Soccer and Football

History

Modern football originated in Britain in the 19 th century. Since before medieval times,
“folk football” games had been played in town and villages according to local customs
and with a minimum rules.

Industrialization and urbanization, which reduced the amount of leisure time and space
available to the working class, combined with a history of legal prohibitions against
particularly violent and destructive forms of folk football to undermine the game’s status
from the early 19th century onward. However, football was taken up as a winter game
between residence houses at public (independent) schools such as Winchester,
Charterhouse, and Eton. Each school had its own rules: some allowed limited handling
of the ball and other did not. The variance in rules made it difficult for public school
boys entering university to continue playing except with former schoolmates.

As early as 1843 an attempt to standardize and codify the rules of play was made at the
University of Cambridge, whose students joined most public schools in 1848 in adopting
these “Cambridge rules”, which were further spread by Cambridge graduates who
formed football clubs? In 1863 a series of meetings involving clubs from metropolitan
London and surrounding countries produced the printed rules of football, which
prohibited the carrying of the ball. The “handling” game of rugby remained outside the
newly formed Football Association (FA). Indeed, by 1870 all handling of the ball except
by the goalkeeper was prohibited by the FA. The new rules were not universally
accepted in Britain, However, many clubs retained their own rules, especially in and
around Sheffield. Although this northern English city was the home of the first provincial
club to join the FA, in 1867 it also gave birth to the Sheffield Football Associations, the
forerunner of later county associations.

Sheffield and London clubs played two matches against each other in 1866, and a year
later a match pitting a club from Middle sex against one from Kent and Surrey was
played under the revised rules. In 1871 15 FA clubs accepted an invitation to enter a
cup competition and to contribute to the purchase of a trophy. By 1877 the associations
of Great Britain had agreed upon a uniform code, 43 clubs were in competition, and the
London clubs’ initial dominance had diminished.
 Facilities and Equipment

Playing Field - A soccer field (sometimes referred to as “the pitch”) is at least 100
yards long, 50 yards wide, and a has a goal centered at both ends. Within the field are
markings including those for the penalty area and spot, the center spot for kick-offs and
the corner without each corner, kicks would be just kicks.
Whistle - Referees use a whistle to help in match control. The whistle is sometimes
needed to stop, start or restart play but should not be used for all stoppages, starts or
restarts.
Stopwatch - A stopwatch is an equipment that helps a soccer referee time a match.
Uniform - The uniforms for soccer players consists of a jersey and shorts. Player on
the same team wear the same colored uniforms generally with a number and last name
on the back of the jersey. The kit includes the jersey, shorts, socks, cleats and shin
guards. Goalkeepers often wear gloves as well.
Cleats - Soccer cleats are just shoes with studs that protrude into the ground to keep
athletes upright when cutting, faster when sprinting and stable when pushing.
Goal post - Goals are placed at the center of each goal-line. These consist of two
upright posts placed equidistant from the corner flag post, joined at the top by a
horizontal crossbar. A goal post also forms the goal or points on a playing field in
soccer.
Soccer ball - The ball is spherical, covered with leather or some other suitable, and
inflated, it must be 27 inches circumference and 16 ounces in weight.
Scoreboard - On a soccer scoreboard, a point is added to the opposing team’s total,
and the team with the higher score wins. Which means that a scoreboard is used to
keep track of points for each team.
Score sheet - A score sheet is used to track a team’s progress throughout the season
and stay up to date on their wins and losses.
Line flag - Line flags are used to make it easy for referees to tell if the ball crossed the
touchline (which results in a throw in) or the end line (which results in a goal kick or
corner kick).

Football Terminology

Additional time - Minutes added to the end f hafts, based on the used up during
stoppages
Attacker- A player whose role is primarily offensive and who must create goal scoring
opportunities
Booking - When the referee acknowledges a foul by the offender.
Captain - A player who organizes and leads to the team on the field.
Centre spot - The spot on which the ball is placed at the beginning of the game.
Clean sheet - When a team does not concede a goal in a game.
Clearance - When a player kicks the ball away from their own goal to prevent scoring.
Dead ball - Where a game is resumed and the ball is stationary.
Defender - Players whose role is to stop the opposition from scoring.
Deflection - When a shot or pass makes contact with another body and its trajectory
is altered as a result.
First touch - An action made by a player which involves controlling the ball upon
receiving it.
Free kick - Awarded to players who are fouled outside of the penalty area. Friendly-
exhibition match.
Goalkeeper - A players whose role is to prevent the opposition from scoring by using
their hands.
Haft-time - An interval, usually of around fifteen minutes, taken between the two
halves of a match.
Haft- volley - A shot stuck by a player at the same moment a ball drops and makes
contact with the ball.
Injury time - Another term for extra time
Kill the ball - When a player stops the ball from moving at the moment.
Man of the match - An award given to the best player in a game.
Midfielder - Players who play in the area between the attackers and defenders
Own goal - When a player kicks the ball into their own net.
Penalty - Awarded to a team when one of their players in fouled inside the penalty
area of the opposition.
Pitch invasion - When spectators run onto the pitch.
Red card - A player must leave the field immediately when they receive a red card
after several fouls.
Referee - Main match official in charge of the assistant referees and fourth official who
oversees the game.
Yellow card - Awarded to a play that commits a objectives offence.

Duties and Responsibilities of Soccer and Football Officials

Football Officials:
1. Referee:
 The lead official with control over the game.
 Announces penalties, explains them to the offending team’s captain and coach,
and identifies the responsible player.
  Monitors illegal hits on the quarterback, watches for illegal blocks near the
quarterback, and determines if yardage chains are needed for measurements.
 Positioned in the backfield, approximately 10 yards behind the quarterback
before the play starts.
2. Umpire:
 Lines up about five yards off the line of scrimmage on the defensive side of
the ball.
 Assists the referee in decisions involving possession of the ball.
 Monitors the legality of play on the line of scrimmage, especially focusing on
offensive holding and illegal linemen downfield.
 Ensures that the offense has no more than 11 players on the field and checks
player equipment.
 Records scores, timeouts, coin toss winners, and wipes the ball dry during
inclement weather.
3. Head Linesman:
 Positioned on the sideline, straddling the line of scrimmage.
 Watches for scrimmage violations (like offside or encroachment) and penalties
(such as illegal motion, shifts, and use of hands).
 Rules on all out-of-bounds plays along the sideline.
 Keeps track of eligible receivers and marks the forward progress of the ball.
4. Line Judge:
 Assists the head linesman in monitoring scrimmage violations and penalties.
 Ensures fair play and adherence to rules during the game.
5. Back Judge, Field Judge, and Side Judge:
 Positioned in the defensive backfield.
 Responsible for various aspects, including pass interference, illegal contact, and
monitoring the play clock.
Soccer Officials (Referees):
1. Referees:
 Enforce the laws of the game.
 Control the match, act as timekeepers, and report disciplinary actions.
 Hand out penalty cards (yellow or red) for fouls and misconduct.
 Communicate with players on the field to maintain fairness and safety.
 Remember, these officials play a crucial role in ensuring that both soccer and
football games progress smoothly and fairly!

Fundamental skill
1. Passing: one of the most fundamental skills in soccer, as it is how you move the
ball from yourself to another teammate.
 2. Receiving a Pass: whether you are receiving a pass that is on the ground or
traveling through the air, you will want to square your shoulders to the direction
the ball is coming from.
3. Shooting: there are a number of unconventional ways to score a goal, but the
fundamental way to try to score is by taking a shot.
4. Dribbling: outside of passing, dribbling is the primary method of moving the ball
up the field.
5. Goalkeeping: the goalkeeper is the last line of defense, in charge of doing
whatever possible to keep the ball out of the field.

RULES & REGULATIONS OF SOCCER

1. Field of Play: The field must be rectangular, with specified dimensions. It should
have goal areas, penalty areas, halfway line, corner arcs, and a center circle.
2. The Ball: The ball used must conform to specific standards regarding size, weight,
and material.
3. Number of Players: Each team can field up to 11 players, including one
goalkeeper. A match cannot start if either team has fewer than seven players.
4. Equipment: Players must wear appropriate clothing, including shirts, shorts, socks,
shin guards, and footwear. Goalkeepers must wear distinguishable clothing from other
players and the match officials.
5. Referees: Matches are officiated by a referee and two assistant referees. The
referee has the authority to enforce the Laws of the Game.
6. Assistant referees: The role of assistant referees in football or linesmen is primarily
to assist the main referee by signaling for corner kicks, throw-ins, and violations of the
offside law.
7. Duration of the Match: A standard match consists of two halves, each lasting 45
minutes. There's a 15-minute halftime break. The referee may add extra time for
stoppages, known as "stoppage time" or "injury time."
8. Start and Restart of Play: The match starts with a kick-off, and play restarts after
goals, halftime, and other stoppages with various methods such as throw-ins, goal
kicks, corner kicks, and free kicks.

9. Ball In and Out of Play: The ball is in play at all times unless it fully crosses the
touchline or goal line, or when the referee stops play.
10. Method of scoring: A goal is scored in football if the ball crosses the goal line
between the two goalposts and under the crossbar, as long as no violation of the rules
has taken place. The side that scores the most goals wins. If both teams have the same
number of goals at the end of the match, it is considered a draw even if neither of them
scored a goal.
11. Offside: A player is in an offside position if they are nearer to the opponent's goal
line than both the ball and the second-to-last opponent when the ball is played to them.
However, it's not an offense unless they become involved in active play.
12. Fouls and Misconduct: There are various fouls and misconduct, including
tripping, pushing, holding, and dangerous play. Fouls can result in free kicks, penalty
kicks, or throw-ins depending on the location and severity of the offense. Players can
receive yellow or red cards for misconduct.
13. Free Kicks: Free kicks are awarded for fouls and other infractions. They can be
direct, allowing a player to score directly from the kick, or indirect, requiring another
player to touch the ball before a goal can be scored.
14. Penalty Kicks: Penalty kicks are awarded for fouls committed inside the penalty
area. They are taken from the penalty spot, 12 yards from the goal line, with only the
goalkeeper defending the goal.
15. Throw-Ins: A throw-in in football is awarded to a team if the ball goes over the
touchline. It is awarded to the team opposing the side that touched the ball last. The
throw is taken from the spot where the ball goes out of bounds. The taker must throw
the ball with both hands, both feet on the ground, and facing the field of play.
16. Goal kick: A goal-kick in football is awarded to the defending team if the opposing
team causes the ball to go over the goal-line. Any player from the defending side is
allowed to take the goal kick. It must be taken anywhere on the goal area and must go
beyond the penalty area or it will be retaken. The ball must be touched by another
player before the taker can play it again.
17. Corner kick: A corner kick in football is awarded to the attacking team if an
opposing player is the last to touch the ball before it goes out of bounds on the goal-
line. The attacking team resumes play by placing the ball in the corner arc nearest to
where it crossed the goal line.