern vs Post modern society
- Me = the socialized aspect of the self
Charles Cooley’s The looking glass self
- Learned behaviors, attitudes and
- The self is built not in solitude but rather expectations of other and at society =
within social setting objective
- Individuals base their sense of self on how - I= the present and future phase of the self
they believe on other view them - The individual’s identity based in response
1. We imagine how we look to other person to the “me” = subjective
(how do other people see me?)
If the I is synonym to the me, then the full
2. We imagine other persons reaction to our
development of the self is attained
appearance (how do other people judge)
3. We respond with some feeling (what Is my THE SELF AS A PRODUCT OF MODERN AND
sense of self according to this perception?) POST-MODERN SOCIETIES
George Herbert mead’s theory - Lanuza
- Baudrillard
- The self is social, it develops through social
experience Garry Lanuza 2004 the constitution of the self
- It is not there from birth, but it is developed
over time from social experiences and - Self-identity is freely chosen
activities - No longer restricted by customs and
traditions
Stages of the Self
Modern vs post-modern
- 1st stage 0-3- preparatory stage – children
imitate people around them NO SELF OF Modern- traditional values and communities no
SELF longer part of the self
- 2nd stage 3-5- play stage – role taking – Post-modern- self-identity continuously changes
mentally assuming the perspective of due to demands of society
Jean Baudrillard and the negative effect of post - Anthropologists believe that culture and self
modernity are complementary concepts that are to be
understood in relation to one another.
- The self is a consequence of prestige status
- Considers human experience as an interplay
symbols
of nature and nurture.
The self in his family - Anthropologists believe that culture and self
are complementary concepts that are to be
Golden age understood in relation to one another.
- Nuclear family - Provides insights into the nature of self-
- Adolescents perceived as immature based on continuous understanding of the
- Protective environment basic elements of culture

POSTMODERN AGE CULTURE

- Permeable family - A complex whole which includes

- Adolescents perceived as socially knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law,
sophisticated customs, and any other capabilities and
- Exposure to many destructive images habits acquired by man as a member of
society
Conclusion - “ways of life”
The looking glass self (Cooley) describes the 2 components of culture
development of the self through interaction with
other - Material culture refers to the physical
objects, resources, and spaces that people
The self has 2 divisions (mead) “I” subjective and use to define their culture. Ex. schools,
“me” objective churches, synagogues, temples, mosques,
Self-identity continuously changes due to demands tools, means of production, goods and
of society (Lanuza) products
- For example, technology is a vital aspect of
Self-identity is sometimes achieved through prestige material culture in today’s world. Students
symbols one consumes (Baudrillard) must learn to use computers to survive in
college and business, in contrast to young
adults in the Yanomamo society in the
ANTHROPOLOGICAL Amazon who must learn to build weapons
CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF THE SELF: THE and hunt.
SELF EMBEDDED IN CULTURE
Non‐material - culture refers to the nonphysical
ANTHROPOLOGY ideas that people have about their culture, including
- study of all aspects of human condition. beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language,
This includes human history, the present organizations, and institutions.
condition, and even future human DIFFERENCE
possibilities.
- It explores the interconnectedness and Material Culture
interdependence of human cultural - Consists of concrete and tangible objects.
experiences in all places and ages. - Tools, Furnitures, Automobiles, Books,
- Possesses a holistic and integrated approach Buildings, Dams etc. –
in examining human nature. - *These concrete and tangible objects are
man-made that represents their culture.
Non material culture - Your culture is an important part of yourself.
- The self is viewed either as individualist or
- -Consists of intangible and abstract objects.
collectivist
- Customs, traditions, habits, manners,
- Personal names in all societies represent the
attitudes, beliefs, language, literature, art,
self.
law, religion etc. –
- Rites of passage involve rituals that prepare
- These are the identities of a certain group of
the person to transition: separation,
individuals.
liminality, incorporation.
THE SELF IN THE WESTERN AND ORIENTAL - People emerge from field of social relations
THOUGHT involving humans, animals, things and
places. Different societies have different
CONCEPT OF THE SELF VIEWED IN concepts of the person.
DIFFERENT SOCIETIES 1. Egocentric- the self is - Personhood is attained and maintained
seen as an autonomous and distinct individual. through relationships not only with other
II. Sociocentric – the self is contingent on a human beings but with things, places,
situation or social setting. animals and the spiritual features of the
cosmos.
RITE OF PASSAGE (ARNOLD VAN GENNEP)
- is a ritual that marks a change in a person’s
social or sexual status. Rites of passage are
often ceremonies surrounding events such as
childbirth, puberty, coming of age,
marriages, or death.
3 PHASES OF RITE OF PASSAGE
Separation – people detach from their former
identity to another.
Liminality – person transitions from one identity to
another.
Incorporation – the change in one’s status is
officially incorporated
WHAT ARE THE OTHER RITES OF PASSAGES
IN DIFFERENT CULTURE?
• Marriage • Circumcision • Clitoridectomy • Neck
elongating • Lip platin
IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST OF NORTH
AMERICA, AMONG THE HAIDA, TSIMSHIAN,
AND TLINGIT, LIP PLATES ARE USED BY
WOMEN TO SYMBOLIZE SOCIAL MATURITY
BY INDICATING A GIRL’S ELIGIBILITY TO
BE A WIFE. THE INSTALLATION OF A GIRL’S
FIRST PLATE WAS CELEBRATED WITH A
SUMPTUOUS FEAST
Conclusion
Psychological perspective of the self Incongruence= real self- ideal self
What is self? Congruence
- It is sometimes referred to as the soul, ego, - The conscious integration of an experience
psyche, identity, I, me, am or being. into the self.
- It is the sense of who you are - Rogers writes, "I have found, in my relations
- The scientific study of behavior and mental with persons, that in the long run it does not
processes help to pretend to be something I am not."
Behavior – overt Rogers’ self-theory
Mental Process – covert The most innate tendency of humans is a drive
WILLIAM JAMES towards self-actualization

- The self is composed of the "me" (empirical self) Donald Winnicott

and the "I" (transcendental self) Multiple vs. Unified self
Parts of the empirical self; - Is your description of yourself the same as
- The material self others’ description? -Refers to the self in
- The social self which we act differently to different people
- The spiritual self True Self vs. False self
What is self - Is what you are thinking consistent with
I – self what you are doing?

- That part of you who knows who you are Albert Bandura
- Thinking self - The self as a proactive and agentic.
Me- self - Agency
- The ability of a person to play a part in
- That part of you based on your personal his/her self-development and self-renewal.
experiences
 4 features of human agency:
Material- physical attributes and possessions
- Intentionality – ability to plan
Social- how a person acts in social situation - Forethought – ability to anticipate
Spiritual- most intimate/ important; one’s purpose consequences of one’s actions
moral behavior - Self-reactiveness – ability to make choices
and motivate oneself
CARL ROGERS - Self-reflectiveness – ability to reflect or
Self- a flexible and changing perception of personal examine one’s thoughts and actions.
identity Self-efficacy
Real self vs ideal self A person’s belief about his or her capabilities to
Real self – who one truly is and what one can do perform a task.

Ideal self- what one should be (goals and aspiration) A primary determinant of emotional and
motivational states and behavioral change.
Self-concept- the image of one’s self
Self-awareness- it is an important aspect of
understanding
High self- efficacy Discovering the self/ the physical self
- individuals believe they can perform well. My physical body
- They look at difficult tasks as challenges
- Physical Self – refers to the body. It is the
that they are more intrinsically interested in
concrete dimension, the tangible aspect of
the tasks they pursue.
the person that can be directly observed and
Low self- efficacy examined.
- Human Development – scientific study of
- individuals doubt their ability to perform
the changes that occur in people as they age,
- They tend to see difficult tasks as threats
from conception until death.
they should avoid.
2 factors
Sigmund Freud
- HEREDITY (Nature)
- Father of Psychoanalysis (most influential
- ENVIRONMENT (Nurture)
theory of Psychology)
- The self is always in constant conflict The theory of physiognomy
among three dynamic
- Physiognomy: theory based upon the idea
- Id
that the assessment of a person's outer
- Ego
appearance (primarily the face) may give
- Superego
insights into their character or personality
ID- refers to the component of the personality that
All lacked two key criteria – reliability and validity
characterized by its needs to satisfy basic urges and
desires structured and projective techniques.
Ego- refers to the I and operates on the reality Four Humors Theory – Hippocrates
principle and controls the id
- The theory suggests that an excess or
Superego- refers to the conscience and the moral deficiency in any of the 4 bodily fluids (or
judge of one’s conduct humors) in a person influences their
personality, temperament and well-being.
The self is multi layered
Body type theory
Conscious- thoughts, perceptions, rational, practical
and appropriate Sheldon 1942 somatype
Unconscious- instincts, unfulfilled wishes, feelings, - He argued that an individual’s body shape
desires and aggression was correlated with their personality. From a
study of 300 male body types he
Preconscious- memories and stored knowledge
characterised three main body types:
Freud believed that every child goes through a - The Ectomorph  The Endomorph  The
sequence of development stages, and the Mesomorph
experiences during these stages will determine his - Sheldon’s Body Types. Three major body
or her adult personality characteristics. types are associated with different
personality traits. Yet research hasn’t proved
The adult personality is formed by the end of the
Sheldon’s claims. Because Sheldon wasn’t
5th year of life.
blind to body type when rating people’s
Each stage has a corresponding erogenous zone, personality traits, his findings may have
which is the greatest source of stimulation and been due to bias.
pleasure during that stage.
The ectomorph
 - Thin - We may prefer those with facial symmetry
- Wirey frame in the abstract, but we usually end up with
- Weedy someone who match our attractiveness level
- Tall = MATCHING HYPOTHESIS
The endomorph Beauty and attraction
- Heavy - Good-looking people tend to seek out
- Rounded equally beautiful people in social situations
- Fat - Researchers asked 172 strangers to mingle
- Non sporty and randomly form groups
- They found attractive people tend to gather
The mesomorph
with other good-looking types
- Solid - Attractive women were most likely of all to
- Well built be at the center of a group
- Muscular frame
Body image
- Sporty
Worst Possible Effect of Negative Body Image:
Sheldon stated the Endomorphs tended to have a
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
relaxed, loving nature and enjoy the company of
other people 4 Aspects of Body Image
- Ectomorphs are more solitary, introverted - Perceptual (how you “see” your body)
and self-conscious individuals - Affective ( how you “feel” about your body
- Mesomorphs are characterised as criminals, - Cognitive (how you “think” about your
being aggressive, callous and mindless of body)
other people’s feelings. - Behavioral (behaviors you engage in as a
- Sheldon stated that it was rare for people to result of your body image).
be pure somatotypes; instead, each
Lizzie Velasquez
individual would display a combination of
each of the three personality traits according - American motivational speaker, author,
to their own somatotype. activist and novelist
- Born with “Neonatal progeroid syndrome”
Standard of beauty
that among other symptoms, prevents her
- In Egyptian art, beauty is perceived in from accumulating body fat and gaining
women with slim, high waist, narrow hips weight
and long black hair.
Positive affirmation
- During the Medieval Age, considered
chubby, fat or plump women beautiful “Watch your thoughts, for they become words.
- Generally, human who have clean and Watch your words, for they become actions. Watch
unblemished skin, thick shiny hair, well- your actions, for they become habits. Watch your
proportioned bodies, and symmetrical faces habits, for they become character. Watch your
are considered the most beautiful character, for it becomes your destiny.”
Beauty and facial symmetry Some ways to improve body image and inner self
Evolutionary Advantage Theory Be your own best friend. == IF YOU ARE MET
WITH A DIFFICULT SITUATION, DO YOU
- ymmetrical faces are perceived as more
ASK, “if a friend of mine had this problem, what
attractive because symmetry indicates good
health in a person.
would I tell him/her? Use a frame of reference. If
____ was in my position, what would he/she do?
Male
)AT least 30 minutes a day of Exercise improves
Testicles- are the round glands in the scrotum,
your overall mood, skin condition, mental health.
which produce a store semen
Find a support group. And stick with them
Vas- is the tube through which sperm passes to
reach the penis
Penis- is the primary center of sexual sensation of
the man
The sexual self
Anus- is the opening to the rectum (digestive tract)
What is sex?
the same nerves which carry pleasurable sensation
- The property or quality by which organisms from the penis and clitoris, extend to this area. Via
are classified as female or male on the basis the anus, the prostrate gland in men can be directly
of their reproductive organs and functions stimulated which can result in orgasm.

Functions of sex Sexuality is complex. Its much more than simply

you sexual feeling or having sexual intercourse
- Reproduction
- Deriving pleasure Sexuality is an important, joyful and natural part of
- Expressions of love and intimacy and being a person
affection
Sexual organs- female
Ovaries- are the female organs where the eggs
develop
Fallopian tube- are the passages through which
mature egg travels to the uterus
Uterus- is where the baby develops during
pregnancy. It is a pear-shaped organ located in the
pelvic region. When a woman is not pregnant, its
lining is shed every month in a process called
menstruation
Cervix- is the opening to the uterus
Vagina- is the canal extending from the uterus to the
outside of the body, externally it is seen as the
opening located between the urethral and anal
openings
Labia - consist of outer folds of skin on either side
of the Vagina
Clitoris- is a small highly sensitive extension
located above the urethral opening where the labia
meet. It is the primary center of sexual sensation of
the woman and has no purpose besides sexual
pleasure