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  COVERAGE 2. Spirited Soul – this part of the soul can be attributed to

  1. Philosophical Perspective on Self the courageous part of a person.
  2. Sociological Perspective of the Self 3. Rational Soul – The last part of the soul could be said is
the driver of our lives
  3. Anthropological Perspective of the self
  4. Psychological perspective of the self St. Augustine (Numidia, Roman Province of Africa)
- God encompasses us all, that everything will be better if we
PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE are with God.
ON SELF - He developed the concept of the church being the city of god.
Philosophy That a city governed by the church is a city governed by god.
- Derived from the Greek words “Philos” and “Sophia” - His own philosophy posits that love of knowledge brings
which literally means “Love of Wisdom. happiness and that only knowledge could bring man true
- It is the study of acquiring knowledge through rational happiness.
thinking and inquiries that involves in answering questions Rene Descartes (French)
regarding the nature and existence of men and the world
we live in. - “Cogito Ergo Sum” means “I think therefore I am.”
- Only humans have the hubris of musing such irreverent
Socrates (Greek) questions on existence and purpose of life.
- “Gnothi Seuton” which means “Know Thyself” - We as a rational being should focus on the mind and
- First martyr of education, knowledge and philosophy. explained that the more we think and doubt what we
- Possession of knowledge is a virtue and that ignorance is a perceived from our senses and the answer that came from
vice. One must first have the humility to acknowledge one’s such thinking or doubting leads to better understanding of
ignorance so as to get or acquire knowledge. ourselves.
- Socrates fought against ignorance and bigotry - Humans, are self-aware, they are conscious and being such
- Socrates' work was never published, we were only able to proves their own placement in the universe.
know who Socrates is and his works because of his - Humans create their own reality and they are the masters of
illustrious students spoke generously and in detail about his their own universe.
knowledge, wit, wisdom and intellect. His student Plato for - Man is a rational animal
example induced Socrates in some of his work as a pivotal - Filipinos have a unique word of “diskarte” denoting finding
character. a way or making things possible. Such a word is a derivative
Humans must define these questions and act accordingly: of the surname of Descartes.
 Who am I?
John Locke (English)
 What is the purpose of my life?
 Why am I doing here? - He is considered to be the father of liberalism.
- “Tabula Rasa” which means “Blank Slate”
 What is justice?
- He stated that a person is born with knowing nothing and
If you know who you are: that is susceptible to stimulation and accumulation of
- all basic issues and difficulties in life would be gone in learning from the experiences, failures, references, and
a simple snap of a finger observations of the person.
- then everything would be clearer and simpler. - Blank Slate’s concept posits that everyone started as a blank
- One could now act according to his own self-definition slate, and the content is provided by experiences and by
without any doubt and self-contradiction. what one could prove, as collected by life experiences.
Socratic Method
David Hume (Scott)
- This method of questioning oneself, where the person
assumes the role of both the teacher and the student - He was a known atheist and as such, he believed in the
natural cycle of life. Everything is governed by reason, by
Plato (Greek)
rationality and as such, there is a natural order of things.
- Author of The Republic that talks about justice, balance, and
- There is no permanent “self”.
equality.
- Also, talks about his teacher named Socrates. - We can create our ideas and knowledge which leads to the
- Founder of a school that he called the “academe” which is argument that since our impression and ideas change, it may
the precursor of all the words that the word academic brings. improve or totally be replaced means that one change
- Man has a soul and that there is more to man than his occurred the same phenomenon of will happen to one’s idea
worldly body. of who he is and what he can do.
- A person who is a follower of truth and wisdom will not be - Said when a person is asked the question “who you are?
tempted by vices and will always be just. “That person tends to answer different impressions such as
3 Parts of the Soul: good, happy, optimistic, contented, sad, etc. generally they
1. Appetitive Soul – Plato’s idea of the appetitive soul is the apply to who you are now but at the same time these
part of the person that is driven by desire and need to characteristics might change from time to time.
satisfy oneself.
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Immanuel Kant (German) SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
- Author of “Critique of Pure Reason” posits the idea that OF THE SELF
there is a connection between reason and experience. Sociology
- There is a correlation between experience and rationality. - The study of how human society is established, its structure
You cannot have one without the other. and how it works.
- He subscribes to the idea of metaphysics, that which is - How’s society structured, how family being structured, how
beyond matter. it works, how is it established
- He also subscribes to the idea that pure reason is one of the - The basic unit of society is Family
prime sources of morality. That what is right, that what is  The establishment of the “Self” based on social structures
moral, is best explained via reason and rationality. could give us a better understanding of who we are.
Sigmund Freud (Austrian) George Herbert Mead and the Social Self
- An American sociologist
The main contribution of Freud is predicated on sex and
- Father of American pragmatism
aggression with the unconscious mind as the platform.
- One of the pioneer’s in the field of social psychology
Aspects of personality: because of his contributions on the development of the
ID – pleasure principle person relating to various social factors
EGO – the police or the mediator - Mead rejected the idea of biological determination of the
self which proposes that an individual already has an
SUPEREGO – conscience of the one’s personality
established self from the moment he is born
Gilbert Ryle (British) - Biological determination the genes and heredity na
- Self is the behavior presented by the person. nakukuha natin from our family. Galing sa nanay daw natin
- His notion of dualism is that the behavior that we show, ung intelligence na nakuha natin then un ugali sa tatay.
emotions and actions are the reflection of our mind and as - He reiterated that the process of establishing the self is
such is the manifestation of who we are. through the construction and reconstruction of the idea of
- Once we encounter others, their perceptions of what we do, who we are as a person during the process of social
how we act, and the way we behave will then result to the experience
understanding of other people and establishing of who we The “I” and the “Me”
are. - Mead proposes that there are two components of the self
- The idea of Ryle is saying that the things that we do, how which the person have.
we behave and react and all other components like the way I
we talk, walk, and look is generally who we are as a person. - Individuality of the person
- Ghost in the machine - The reaction of the individual to the attitude of others
Paul Churchland - One’s response to the established attitude and behavior that
- “eliminative materialism” - people’s common sense a person assumes in reference to their social interactions
understanding of the mind is false and that most of the Me
mental states that people subscribe to, in turn, do not - The socialized aspect of the person
actually exist. - Follows the generalized others that person interacts with
Examples of common sense thinking - behavior of the person with reference to their social
Heavy clouds lead to rain Not all the time environment
Rich people are happy people Not all rich people are happy Three Role playing Stages of Self Development
People with glasses are Even dumb people wear 1. Preparatory Stage (Birth – 2 years old)
intelligent people glasses - During this stage the infant simply imitates the actions
and behaviors of the people that the infant interacts with.
Harvard students are Not all havard students are - Their actions are only the reflection of what they can
intelligent intelligent remember without any intention or meaning behind
their actions or behavior.
Maurice Merleau- Ponty 2. Play Stage (2 – 6 years old)
- The main articulation of the self-philosophy of Merleau- - It is the time where children begin to interact with other
Ponty is existentialism. with which certain rules apply, these rules often time
- Existentialism is predicated on the premise that man gives does not adhere to any set or standards but rather are
meaning to his own life. rules that are set by the children themselves.
- Happiness and sadness are dependent on the individual and - the child practices real life situations through pretend
his perception of his on reality. play and is the onset of self-consciousness.
- Consciousness and perception are related to one another. 3. Game Stage (6 – 9 years old)
- It is characterized by the ability of the children to
recognize the rules of the game

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- able to identify their roles and the roles of the others Csordas (1999)
that is playing with them. - elaborated that the human body is not essential for
- Children learns the implications of their actions as well anthropological study but the paradigm of embodiment
as the understanding or taking into account how one can can be explored in the understanding culture and the self.
take into account the view point of the society on the - The body is not an object to be studied in relation to
attitudes and actions. culture, but is to be considered as the subject of culture,
ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE or in other words as the existential ground of culture.
OF THE SELF Geertz (1973)
Etymological definition: - described culture as "a system of inherited conceptions
 Anthropos (Greek) = Man expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men
 Logos (Greek) = study communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge
about and attitudes toward life.
Essential definition:
- The interpretation of the symbols in each culture is
- A systematic exploration of human biological and essential which gives meaning to one’s action.
cultural diversity. - Each culture has its own symbols and has its own
- Branch of knowledge which deals with the scientific meaning;
study of man, his works, body, behavior and values  One must need to comprehend those meanings
within a specific time and space. keeping in mind the end goal to understand the culture.
The Sub Disciplines of Anthropology  One must disconnect the components of culture,
1. Cultural Anthropology discover the relationship among those components,
- the study of human society and culture which describes, and portray the entire framework in some broad way.
analyzes, interprets and explains social and cultural PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
similarities and differences.
OF THE SELF
- It explores the diversity of the present and the past.
a) Ethnography Psychology
- requires fieldwork to collect data - has various ways of understanding a person and the therapist
- pure description of culture of a specific group way of helping people understand themselves.
b) Ethnology - Self by definition is a reference by an individual to the same
- data collection by a series of comparative individual person. Having its own or single character as a
researches person, referring to the person as same individual.
- comparison of one culture with another - The psychology of studying self is about either the cognitive
2. Archaeological Anthropology and affective representation of one's identity or the subject
- reconstructs, describes and interprets human behavior of experience.
and cultural patterns through material remains. - The earliest formulation of the self in modern psychology
- These materials remain such as plant, animal and forms the distinction between the self as I, the person
ancient garbage provides stories about utilization and knower, and the self as Me, the person that is known.
actions. The Self and It Selves
3. Biological/ Physical Anthropology The Principle of Psychology (Willian James, 1890)
- focuses on these special interest, human evolution as - his main concepts of self are the “me-self” and the “I-self”.
revealed by the fossil, human genetics, human growth - The “me-self” is the phenomenal self, the experienced self
and development, human biological plasticity and the or the self as known. It is the self that has experience the
biology, evolution, behavior and social life of monkeys, phenomena and who had known the situation.
apes and other nonhuman primates. - The “I-self” is the self-thought or the self-knower.
4. Linguistic Anthropology - Three categories:
- studies language in its social and cultural context across 1) Its constituents
space and over time. 2) The feeling and emotions they arouse – self-feelings
- Universal features of language are analyzed and 3) The actions to which they prompt – self-seeking and
association between language and culture are evaluated. self-preservations
- It also studies how speech changes in social situations
Sub-categories of self:
and over time.
1. Material Self
The Self Embedded in the Culture - constituted by our bodies, clothes, immediate family
 Culture refers to customary behavior and beliefs that are and home.
passed on through enculturation (Kottak, 2008), - It is in this this that we attached more deeply into and
 Enculturation is the social process which culture is learned therefore we are most affected by because of the
and transmitted. investment we give to these things.
 Culture is shared, symbolic, natural, learned, integrated,
encompassing and maladaptive and adaptive.

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2. Social Self True Self vs False Self
- based on our interactions with society and the reaction Dr. Donald Winnicot’s “Ego Distortion in Terms of True and
of people towards us. False Self”
- It is our social self that thought to have multiple - False self develops through early environmental failure
divergence or different version of ourselves. wherein true self-potential is unrealized and hidden.
- It varies as to how we present ourselves to a particular
Infants
social group.
- depend on their primary caregiver not only to meet their
3. Spiritual Self
basic needs for survival, but also for reliable, accurate and
- It is the most intimate because it is more satisfying for
emphatic emotional responses.
the person that they have the ability to argue and
- When these emotional needs are either unmet or met
discriminate one’s moral sensibility, conscience and
unreliably, the infant gradually learns not to trust the
indomitable will. environment, but also not to trust the self.
Conception of Self (Carl Rogers) - Psychoanalytically speaking, this basic mistrust develops
Person-centered therapy because infants rely on their primary caregivers to
- It is a non-directive intervention because it believes that all accurately mirror their emotional experience.
people have the potential to solve their own problems.  There is a natural human tendency to protect our true selves
- Rogers believe that people must be fully honest with from the scrutiny of the outside world. When we protect
themselves in order to have personal discovery on oneself. ourselves, we are able to avoid being rejected or hurt.
- In this concept of self, he had come up with three sides of  The downside part is that we may miss out the opportunity
a triangle. to have genuine connections with other people.
a) Perceived Self (Self-worth – how the person sees self
and others sees them) True Self False Self
b) Real Self (Self-image – how the person really is) - instinctual sense - defense facade
c) Ideal Self (How the person would like to be) - Simple being - Possible tendencies to turn
- Sense of reality to mood altering
The Concept of Unified and Multiple Selves substances in order to feel
- Thoughts, beliefs, words
Sigmund Freud’s Concept “different”
and actions came from a
 ID – primitive, animalistic impulses; Sex, food, comfort; deep-seated place within - Actions may feel forced,
“pleasure principle” - Lack of disparity between alienated or detached
 EGO – the moderator; rationality principle values and lived values - Constantly seeks to
 SUPER EGO – ethical imperative, right over wrong; anticipate demands of
morality principle others in order to maintain
relationship
Kenneth Gerden’s Concept
- An individual has multiple selfhoods to survive
- The Saturated Self: Dilemmas of Identity and Contemporary Healthy False Self Unhealthy False Self
Life - allows someone to be - the one behind
- Creating “other self” to search for friendship, success and love functional in the society dysfunctional behaviors,
 Child self (politeness and social such as narcissism and
 Tentative self courtesy) addiction
 Fleeting self - Sometimes it’s harmful for - Fits in the society through
 Parent self our true selves to dominate forced compliance rather
 Professional self - We use our healthy false than a desire to adapt
 Ideal self self to allow us to live our
 Friendship self lives
 Feared possible self - Awareness of personal
- In our technologically saturated society with its multiple boundaries
opportunities for personal interaction, it is impossible to - still committed to the True
know our “real self” since we play so many different roles Self
at different times and with different people

Lahat yan galing lang sa ppt ni Mam Marianne and sa Ebook:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HDRlNF1tSuittNSUgxJApyB-
GUl6y-06/view?usp=sharing
Review well and Good luck!! :))) – Aki

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