Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ABOUT THE SAFETY AND HYGIENIC

PRACTICES OF STREET FOOD VENDING NEAR AND WITHIN THE VICINITY
OF CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

_________________________________________________

A Research Paper Presented to

The Faculty of Cataggaman National High School
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan

_________________________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Subject

Practical Research I

_________________________________________________

By:

Justienne Jewel T. Alobba John Marshal M. Caliguiran

Jamilla Russelle F. Telan Gian Carlo C. Cuir

Loraine Angela A. Bueno Ryan Kyle G. Mallillin

Mark Kevin L. Domingo

Address: Maramag St., Cataggaman Pardo, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 1

Telephone No: (078) 304 – 1271
Email: catnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Research Adviser

CHARILYN JOY PASCUAL

May 2023

A Qualitative Research Submitted to

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Practical Research I

ABSTRACT

We are all known that prevention is better than cure, specifically in this subject, which is
food consumption. There is a huge risk that foods that we consume from outside may
bring us food-borne diseases due to unclean practices of processing. This paper examines
the awareness of consumers and vendors of street food about the health impacts of proper
safety and hygienic procedures for preparing the product for consumption.

Incorporating evidence from questionnaires given, this study demonstrates the ability of
the consumers to evaluate, and the capability of the vendors to execute proper hygiene
practices. These concerns are practically evident in low-budget consumers and vendors
which are mainly students, which allows the presence of these cases regarding food-
related cases of sicknesses to occur.

Address: Maramag St., Cataggaman Pardo, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 2

Telephone No: (078) 304 – 1271
Email: catnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Table of Contents

Page

Research Title 1

Abstract 2

Table of Contents 3

I. CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study 4-5
B. Scope and Delimitation 5-6
C. Statement of the Problem 6
D. Significance of the Study 7
E. Definition of Terms
II. CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE/STUDY
A. Review Related Literature 8-11
B. Review Related Study 12-15
C. Assumption of the Study
III. CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design
B. Respondents of the Study
C. Instrument of the Study
D. Locale of the Study
E. Survey Questionnaire
IV. CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
V. CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
VI. REFERENCES

Chapter 1

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Telephone No: (078) 304 – 1271
Email: catnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Today, with the unprecedented growth of urban areas, and the heightening of labor
forces, the need for non-traditional services has also increased. From being a lower-class
image of food sectors, the street food trade shed its image as being disorganized and
becoming a feasible informal-sector industry. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations defines street foods as ready-to-eat foods and beverages that are prepared
and/or sold by hawkers or vendors in the streets and other similar places. It is frequently
offered or sold from booths, stalls, or carts meant for those in a hurry or for immediate
consumption. Street foods play a huge role when it comes to those developing countries to
meet the food demands of urban dwellers. Because of its availability and its variety of cheap
and easy accessibility, this type of food has become popular among the consuming public.
Because of their low cost and convenience, street foods are preferred by almost 2.5 billion
people in the world to alleviate their hunger (FAO, 2007). This industry also granted a
significant amount of employment to those people who are unemployed, and also for those
who have little or no education because it requires a small amount of investment. In 2019,
food stalls and kiosks accounted for 43 percent of the total food service establishments in the
Philippines, or equivalent to over 41.2 thousand units. In our country, street foods are more
than just a handy food source for Filipinos. In fact, it is an essential part of our traditions and
local cultures. Filipinos are known to have three meals daily and an additional merienda
(snacks). Those who are living in industrialized countries like the United States, prefer to
have pizza for dinner or whenever their hunger strikes. On the other hand, Filipinos occupy
the street to satisfy their hunger for their favorite street foods for an affordable price, making
it easier to go successful and go on a wider variety of arrays.

Street foods are suitable for an extensive age group, from young ones to adults, and
are also known for their availability of location along busy public areas, such as pavements,

Address: Maramag St., Cataggaman Pardo, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 4

Telephone No: (078) 304 – 1271
Email: catnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

rail and bus stations, alleys, and school premises. Because of these situations, problems such
as microbial contamination, unhygienic processes, lack of proper food preparation and
storage practices, and lack of basic facilities like potable water are associated with it. People
who patronize eating street foods were sometimes reported to suffer from food-borne diseases
like cholera, diarrhea, typhoid fever, and food poisoning. Others also state issues about
sanitation and hygiene problems as there is waste accumulation where street vendors thrive.
Thus, the question talks about; whether are we sure that these street foods that we eat are safe
or if are we buying them just because of their cheap price and convenience.

Hygiene and sanitary practices must be before regarding the assurance of the safety of
street foods. Otherwise, it may cause several health problems for the consumers, specifically
for those low-budget consumers. This option has been a common thing to choose from by
those who are around the schools, for it is an affordable choice for them. Therefore, basic
knowledge of food protection is a must because the majority of school people rely mostly on
reasonable and accessible food that might affect their daily performances. Given the
importance of street foods to the livelihood of vendors and their consumers, it is viable to
identify the factors that contribute to food safety and hygiene.

This study is designed to know what the hygienic practices of street food vendors are
and to ensure the safety of school people to prevent food-borne diseases that unhygienic and
unsafe street foods might cause to those who are within Cataggaman National High School.

1.2 Scope and Delimitation

This study’s scope is the vendors’ hygienic practices of preparing and processing
street foods near and within Cataggaman National High School, in Tuguegarao City,
Cagayan. The respondents included the vendors that are near and within the vicinity of the
school, and consumers/buyers which are those who are in the school.

Requiring opinions and answers to the questions provided, collecting and synthesizing
information, and arriving at a conclusion. The data gathering will be conducted among ten

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Telephone No: (078) 304 – 1271
Email: catnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

(15) students and five (5) vendors. Respondents will be asked a series of questions via
interview questionnaires.

The researchers only limited the study to the safety and hygienic practices of vendors.
This study focuses only on the student consumers who are enrolled in the School Year 2022-
2023.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study aims to determine and assure the satisfaction of needs in terms
of safety and hygienic practices of vending near and within the vicinity of Cataggaman
National High School.

Especially, it seeks to find the answer to the following questions;

1. What are the different factors that vendors consider to provide safety and hygiene in
preparing street foods that they sell?
2. How do vendors keep their products away from any harmful situations that may affect
the quality of what they are serving?
3. What are the vendors’ ways of coping and improving whenever they encounter such
problems?
4. How can consumers/buyers assess if the street food they were eating is safe to eat?
5. What are the reasons why Cataggaman National High School students kept
patronizing these kinds of foods?
6. How often do the students ask the vendors regarding the procedures of the street food
vending?

1.4 Significance of the Study

Address: Maramag St., Cataggaman Pardo, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 6

Telephone No: (078) 304 – 1271
Email: catnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

This study provides information, and understanding, and adds more knowledge on the
safety and hygienic practices of street foods near and within the vicinity of Cataggaman
National High School.

Moreover, this study could be beneficial to the following:

Students - this study will provide the students of Cataggaman National High School
with the knowledge that will allow them to assess or observe more on what they eat which
may help them to reduce the negative impacts of eating unhygienic and unsafe foods.

Vendors - the finding of the study will benefit the vendors’ massive knowledge of
how to properly run a business with proper sanitary practices.

Readers - this study will give them additional knowledge about the consumption of
street foods. This study may also provide them with overview health effects of consuming
street foods.

School Faculty - this study can let them know to keep the rules strictly regarding the
vendors’ sanitary practices within the vicinity of the school to ensure a peaceful and safe
environment for every student.

Future Researchers - the results of this study could serve as a baseline for future
researchers who want to conduct studies on the safety and hygienic practices of street foods.

2.6 Definition of Terms

Basic Facilities – a workspace and its associated operating requirements.

Consumer – a person or a group who buys and uses purchased goods, products, and
foods.

Consumers Health – intended for potential or current users of medical services.

Address: Maramag St., Cataggaman Pardo, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 7

Telephone No: (078) 304 – 1271
Email: catnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Financial Capability - a skill in managing money and expenses well.

Food-Borne Diseases – a disease that is caused by consuming contaminated foods

such as street foods, beverages, or water.

Hygienic Practices – a process or practice in order to improve cleanliness, especially

in preparing foods.

Safetiness - the state of being protected and safe from harm or danger, it also refers to
controlling the hazards of foods in order not to cause them harm.

Sanitation – conditions relating to the public, especially the provision of clean

drinking water, adequate sewage disposal

Storage Practices – a part of quality assurance that ensures that the quality of
pharmaceutical products is maintained by means of adequate control throughout the storage.

Street Food – a ready-to-eat food that is mostly found or sold on streets or public
places.

Street Vendors – a person who offers goods for sale to the public at large without
having a permanent built-up structure from which to sell.

Students – a learner who goes to school for education and the most abundant ones
who patronize street foods; a new generation.

Urban Areas- location with high population density. Often the main area for
employment.

Waste Accumulation – the gradual gathering of waste due to improper waste

management.

Address: Maramag St., Cataggaman Pardo, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 8

Telephone No: (078) 304 – 1271
Email: catnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE/STUDY

2.1 Review Related Literature

2.1.1 Understanding Risk Perception Toward Food Safety In Street Food: The
Relationship Among Service Quality, Values, And Repurchase Intention

Street foods are associated with food safety issues, such as inadequate food
management and poor equipment and environments. Research has focused on identifying
sicknesses resulting from street food consumption, but an explanation of the negative impact
relationship of risk perception toward food safety in street food needs to be further reviewed.
Perceived risk has been described as consumers’ perceptions of the uncertainty and adverse
outcome of purchasing a service. This current study assumes that consumer risk perception
toward street food safety has a negative impact on perceived value (utilitarian and hedonic
values). Street food is involved with food safety issues, from the preparation of ingredients to
the cooking process to sales.

Vendors often lack sanitary conditions due to poor hand washing and inadequately
cleaned materials and equipment due to a lack of water supply facilities, and it is difficult to
maintain the optimum temperature for supplies due to a lack of refrigeration. This
environment can cause food-borne illness due to recontamination, cross-contamination, and
spread of pathogens, and some of these illnesses can even be fatal. Thus, this current study
proposes that perceived food safety risks toward street food place a role in moderating the
relationship between food quality and perceived value.

2.1.2 Risk Factors In Street Food Practices In Developing Countries: A Review

The majority of street vendors, as reported in different studies, used non-disposable

plates, cups, and cutleries for serving food. These utensils were usually washed with soap

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Telephone No: (078) 304 – 1271
Email: catnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

solution and rinsed with cold water, while in some other instances washed with cold water
and scouring towels. While some vendors changed the washing and rinsing liquids twice a
day, others used the same liquids unchanged for the whole day. These practices, observed by
the authors, create a favorable environment for the recontamination of street-vended foods.
The use of the same set of cutleries (not properly cleaned after each use by different
consumers) led to cross-contamination and transmission of infectious disease among
unsuspecting consumers.

A comparative study on the risk involved in the use of hands and cutleries to serve
street foods (Mensah et al.) showed that the use of bare hands to serve increases the level of
contamination. The study recognizes the serving stage as a critical point in the street food
industry. Enteropathogens such as Salmonella typhi that can survive on human hands for
more than three hours have been isolated in the vendor’s hands. Enterogenic E. coli of the
type isolated in diarrhea cases were isolated in some women’s hands in Thailand. Serving
some street foods with bare hands is a common practice in most developing countries.

2.1.3 The Food Safety Knowledge And Microbial Hazards Awareness Of Consumers
Of Ready-To-Eat Street Vended Food

Up to 2 million people per year, most of whom are children, die as a result of diseases
caused by the consumption of contamination of food and water (FAO, 2014). Controlling and
ensuring the safety of street-vended food in many countries is a big challenge considering
that these foods are often less expensive and are often prepared or sold on the streets by local
food vendors (WHO/FAO, 2010). These foods constitutes the primary source of food for
many low and middle-income consumers outside their home (FAO, 2009). Regardless of the
intrinsic benefits of the sale and consumption of street-vended foods, the safety of street
foods can be affected by several factors, such as the quality of raw materials, preparation
conditions, handling and storage conditions, as well as the operation of a business in the
location that does not meet all food safety requirements (Aluko et al., 2014, Choudhury et al.,

Address: Maramag St., Cataggaman Pardo, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 10

Telephone No: (078) 304 – 1271
Email: catnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

2011, Muyanja et al., 2011). Street food vendors often operate unregulated without
monitoring by any relevant authority (Bhattacharya and Reang, 2014). As a result, street-
vended food has the potential to become contaminated, thus exposing people who consume
these foods to the potential risk of food-borne diseases such as salmonellosis, listeriosis,
typhoid fever, cholera, and diarrhea, among others (Liu et al., 2014, Manguiat and Fang,
2013). Food-borne diseases constitute a widespread and growing public health problem both
in developing and developed countries (Bhattacharya and Reang, 2014, Carbas et al., 2013).
A food-borne disease outbreak can occur as a result of ingesting food items contaminated
with microorganisms and chemicals (Webb & Morancie, 2015). Each year, up to one-third of
the population of developed countries is affected by food-borne illnesses (Isara, Isah, Lofor,
& Ojide, 2010). Previous studies have found that a considerable proportion of street-vended
food is of poor microbial quality and has the potential to cause diseases (Al Mamun, Rahman,
& Turin, 2013; Oguttua, McCrindlea, Makita, & Grace, 2014). Vending stands/stalls are
usually located outdoors with or without roof covers (Lues, Rasephei, Venter, & Theron,
2006). In some cases, the vending sites lack access to basic sanitary facilities such as clean
running water, garbage disposal, and clean toilets, making it difficult for vendors to apply
standard sanitary practices (Kubheka et al., 2001; Mosupye & Von Holy, 2000). Changes in
the socio-economic status of many developing countries and the increases in the urban
population have led to an increase in the number of people who consume street-vended food
(Omemu and Aderoju, 2008, Samapundo et al., 2015). Consequently, as the number of
people who consume this food increases, so does the number of consumers who are
potentially exposed to food-borne hazards ( Adam et al., 2014, World Health Organization
(WHO), 2008).

With the number of street food consumers increasing, it is crucial that food safety
measures be taken by consumers. This can play an essential role in the prevention of food-
borne diseases as they constitute the last link in the “from farm to fork” food chain (Losasso
et al., 2012). The objective of this study was to establish the food safety knowledge and
microbial hazard awareness of street food consumers in the Johannesburg municipality, as

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Telephone No: (078) 304 – 1271
Email: catnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

well as how this knowledge and awareness can be affected by selected socio-demographic
variables.

2.1.4 Impact Of Water, Sanitation, And Hygiene Interventions On Improving Health

Outcomes Among School Children

Poor access to water supply is a major issue in over 850 million people worldwide,
with over 2.5 billion limited by access to sanitation facilities, Diarrhea incidences are the
leading cause of infant mortality and health-related expenditures in developing countries.
Previous literature has shown the effects of a lack of appropriate water facilities, hand
washing, and hygiene practices on child health outcomes. Impaired cognitive learning and
learning performance are long-term outcomes of infections. Diarrheal incidences in children
during their first few years of life have been linked to poor academic and social development,
high dropout rates, and reduced learning performance.

Interventions such as mandatory hand hygiene and sanitary procedures and alcohol-
based sanitizers have been shown to reduce absenteeism due to illness. However, limited
research has been done to evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions.

2.2 Review Related Studies

2.2.1 Urban Street Foods in Shijiazhuang City, China: Current Status, Safety
Practices, And Risk Mitigating Strategies

Street foods (SFs) are now sold around the world and are popular due to their low-
cost and convenience. To ensure street food safety, FAO/WHO have developed guidelines
such as safety requirements, five keys to safer food manual, HACCP – based sanitation
strategies, and education and training program. China has taken proactive measures for street
food safety under the food safety law, but these are not enough to ensure food safety. Poor

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Telephone No: (078) 304 – 1271
Email: catnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

food handling, poor personal environmental sanitation, and inadequate infrastructure are the
main risk factors associated with street foods.

The study found that the level of hygiene adopted by street food vendors is low and
they are unable to follow proper sanitation practices due to limited access to water and safety
knowledge. Additionally, intentional adulteration of raw materials, abuse, and overuse of
pesticides is encouraged by loose supervision.

2.2.2 Food Hygiene Practices In Different Food Establishments

According to regulation (EC) No. 852/2004 (EU, 2004), all food business operators
have to implement a written food safety system, based on hazard analysis and critical control
point (HACCP) principles. Benefits and constraints, as well as identifying needs for tailoring
a HACCP system to suit the needs of small and less developed businesses like restaurants and
eating places have been analyzed and discussed in several articles (Dzwolak, 2014, Fielding
et al., 2011, Pichler et al., 2014, Taylor, 2001, Taylor, 2008, Taylor and Kane, 2005, Walker
et al., 2003, Yapp and Fairman, 2006).

Despite the legal requirements for the implementation of good hygiene practices and
HACCP, cross-contamination remains an important causative factor in outbreaks that
occurred in restaurants, take-away and fast-food places (Bisbini et al., 2000, Gaibani et al.,
2011, Giraudon et al., 2009, Insulander et al., 2008, Meldrum et al., 2009, Severi et al., 2012)
and highlights the continuing importance of food hygiene practices with adequate training of
food handlers. Along with the other legal requirements, the restaurant’s cleanliness and
overall hygiene seem to be one of the key factors in customers’ restaurant quality evaluations
(Aksoydan, 2007).

In order to improve the awareness of management of eating out of home places on

one side and consumers on the other side, a food hygiene rating system was introduced in
several countries, namely Denmark, The United Kingdom, the United States, parts of Canada,
New Zealand, and Singapore (Jin and Leslie, 2003, Simon et al., 2005). In these countries,

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Telephone No: (078) 304 – 1271
Email: catnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

the health authorities conduct regular inspections of restaurants, bars, fast-food chains, and
other food establishments selling foods and drinks to the public and make the inspection
results expressed as hygiene rating scores available at the business premises and/or via the
internet for public viewing.

2.2.3 Impact Of Health Education Intervention On Food Safety and Hygiene Of Street
Food Vendors: A Pilot Study

Street food is consumed by an estimated 2.5 billion people around the world due to its
easy availability and economic nature. It is commonly sold in low and middle-income
countries and varies according to the socio-economic status of buyers and the food habits of
the residents. Street vendors are often poor, uneducated, and untrained and lack of adequate
food hygiene can lead to food-borne illnesses and even to the death of customers. In India,
the National Centre for Disease Control reported more than 200 food poisoning outbreaks till
36th week of 2015, which is the second-highest cause of alerts or outbreaks of diseases
consecutively for the last four years. WHO dedicated the World Health Day theme “From
Farm To Plate, Make Food Safe” to address the challenges of food safety.

The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) was established in 2008 to
lay down food safety standards and provide technical advice. The Bureau of Indian Standards
(BIS) has recently developed Indian standards for the food safety of street food vendors in
India. A study was conducted to assess the conformance of street vendors to BIS for food
safety and hygiene practices.

2.2.4 The Role Of Food Hygiene Knowledge And Awareness In Decision Making Of
Consumers Of Food Street Vendors: A Focus Group Study In Lima, Peru

According to the FAO, 2.5 million people eat regular street food around the world,
despite the risk associated with poor food handling, insufficient raw ingredients, and lack of

Address: Maramag St., Cataggaman Pardo, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 14

Telephone No: (078) 304 – 1271
Email: catnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

water availability. An educational food safety program can address the need to identify the
characteristics of consumers’ choices to eat from street food sellers, especially among those
who spend their daily activity outside of their houses or commuting.

Consumers say that taste is the most important consideration when buying street
foods, followed by accessibility, affordability, speed of consumption, and prior dining
experience dating back to their infancy. The participants are of the opinion that even if they
become unwell, they won’t pass away from it; instead, it will make them stronger for the next
time they eat street food. These are crucial aspects of the decision-making process utilized by
consumers of street food that should be taken into account creating instructional and
awareness campaigns for food safety.

2.2.5 Food Hygienic Practices And Safety Measures Among Street Food Vendors In
Zanzibar Urban District

Food safety problems in Africa are largely centered on foodborne diseases that are
associated with poor hygiene and are connected largely with the eating of contaminated food
and water. World Health Organization estimates the global yearly load of foodborne diseases
and 420, 000 deaths. Street-vended food can cause major civic health problems due to lack of
basic facilities and services, their short duration nature, and insufficient knowledge of basic
food safety protection. In 2012-2014, yearly cases of food poisoning in Zanzibar were
590,479 and 333 respectively. Research has linked Shigellosis to street vended foods in
Zanzibar, but there is limited information on the hygienic situation of street food vending
sites and vendors compliance to food safety measures.

This study was designed to determine the hygienic practices and safety precautions of
street food vendors in Urban district of Zanzibar. The findings could help policy creators and
food safety agencies plan and design interventions to safeguard the public.

Address: Maramag St., Cataggaman Pardo, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 15

Telephone No: (078) 304 – 1271
Email: catnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

2.3 Assumption of the Study

The study focused on the safety and hygiene practices and procedures of street food-
vending, and the awareness of consumers and vendors of health safety in street food
consumption. The following assumptions were made:

1. The researchers assumed that the respondents would be able to rely on

information that would make this study a success.
2. The researchers assumed that the respondents would be honest in answering the
questions.
3. The researchers assumed that proper hygiene and food safety procedures would be
good for implication in street food-vending.
4. The researchers would be able to emphasize the purpose of the study to its
respondents.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

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Telephone No: (078) 304 – 1271
Email: catnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Research design is the plan and structure of investigation so conceived so as to obtain

answers to research questions (Kerlinger, 1986). Cooper and Schindler (2003) summarize the
essentials of research design as an activity and time-based plan; always based on the research
question; guides the selection of sources and types of information; a framework for
specifying the relationship among the study variables and outlines the procedures for every
research activity.

The researchers used a qualitative research design in collecting the data from
respondents. The design is preferred because it is concerned with answering questions such as
who, what, how, which, when, and how much (Cooper and Schindler, 2003). The researchers
used case study as an approach for the qualitative research conducted. This study utilized a
structured interview method to assess the feedback of the respondents.

3.2 Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study are the selected five street food vendors that are near and within
the vicinity of Cataggaman National High School, and fifteen street food-consuming students
that are currently studying at Cataggaman National High School, who have been patronizing
street foods from those vendors. The respondents will provide pieces of information and
insights on their experiences with street foods and the hygienic practices they observed. The
data gathered from the respondents will be analyzed to determine the level of compliance
with food safety and hygiene standard among the vendors and to identify areas for
improvement.

3.3 Instrument of the Study

The instrument used was a researchers-made interview questionnaire, which was

composed of close-ended questions to gather the needed data for this research. The interview
questionnaire made includes two sections: a set of three questions for the respondent vendors,

Address: Maramag St., Cataggaman Pardo, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 17

Telephone No: (078) 304 – 1271
Email: catnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

and a set of three questions for the respondent consumer students. Close-ended options were
provided to accommodate specific answers from the respondents. In this way, the instrument
is authorized to obtain valid responses from the target respondents specified. Preference for
the use of the structured questionnaire is premised on several research assumptions, such as
a) cost of being the least expensive means of gathering data, b) less pressure for an immediate
response, and c) giving the respondents a greater feeling of anonymity. In addition, the
instrument was validated by a few consultants and researchers before it was laid into the
study.

3.4 Locale of the Study

This study was conducted within and near Cataggaman National High School, located
at Maramag Street, Cataggaman Pardo, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan. These were selected for
knowing the efficiency of the said study among the street food consumer students that study
at Cataggaman National High School, and street food vendors that reside in the vicinity of the
said school.

3.5 Data Gathering Procedure

The first step that the researchers made is to make a request letter for the Principal to
approve the research to be conducted for those consumer students. Upon approval, the
researchers retrieve the request letter. In administering the interview, the researchers use the
time allotted for vacant to avoid distractions of class discussions. The student responses were
given enough time to answer the set of questions. After data gathering, the researchers now
collected it for analysis and to apply the summary and interpretation of data.

For the respondent vendors, the researchers asked about the availability of the
selected respondents. During the given time of availability, the vendors were asked a set of

Address: Maramag St., Cataggaman Pardo, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 18

Telephone No: (078) 304 – 1271
Email: catnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

questions and answered them with enough time given. After the relied data was given and
recorded, the researchers gathered the data collected to formulate the interpretation.

Interview Questionnaire

“A Qualitative Research about the Safety and Hygienic Practices of Street Food Vending
Near and Within the Vicinity of Cataggaman National High School”

Address: Maramag St., Cataggaman Pardo, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 19

Telephone No: (078) 304 – 1271
Email: catnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Section A.
To the street food-consuming students: This questionnaire is intended to collect
data for the research that we are to conduct. Please refer to the series of questions below and
kindly give us your answers in accordance with each question. Rest assured that your
responses will be kept confidential. Thank you for your coordination!

I. QUESTIONS
Directions: Please indicate your answers by writing in the blanks after each given question.
Q1. How do you evaluate the cleanliness of the street foods that you consume?

___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Q2. How often do you ask the street food vendors about the safety and hygienic processes
they practice?

___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Q3. What are the key factors that you regard before consuming street foods?

___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

Address: Maramag St., Cataggaman Pardo, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 20

Telephone No: (078) 304 – 1271
Email: catnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Interview Questionnaire

“A Qualitative Research about the Safety and Hygienic Practices of Street Food Vending
Near and Within the Vicinity of Cataggaman National High School”

Section B.

To the street food vendors: This questionnaire is intended to collect data for the
research that we are to conduct. Please refer to the series of questions below and kindly give
us your answers in accordance with each question. Rest assured that your responses will be
kept confidential. Thank you for your coordination!

I. QUESTIONS

Directions: Please indicate your answers by writing in blanks after each given question.

Q1. What are the factors that you consider with your hygienic practices?

___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Q2. What are the methods that you use to maintain the safety and cleanliness of what you are
selling?

___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Q3. What are your suggestions/recommendations for your fellow vendors that they must do
in order to possess safety and hygienic practices?

Address: Maramag St., Cataggaman Pardo, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 21

Telephone No: (078) 304 – 1271
Email: catnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CATAGGAMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Address: Maramag St., Cataggaman Pardo, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 22

Telephone No: (078) 304 – 1271
Email: catnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph