KIDAPAWAN CITY

DIVISION
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
PROGRAM
Simplified Self-Learning Module in Discipline and
Ideas in Social Sciences (HUMSS)
Quarter 3 / Module 6

Name: Grade and Section:

School: LRN:
Teacher: Score:

I. Competencies and Objectives

A. Discuss the basic concepts and principles of the Pyschoanalysis and Rational
choice through a concept map.
B. Distinguish carefully the significance of the Psychoanalysis and Rational choice
as major social science idea; and
C. Write an essay on how the basic concepts and principles of the major social
science ideas (Psychoanalysis and Rational Choice) contributed to the
development of an individual as a human person.

II. Subject Matter / Topic and Curriculum Code

A. Basic Concepts and Principles of the Major Social Science Ideas: Pyschoanalysis
and Rational Choice
III. Textbook, Manuals & References
A. WorldWideWeb
B. Books, Reading Materials
IV. Lesson Proper
Lesson 1: Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is defined as a set of psychological theories and

therapeutic methods that have their origin in the work and theories of Sigmund Freud. The
primary assumption of psychoanalysis is the belief that all people possess unconscious
thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories.
Psychoanalysis therapy aims to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e., make
the unconscious conscious. It is only having a cathartic (i.e., healing) experience can the person
be helped and "cured." Remember, psychoanalysis is a therapy as well as a theory.
Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders.

In psychoanalysis (therapy), Freud would have a patient lie on a couch to relax, and he would sit beh
them taking notes while they told him about their dreams and childhood memories.
Psychoanalysis would be a lengthy process, involving many sessions with the
psychoanalyst. Due to the nature of defense mechanisms and the inaccessibility of the
deterministic forces operating in the unconscious, psychoanalysis in its classic form is a
lengthy process often involving 2 to 5 sessions per week for several years.

This approach assumes that the reduction of symptoms alone is relatively

inconsequential as if the underlying conflict is not resolved, more neurotic symptoms will
simply be substituted. The analyst serves as a 'blank screen,' disclosing very little about
themselves so that the client can use the space in the relationship to work on their
unconscious without interference from outside.
 The psychoanalyst uses various techniques as encouragement for the client to
develop insights into their behavior and the meanings of symptoms, including ink blots,
parapraxes, free association, interpretation (including dream analysis), resistance analysis,
and transference analysis.
Freud’s Structure of Personality

According to Freud, our personality develops

from the interactions among what he proposed as the
three fundamental structures of the human mind: the
id, ego, and superego. Conflicts among these three
structures, and our efforts to find balance among what
each of them “desires,” determines how we behave
and approach the world. What balance we strike in
any given situation determines how we will resolve the
conflict between two overarching behavioral
tendencies: our biological aggressive and pleasure-
seeking drives vs. our socialized internal control over Ego, Superego and Id
those drives. https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/
Ego,
_Superego_and_Id
The Id
Downloaded: 8/30/2020
11:50 pm
The id, the most primitive of the three structures, is concerned with the instant
satisfaction of basic physical needs and urges. It operates entirely unconsciously (outside of
conscious thought). For example, if your id walked past a stranger eating ice cream, it would
most likely take the ice cream for itself. It doesn’t know, or care, that it is rude to take something
belonging to someone else; it would care only that you wanted the ice cream.

The Superego
The superego is concerned with social rules and morals—like what many people
call their” conscience” or their “moral compass.” It develops as a child learns what their
culture considers right and wrong. If your superego walked past the same stranger, it
would not take their ice cream because it would know that that would be rude. However, if
both your id and your superego were involved, and your id was strong enough to override
your superego’s concern, you would still take the ice cream, but afterward you would most
likely feel guilt and shame over your actions.

The Ego

In contrast to the instinctual id and the moral superego, the ego is the rational,
pragmatic part of our personality. It is less primitive than the id and is partly conscious and
partly unconscious. It’s what Freud considered to be the “self,” and its job is to balance
the demands of the id and superego in the practical context of reality. So, if you walked
past the stranger with ice cream one more time, your ego would mediate the conflict
between your id (“I want that ice cream right now”) and superego (“It’s wrong to take
someone else’s ice cream”) and decide to go buy your ice cream. While this may mean you
have to wait 10 more minutes, which would frustrate your id, your ego decides to make
that sacrifice as part of the compromise– satisfying your desire for ice cream while also
avoiding an unpleasant social situation and potential feelings of shame.

Freud believed that the id, ego, and superego are in constant conflict and that adult
personality and behavior are rooted in the results of these internal struggles throughout
childhood. He believed that a person who has a strong ego has a healthy personality and
that imbalances in this system can lead to neurosis (what we now think of as anxiety and
depression) and unhealthy behaviors.

Defense Mechanism

Most notably used by Sigmund Freud in his psychoanalytic theory, a defense

mechanism is a tactic developed by the ego to protect against anxiety. Defense
mechanisms are thought to safeguard the mind against feelings and thoughts that are too
difficult for the conscious mind to cope with. In some instances, defense mechanisms are
thought to keep inappropriate or unwanted thoughts and impulses from entering the
conscious mind.

Types of Defense Mechanism

1. Rationalization - justification of an unacceptable behavior

2. Intellectualization - reasoning to block emotional distress
3. Reaction formation - changing unwanted emotions or feelings
4. Acting Out – carrying out extreme behavior
5. Projection – transferring the drive or behavior that causes anxiety to others
6. Dissociation – separating of the memories one can’t deal with or doesn’t want
7. Compartmentalization – separating part of oneself from awareness of other
parts
8. Displacement – transferring of negative emotion from one person or thing
9. Regression – seeking the safety of an earlier development stage
10. Sublimation – diverting intolerable impulse to a socially desirable one
11. Compensation – balancing apparent weakness by accentuating the strength
12. Repression – unconscious forgetting of unwanted thought or trauma
13. Suppression – conscious type of forgetting to escape from the problem
14. Splitting – seeing everything as bad with nothing in between
15. Using Humor – directing on funny aspects of a painful situation

Lesson 2: Rational Choice

Rational choice theory, also known as choice theory or rational action theory,
is a framework for understanding and often formally modeling social and economic
behavior. The basic premise of rational choice theory is that aggregate social behavior
results from the behavior of individual actors, each of whom is making their individual
decisions. The theory also focuses on the determinants of individual choices
(methodological individualism). The rational choice theory then assumes that an individual
has preferences among the available choice alternatives that allow them to state which
option they prefer. The rational choice fundamental assumption is that individual action is
based on their conduct on the logical process.
The premise of rational choice theory as a social science methodology is that the aggregate
behavior in society reflects the sum of the choices made by individuals. Everyone, in turn,
makes their choice based on their preferences and the constraints (or choice set) they face.

At the individual level, rational choice theory stipulates that the agent chooses the
action (or outcome) they most prefer. In the case where actions (or outcomes) can be
evaluated in terms of costs and benefits, a rational individual chooses the action (or
outcome) that provides the maximum net benefit, i.e., the maximum benefit minus cost.
The theory applies to more general settings than those identified by costs and
benefits. In general, rational decision-making entails choosing among all available
alternatives the alternative that the individual most prefer. The "alternatives" can be a set of
actions ("what to do?") or a set of objects ("what to choose/buy?"). In the case of actions,
what the individual cares about are the outcomes that result from each possible action.
Actions, in this case, are only an instrument for obtaining an outcome.

Rational Choice Theory and Exchange Theory

It has long been assumed that people are motivated by money. Then some
sociologists theorized that people were motivated by is what is best for them in all their
actions and that their actions were shaped by their desire for more, rather than less, of
something good. This led to the development of rational choice theory.
 The main assumption behind the rational choice theory is the idea that everything
people do is fundamentally rational. Rationality here means that a person is acting as if
they were weighing the cost and benefits of possible actions so that they can maximize
their gain.

Rationality is a property of a series, or pattern of choice, not an individual choice.

So basically, people act in self-interest. They are driven by personal desires and motivated
by personal goals. They calculated the costs and benefits of every action and choose the
one with the best outcome for themselves. And how do we calculate the value of these
actions? How do we know which anticipated outcomes will benefit us the most?

Well, we look at the social resource being exchanged. Like time, information,
approval, and prestige to determine the value of possible action. Through the individual
rational actions if people, the rational choice theory assumes that you can explain a
complex phenomenon like social change and social institutions.

Let’s look at the three assumptions underlying rational choice theory.

1. First is the assumption of completeness, which means that every action can
be ranked. If three possible actions can take, completeness means that
none of the options have equal value. A is preferable to B and B is
preferable to C. And that C is not then preferable to A because that would
be circular and irrational according to our definition. This leads to the
second assumption.
2. The second assumption is transitivity. This means that if we look at those
three options since A is preferable to B is preferable to C, then A is also
preferable to C. It’s like in math. A is greater than B is greater than C,
therefore, A is greater than C.
3. The last assumption is called the independence of irrelevant alternatives.
That’s just a big fancy way of saying that if we suddenly have a fourth
option, X, that it won’t change the order of how it ranked in the first three
options.
We already have A is better than B is better than C. If X is better than C but
worse than B, B isn’t suddenly going to be preferable to A. A is still the best
option.

These three assumptions result in a consistent, rankable set of possible actions. All
right so now that we have an idea of rational choice theory, let’s look at the exchange
theory.

Exchange Theory is an application of rational choice theory to social interactions. It

looks at society as a series of interactions between individuals. And is often used to study
family relationships, work relationships, partner selection, parenting, many other
interpersonal interactions.

These interactions are determined by weighing the rewards and punishments of

every interaction. If the interaction results in approval, it is more likely to be repeated.
Because social approval is a reward. But are the interaction results in a punishment, like
social disapproval, it is less likely to be repeated. This may seem obvious to you, that,
you’ll do something to get a reward, while you’ll avoid something that will wind up in
punishment.

But this is the basic principle behind the exchange theory. That the behavior of an
individual in an interaction can be figured out by comparing the rewards and the
punishments. Rewards can be social approval, recognition, money, gifts, or positive
gestures, like a smile. While punishments consist of social disapproval, humiliation, or
negative gestures, like a frown.

There are quite a few assumptions that exchange theory depends on.

1. People seek to rationally maximize their profits. Which means they seek
 rewards and avoid punishments.
2. Assumed that interactions operate within the social norms. Assumes that
people have access to the information they need to make rational choices.
3. Assumed that most human fulfillment comes from other people.
ACTIVITY 1:

DIRECTIONS: Your task is to discuss the basic concepts and principles of the
Psychoanalysis and Rational Choice through 10a concept map. Give at least 5 concepts and
principles. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Ratio
nal
Choi
ce
Psycho
analysi
s

ACTIVITY 2:

DIRECTIONS: Your task is to distinguish carefully the significance of Psychoanalysis and

Rational Choice as major social ideas. Based on your understanding of the text above and your
answer in Practice Task 1, give at least five for both social ideas. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

SIGNIFICANCE

Psychoanalysis as Social Rational Choice as Social

Science Idea Science Idea
1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

ACTIVITY 3:

DIRECTIONS: Your task is to write an essay on how the basic concepts and principles of
the major social science ideas (Psychoanalysis and Rational Choice) contributed to the
 development of an individual as a human person. Write your essay in one whole sheet of
paper. Follow the guide questions in writing your essay. Your output will be graded
according to the standards set by the rubrics below.

Guide Questions:

1. What are the concepts and principles of psychoanalysis and Rational Choice?
2. How do these concepts and principles apply to society as major social science ideas?
3. Do you think these major social science ideas contribute to the development of an
individual as a human person?

Essay Grading Rubric

Score Points Criteria

40-33 Excellent to Very Good: There is one clear, well-focused thesis. Excellent command of the subject matter. Evidence
of independent thought. Supporting arguments relate to the main claim & are well organized. The thesis stands out and
is supported by details. Relevant, telling, quality details give important information, going beyond the obvious or
predictable.

32-25 Good to Adequate: The thesis is clear, but supporting information is general. A reasonable command of the subject
matter. A capacity for independent thought, though not fully realized. Sufficient substantiation of the claim. Supporting
CONTENT 40% details are relevant, but one or more key issues are unsupported.

24-17 Fair to Poor: The thesis is somewhat clear, but more supporting details are needed. The relative absence of
independent thought. Inconsistent substantiation of the claim. Supporting details and information are somewhat
relevant, but key points are unsupported.

16-0 Failing: Vague or unclear thesis. Inadequate command of the subject matter. Unexamined, cliched thinking.
Inadequate substantiation of claims. Supporting details are a seemingly random collection of information, unclear, or
not related to the topic.

. 30-25 Excellent to Very Good: Clear Organization. The introduction is inviting, states the thesis, and previews the structure of
the paper. Details are in a logical order. The conclusion is strong and states the point of the paper.

24-19 Good to Adequate: Clear organization. The introduction clearly states the thesis and previews structure but is not
particularly inviting to the reader. Details are in a logical order but may be presented in less interesting ways. The
conclusion is recognizable and ties up almost all loose ends.

18-13 Fair to Poor: Significant lapses in the organization. The introduction states the thesis but does not adequately preview
ORGANIZATION 30%
the structure, nor is it particularly inviting. Some details not in the logical or expected order, and this is distracting. The
conclusion is recognizable but does not tie up all loose ends.

12-0 Failing: Poor, hard-to-follow organization. There is no clear introduction to the main topic or structure of the paper. There
is no clear conclusion, the paper just ends. Little or no employment of supporting evidence - reader left to fill in gaps;
thesis meagerly (if at all) established and introduction vague or too brief + weak or non-existent conclusion = seeming
total disregard for progression of ideas

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES:

DIRECTIONS: You are task to create a poster about the topic “Psychoanalysis and
Rational Choice as Major Social Science Ideas”. Use 1 sheet of bond paper for your
poster. You are free to utilize any kind of coloring material. Your output will be graded
according to the rubrics below.

Rubrics in POSTER MAKING.

Excellent Good Fair Needs SCORE

Improvement (1)
(4) (3) (2)
Graphics − All graphics are related All graphics are related Some graphics relate Graphics do not relate
Relevance to the topic and make it to the topic and most to the topic. to the topic
easier to make it easier to
understand. understand.
Content Student can Student can Student can Student appears to have
accurately answer accurately answer accurately the insufficient knowledge about
all questions most questions answer about 75% of the
related to facts in the related to facts in the questions related to facts or processes used in the
poster and processes poster and processes facts in the poster poster. Student can
used to create the used to create the and accurately
poster. poster. processes used to the answer about 75% of
create the questions related to
poster. facts in the poster and
processes used to

V. Evaluation/Assessment

Directions: Select the LETTER of your choice and SHADE the corresponding circle down in
the matrix. Use a COLORED pen or marker in shading. Total marks: 10

No. A B C D No. A B C D No. A B C D

1 O O O O 6 O O O O 11 O O O O
2 O O O O 7 O O O O 12 O O O O
3 O O O O 8 O O O O 13 O O O O
4 O O O O 9 O O O O 14 O O O O
5 O O O O 10 O O O O 15 O O O O
1. Which of the following statement is NOT true about Psychoanalysis?
A. Psychoanalysis lost its practicality due to its lengthy procedure
B. This approach is a breakthrough in psychology
C. Psychoanalysis is a practical method
D. Psychoanalysis theory discovered by Sigmund Freud

2. Identify whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.

I. Psychoanalysis is not a practical method since it takes weeks, months and
years to get the result
II. Psychoanalysis is a breakthrough in Psychology since it is used to treat
patients with mental illness
A. BOTH statements are TRUE
B. BOTH statements are FALSE
C. The first statement is TRUE, but the second statement is FALSE
D. The first statement is FALSE, but the second statement is TRUE

3. How is rational choice theory defined?

A. Choices are made based on the experience and the education of the
individual.
B. People base a decision on available options and then use certain
criteria to decide.
C. The decision is made haphazardly based on the mood of the individual
at the time.
D. Choices are made by consulting an expert.

4. All of the following constitute the meaning of rational choice EXCEPT one:
A. Take action with reason when making choices.
B. Therapeutic techniques and sets of psychological theories.
C. Used to know why a person behaves or acts the way he/she does.
D. People act as they think of their action has much profit than costs.

5. Which of the following describes the composition of the “id” personality structure?
A. Includes primal urges and operates based on instinct.
B. A technique that the ego uses to defend itself from distress.
C. Opposes the desires of the id by enforcing moral restrictions.
D. Operates based on reality, control, and balances the urges of the id.
6. The basic tenets of psychoanalysis include the following EXCEPT:
A. Therapeutic techniques and a set of psychological theories.
B. Man thinks rationally in making choices and decisions in life.
C. Human behavior is largely determined by irrational drives.
D. Attempts to bring drives into awareness lead to defense mechanisms.

7. Which of the following is NOT an underlying assumption of rational choice theory?

A. Assumption of completeness, which every action is ranked.

B. People seek to rationally maximize their profits.
C. Assumption of transitivity.
D. Independence of alternatives.

8. Which of the following situations show a rational choice?

A. Buy an iPhone rather than an Android phone with the same value.
B. Patronize Pinoy rice with much more quality over commercial rice
C. Watch a pirated movie at home rather than watching it on theater.
D. Choose branded products over local products with the same quality.

9. Which of the following is NOT a part of the personality structure theorized by Sigmund
Freud?
A. Defense mechanism
B. Ego
C. Id
 D. Superego

10. Upon his arrival from school, Joshua went directly to their kitchen looking for food to
eat. While eating, he was thinking of playing mobile legend when done eating. A moment
later, he remembered that Mr. Generoso gave an assignment on that day. So, he did the
assignment first before playing mobile legend. What personality structure operates when
Jimmy decided to do his assignment before playing mobile games?
A. Defense mechanism
B. Id
C. Ego
D. Superego

Parent/Guardian:
(signature over printed name)
Date: