‫ميحرال نمحرال هللامسب‬

STATICS
(ENGINEERING MECHANICS-I)

LECTURE #2
Vectors

By
Dr. Yazeed Abdullah Alsharedah

GE 201: Dr. Yousry GGhazaw January 10, 2019

 Contents
 Objective(s) of the present lecture (#2)
 Quantities: Scalars and Vectors
 A Real life application
 Vector Operations
 Addition and subtraction of two vectors
 Components of a vector
 Unit vectors
 Direction cosines
 Scalar multiplication and division
 Vector multiplication (Dot and Cross product)
 Position vector
 Further reading

January 10, 2019

 Objectives of the Present
3 lecture
 To define scalar and vector quantities
 To provide an overview of most common
vector operations

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 Quantities

Scalar Vector

 Magnitude alone is associated.  Possess magnitude (or size) as

well as direction
Examples: Speed, Mass, time, volume,
density, energy etc. Examples: Weight, Force,
Displacement, velocity, acceleration,
moment, momentum etc.

GE 201: Dr. Yousry Ghazaw January 10, 2019

 Graphical Analysis of three vector quantities: Displacement,
velocity and acceleration - A Real Life Application

•5
• Displacement is the distance
travelled in a straight line. It has
both a direction and a size.

• The velocity of an object is its

• speed in one particular direction.

• The acceleration of an object

is calculated from its change in
velocity and the time taken.

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 Addition of two Vectors
Two vectors A and B can be added to form resultant vector R  A  B by
using the parallelogram law or triangle law.
B

A
Parallelogram law Triangle law
R  A B
B
R  A B
O O B
A A

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 Subtraction of two Vectors
Two vectors B and A can be subtracted to form resultant vector R  B  ( A) by
using the same parallelogram law or triangle law.Subtraction is therefore a special
case of addition. B

A A

Parallelogram law Triangle law

B RBA
RBA
O O B
A A

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 Components of a Vector
Any two or more vectors whose sum equals a certain
vector are said to be the components of that vector.
 Rectangular: mutually perpendicular.
 Non-Rectangular: mutually not perpendicular.
Fy F2 F

O
F1
 Fx   900
  
  900 F  Fx  Fy F  F1  F2

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 Unit Vector(s)
The unit vector of a vector A is defined as
A A
nA   where A  0 is the magnitude of vector A.
A A
Note : 1. Unit vector is dimensionless (with its magnitude unity)
2. The direction of unit vector nA is same as A.
Cartesian or Standard Unit Vectors
The positive directions of the x, y, and z axes are defined by the cartesian unit vectors
i, j and k respectively. Consequently any vector A with scalar components Ax , Ay and Az
can be written in the Cartesian vector form
z
k

A  Ax i  Ay j  Az k j
y

x i
GE 201: Dr. Yousry Ghazaw January 10, 2019
 Direction Cosines
l  cosx 
m  cos y Directioncosinesof A
z

n  cos z  Az k
Note: l 2  m 2  n 2  1 A
z
Ax  Acosx ; Ay  Acosy ; Az  Acos z y
Ax i Ay j
Ax 2  Ay  Az x
2 2
A
x y
A  Ax i  Ay j  AZ k A
 A  ( Acosx )i  ( Acos y ) j  ( Acosz )k Acos y j y
x
x
A  A(li  m j  nk) Acosx i
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Scalar multiplication and
11 division

A
2A
1A
2

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 Vector Multiplications
 Dot or Scalar Product  Cross or Vector Product

A The cross product of the two vectors

is defined as a vector with magnitude
 B
AB sinθ and a direction specified by
the right hand rule.
 A.B 
A.B  AB cos     cos  
1
A B  ABsin n A B

 AB  A  Ax i  Ay j  Az k
A  Ax i  Ay j  Az k B
B  Bx i  By j  B z k
B  Bx i  B y j  Bz k 
i j k A
A.B  AB cos A B  Ax Ay Az
 A.B  Ax Bx  Ay By  Az Bz Bx By Bz

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Triple Scalar and Vector Multiplications
 Triple Scalar Product  Triple Vector Product
A B.C  A.B C  A parenthesis must be used since an expression
A B  C would be meaningless because it
A  Ax i  Ay j  Az k
would not identify the vector to be crossed.
B  Bx i  B y j  Bz k
( A  B)  C  C  ( A  B)  C  (B  A)
C  Cx i  C y j  Cz k
It may be shown that the triple vector product
Ax Ay Az
A B.C  B
is equivalent to
x By Bz ( A  B)  C  (C.A)B  (C.B) A
Cx Cy Cz
or A  (B  C)  ( A.C)B  ( A.B)C
 
Note : A.B C is meaningless.

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 Position Vector
A position vector locates one point in space
relative to another.

r is a position vector that runs from point A to

another point B. z

B
r (x2, y2,z2 )
r  rx i  ry j  rz k
A
 r  (x2  x1)i  ( y2  y1) j  (z2  z1)k (x1, y1,z1)
y
O

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 Further Reading
Read more about vectors from:

Engineering Mechanics, Volume 1, Statics, 6th Edition, SI units Version

by J. L. Meriam and L. G. Kraige

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Thank You

January 10, 2019