Unlike animals, a person is capable of directing himself to his goal.

This is
called_____. *
1/1
A. Self-discipline
D. Self-determination
C. Self-introspect
B. Self-motivation

Learners are information processors. Whose thought is this? *

1/1
B. Behaviorist
A. Metacognitivist
D. Gestalt theorist
C. Cognitivist

The heroism of Jose Rizal exemplifies Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. Which
is Rizal’s characteristics? *
1/1
A. He gives importance to what people will think or say regardless of their social
status
B. He is motivated to act by the benefit he gets later
C. He believes laws that are wrong can be changed if these are in conformity with
others
D. He possesses moral responsibilities to make societal changes regardless of
consequences

Parents negatively react on play in children’s curriculum. A teacher who knows the
importance of play would tell the parents that? *
1/1
C. Playing makes learning a pleasurable experience
A. Playing is important in the child’s cognitive development
D. Playing is a stage of child’s development
B. Playing is a good form of exercise

Which of these does NOT belong to the Bronfenbrenner's microsystem as a factor on

human development? *
1/1
B. School
C. Peers
D. Local politics
A. Family

Bernadette enjoyed the roller coaster when they went to Enchanted Kingdom.at the
sight of a roller coaster, she gets excited. Which theory explains Bernadette's
behavior? *
1/1
D. Social learning theory
A. Operant conditioning
C. Attribution theory
B. Pavlovian conditioning

What do the statements imply about human development? ? *

1/1
C. It depends on the economic bracket where the individuals belong.
A. Yes.
D. Not necessarily
B. No

Which of the following statements describe human development? I. Ends in late

adulthood II. Uniqueness of the process among individuals. III. Commonality of the
process among individuals. *
0/1
A. II and III
B. I and II
C. III only
D. I, II and III
Correct answer
A. II and III

Which of the following schedule of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction? *

0/1
D. Fixed Interval
B. Fixed Ratio
C. Variable Interval
A. Variable Ratio
Correct answer
A. Variable Ratio
How should one care for children after a disaster? *
1/1
C. Do not allow children to retell the events for them not to be reminded of not event.
D. Make children understand that a disaster is God's will and there is nothing we can
do about it.
B. Discourage children to talk about feeling for this may only make things worse.
A. Encourage children to talk about any disturbing feeling reassuring them that
such feelings are normal after stressful event.

Which theory asserts that learners generate knowledge and meaning from an
interaction between their experiences and their ideas? *
1/1
B. Social reconstructionism
C. Behaviorism
A. Constructivism
D. Metacognition

Which of the following is likely to be developed if infants are shown genuine

affection? *
1/1
D. Industry
B. Autonomy
A. Trust
C. Initiative

A person who has reached the highest level of self-reliance. *

0/1
C. Shares what she/he knows and practices about self-reliance
D. Encourages other to practice self- reliance
A. Feels the importance of self-reliance
B. Displays self-reliance when working
Correct answer
D. Encourages other to practice self- reliance

If teacher Angel wants to follow Piaget’s Theory, what should she provide for her
pupils who are in the sensorimotor stage? *
1/1
A. Learning activities that involve problems of classification and ordering
C. Activities which formulate hypothesis
D. Wide space with minimal object to play with
B. Games and other physical activities to develop motor skills

Which are characteristics of successful learners? 1. Independent 2. Goal-directed 3.

Self-regulating 4. Assume personal responsibility for contributing to their own
learning *
1/1
B. III and IV
A. I, II, III and IV
C. I and II
D. I, II and IV

If a teacher wants to curb delinquency among teenagers, what must be his first step? *
1/1
B. Isolate children from friends of bad influence.
C. Diminish the activities of lawmen.
A. Reestablish the influence and authority of parents or guardians over
children.
D. Strictly enforce discipline through punishments.

40. It is a learning disability that impairs the individuals’ fluency and coherence in
reading? *
1/1
B. Dyscalculia
C. Dyslexia
D. Dysnomia
A. Dysgraphia

One of the students is confused, suspicious and socially aloof. What does the student
need to improve in his attitude? *
1/1
C. Physiological care
A. Love and belongingness
D. Cognitive and Aesthetic training
B. Regular counseling

One speaker once said, “If there are delinquent children, it is because there are
delinquent parents.” What does the statement imply. I. The crucial role that parents
play in the education and development of children. II. The significance of the role of
parents as models for their children. III. The stubbornness of youth in this generation *
1/1
A. I only
D. I and II
B. III only
C. I, II and III

Carlo is very attached to his mother and Pamela to her father. According to Freud’s
psychosexual stages of development, in what stage is Carlo and Pamela in? *
1/1
D. Phallic Stage
C. Oral Stage
B. Latent stage
A. Anal stage

If a child is bitten by a large, black dog, the children may fear not only that black dog
but also other large dogs. Which conditioning process is illustrate? *
0/1
A. Discrimination
D. Generalization
C. Extinction
B. Acquisition
Correct answer
D. Generalization

Teacher Mercy believes that students need not know the intended learning outcome of
her lesson. She proceeds to her learning activities at once without letting them know
what they are supposed to learn for the day. Which principle of learning does Teacher
Mercy negate? *
1/1
C. Learning is the discovery of the personal meaning of ideas.
D. Learning is a cooperative and a collaborative process.
B. Learning is an active process.
A. Effective learning begins with setting clear expectations and learning
outcomes.

Teacher Herbert asks her students to see the connection of their new lesson to their
own personal experiences and share the same with the class. Teacher Herbert
believes in which principle of learning? *
1/1
B. Effective learning begins with setting clear expectations and learning outcomes.
D. Learning is the discovery of the personal meaning of ideas.
C. Learning is an active process.
A. Learning is a cooperative and collaborative process.

According to Erikson’s theory, what value is first developed among children? *

1/1
C. Self-esteem
B. Trust
D. Autonomy
A. Courage

What psychological principle is used when teacher links the new information to the
previous one to enable the students gain a holistic view of the lesson? *
1/1
C. Assimilation
B. Adaptation
A. Acculturation
D. Accommodation

What is the systematic learner of providing the right amount of assistance to the
learner to effectively acquire a skill? *
1/1
B. Guidance
D. Tutoring
C. Counseling
A. Scaffolding

Jerome Bruner and Edgar Dale agree that for effective teaching-learning, teachers
should begin with the _. *
2/2
B. move from the concrete to the abstract
A. dwell only on the concrete
C. move from the abstract to the concrete
D. dwell only on the abstract

No two individuals are totally alike. Does this apply to identical twins
? *
0/1
B. Environment exerts greater influence on human development.
A. Heredity exerts greater influence on human development.
D. The influence of heredity and environment can be overcome by the individual
person himself
C. The interaction of heredity and environment guides and influences human
development,
Correct answer
C. The interaction of heredity and environment guides and influences human
development,

According to Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, ages 12 and 15 children reach

formal operational stage. What are they capable of doing at this stage? *
1/1
C. Can focus on only one aspect of a situation or event
D. Intelligence in intuitive in nature
B. Reasoning is neither inductive nor deductive
A. Can solve abstract problems and think deductively

Harry’s teacher noticed that he has short attention span in school. He doesn’t finish
his tasks in school because he gets easily distracted with other things. When asked
orally, he can answer it very well. What do you think is Harry’s condition? *
1/1
D. Intellectual Disability
C. ADHD
A. Dyslexia
B. ASD

What process takes place when sperm and egg interact? *

1/1
D. Conjugation
A. Fertilization
C. Differentiation
B. Development

According to Freud, fixation at this stage could result in sexual deviancies both
overindulging and avoidance and weak or confused sexual identity. *
0/1
D. Genital
C. Latency
B. Electra complex
A. Oedipus complex
Correct answer
D. Genital
Angie, a Grade 6 student, still has difficulty spelling some words. When her teacher
asked her to read, it’s as if she’s reading like a Grade 2 would, but she understands
the article quite well. This condition is characterized as: *
1/1
B. Autism
C. Savant
D. Dyslexia
A. Mental retardation

Life experiences such as broken home and loss of job may cause an individual to
fluctuate between levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. What does this show? *
1/1
D. A person can work for the satisfaction of his need for self- actualization even if his
lower needs are not satisfied.
B. The effect of broken home, etc on the non-satisfaction of lower needs depends on
the individual.
C. Self-actualization is a person’s highest need and therefore is the only one that
matters.
A. Satisfaction of a higher need is often disrupted by failure to meet lower level
needs.

What kind of children do not develop social feeling, become despots and expect
society to conform to their self-centered wishes? *
0/1
A. Spoiled children
D. Children with inferiorities
C. Neglected children
B. Children with physical infirmities
Correct answer
D. Children with inferiorities

It is a condition that limits the intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior of an

individual. *
1/1
C. Dyslexia
D. ADHD
B. Dysgraphia
A. Mental Retardation
A junior transferee seems to be withdrawn from his classmates. What should be done
to help him? *
0/1
D. Invite him to socialize and support.
C. Assign some of his classmates to be with him.
A. Give him assurance and support.
B. Determine the cause of his behavior.
Correct answer
D. Invite him to socialize and support.

If a child was raised by authoritative parents, how will most likely will he/she behave in
class? *
1/1
C. Quarrels often with classmates
A. Relates well to classmates
D. Has low level of independence
B. Is suspicious of others

Hannah was diagnosed when she was 2 years old. She showed delayed in her
language and speech, motor, cognitive and socio-emotional domain. She is way
behind from her peers. What do you think is her diagnosis? *
1/1
B. ASD
A. GDD
C. LD
D. ADHD

Who among the following advocated that we face a specific psychosocial dilemma at
each stage of life? *
1/1
C. Lawrence Kohlberg
B. Jean Piaget
A. Sigmund Freud
D. Erik Erikson

Paul was diagnosed with Autism. His doctor advised that he will be included in a
regular classroom provided that he will have shadow teacher. What is the placement
suggested by his doctor? *
1/1
A. Exclusion
B. inclusion
C. Integration
D. mainstreaming

What do the statements imply about human development? *

1/1
D. All individuals develop in exactly the same manner
A. There is no difference in the development of humans.
B. There is no similarity in the development of humans.
C. No two individuals develop in exactly the same way.

Greeno (1989) said that thinking is the result of the interaction between the individual
and the environment. Which of the theories of development support/s the idea of
Greeno? I. Erikson's psychosocial theory of development II. Kohlberg's stages of
moral development III. Piaget's stages of cognitive developmentIV. Vygotsky's socio-
cultural theory *
0/1
B. I and IV only
A. III only
C. III and IV only
D. I, II and III only
Correct answer
B. I and IV only

It is an individualized program that caters the needs of a student who has special
needs. *
1/1
A. PDSP
B. Lesson Plan
D. Curriculum
C. IEP

In which of these cases, does peer pressure become most critical? *

0/1
B. When parents disapprove with the peers of his/her child
A. When the adolescent blindly gives in to peer pressure
D. When the parents are unaware of their child’s peers
C. When the peer values contradict with parental moral instruction
Correct answer
A. When the adolescent blindly gives in to peer pressure

Which is an example of a child's exosystem that does not work favorably for the
child? *
1/1
B. Mother gets a job promotion and so has less time for supervision of her
child's homework.
A. A child gets bullied in school.
D. The child is asthmatic.
C. The teacher play's favorites.

When a person’s moral choices are determined by the direct consequences of actions,
he is most like in the stage of_______. *
1/1
C. Conventional
B. Pre-conventional
A. Pre-operational
D. Post-Conventional

Teacher Lizel noticed that in group work, students just leave the work to the leader
and so vowed never to give group work again. Against which principle of learning is
Teacher Lizel`s decision? *
1/1
D. Effective learning begins with setting clear expectations and learning outcomes.
C. Learning is a cooperative and a collaborative process.
B. Learning is the discovery of the personal meaning of ideas.
A. Learning is an active process.

Which refers to the act of a learner who reflects on his/her own thinking? *
1/1
B. Scaffolding function
D. Perception
A. Metacognition
C. Hemispheric function

Adler once said, “What people do with what they have is more important than what
they don’t have.” This statement emphasizes_________. *
0/1
A. The more important role that environment plays in personality development
D. The greater significance of heredity in personality development
C. One’s responsibility to develop his/her gifts and talents.
B. The fact that every person has talent/s
Correct answer
C. One’s responsibility to develop his/her gifts and talents.

Rene exhibits fear response to freely roaming dogs but does not show fear when a
dog is on a leash of confined to a pen. Which conditioning process illustrated? *
0/1
C. Extinction
D. Acquisition
A. Discrimination
B. Generalization
Correct answer
A. Discrimination

Venus, a grade 8 student, still has a difficulty spelling some words. When her to
spelling some words. When her teacher asked her to read, it’s as if she’s reading like
a grade 2 would, but she understands the article quite well. This condition is
characterized as *
1/1
A. Mental retardation
B. Autism
D. Dyslexia
C. Savant

The teacher regularly assists his students in practicing the skills in playing basketball.
According to Thorndike what law of connectionism is followed? *
0/1
B. Law of exercise
D. Law of readiness
C. Law and order
A. Law of effect
Correct answer
B. Law of exercise

The onset of the reproductive age is called______. *

1/1
B. menarche
A. menstruation
D. puberty
C. menopause

Which are most likely the kind of children raised by authoritarian parents? 1. Fearful
2.Inhibited 3. Hostile 4. Withdrawn *
1/1
D. I, II, III, and IV
B. II and III
C. I, II and III
A. I and II

A mother gives her son is favorite snack every time the boy cleans up his room.
Afterwards, the boy cleans his room everyday in anticipation of the snack. Which
theory is illustrated? *
1/1
C. Classical conditioning
D. Pavlovian conditioning
B. Associative learning
A. Operant conditioning

In a favorable learning environment, which competition promotes learning? *

1/1
C. For academic honors
A. Between boys and girls
B. Within members of the same gender
D. Against standards set

Nora is encouraged by her parents to ask questions, and allow her to choose activities
she will find enjoyable and worthwhile. If this will continue, Erikson believes that Nora
will achieve _. *
0/1
C. Industry
A. Identity
B. Initiative
D. Generativity
Correct answer
B. Initiative

In her desire to finish the content of the course syllabus, Teacher Bon just lectures
while students listen. Which principle of learning does Teacher Bon violate? *
1/1
D. Learning is an active process.
C. Effective learning begins with setting clear expectations and learning outcomes.
A. Learning is the discovery of the personal meaning of ideas.
B. Learning is a cooperative and a collaborative process.

Teacher Conrad avoids drills out of context. She gives real-world Math problems for
students to drill on. Teacher Conrad is very much convinced of which principle of
learning? *
1/1
C. Learning is a cooperative and a collaborative process.
D. Effective learning begins with setting clear expectations and learning outcomes.
B. Learning is the discovery of the personal meaning of ideas.
A. Learning is an active process.

Email *
wendell.deleon@email.lcup.edu.ph

A person who had painful experiences at the dentist’s office may become fearful at the
mere sight of the dentist’s office. Which theory can explain this? *
0/1
B. Operant Conditioning
A. Generalization
C. Classical conditioning
D. Attribution theory
Correct answer
C. Classical conditioning

A preschool teacher is thinking about how best to develop the fine motor skills of the
4- year-olds. Which of the following should be best to consider? *
1/1
C. Encourage children to eat independently.
B. Ask the children to do repeated writing drills everyday.
D. Conduct a variety of fun and challenging activities involving hand muscles
daily.
A. Provide daily coloring book activities.

Larry has a difficulty in translating his thoughts into words. His teachers always
comments on his grammar and handwriting. His paragraphs are not coherent enough
and sometimes without any more sense. He always interchange “b” and “d”. What is
Larry’s condition? *
0/1
D. Dyslexia
A. Dyscalculia
B. Learning Disability
C. Dysgraphia
Correct answer
D. Dyslexia

A 14-year-old felt ignored by her crush whom she believes is her one true love. She is
crying incessantly and refuses to listen and accept sound advice that the teacher is
offering. Her refusal to accept is because. *
1/1
B. the teenager`s favorite word is “no”, and she will simply reject everything the
teacher says.
C. 14-year-olds are not yet capable of perspective taking and cannot take the
teacher`s perspective.
A. she thinks what she feels is too special and unique, that no one has felt like
this before.
D. Teenagers never listen to adult advice.

The super ego of Freud personality represents: *

1/1
A. Biological component
B. Instinct component
C. Psychological component
D. Social component

Godfredo, a three year old boy lacks the ability to control his bowel movement. He
could be suffering from? *
1/1
D. Enuresis
A. Analism
C. Anorexia nervosa
B. Encopresis

Which of these does not belong with teacher scaffolds in mind? *

2/2
D. Highlighting student's failure
B. Modeling
C. Highlighting of strategies
A. Direct and indirect explanations

Mrs. Calma allows her 3 year old daughter to dress herself, tie her own shoes and
keep her toy. What would Mrs. Calma’s daughter develop? *
1/1
D. Mastery
C. Initiative
A. Autonomy
B. Identity

Of the five different levels of environment in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory, which

is the closest to the learner and the most influential? *
1/1
D. Exosystem
A. Microsystem
B. Mesosystem
C. Macrosystem

Flexible and individualized support for children with special needs is part of
______education. *
1/1
A. conclusive
D. exhaustive
C. exclusive
B. inclusive

“When more senses are stimulated, teaching and learning become more effective,”
What is an application of this principle? *
1/1
A. Appeal to students’ sense of imagination
D. Use audiovisual aids because the eyes and the ears are the most important
senses in learning.
B. Use multisensory aids.
C. Make your students touch the instructional material.

In a treatment for alcoholism, Ramil was made to drink an alcoholic beverage and
then made to ingest a drug that produces nausea. Eventually, he was nauseated at
the sight and smell of alcohol and stopped drinking alcohol. Which theory explains
this? *
0/1
C. Attribution theory
B. Pavlovian conditioning
D. Social learning theory
A. Operant conditioning
Correct answer
B. Pavlovian conditioning

Which parenting style/s contribute/s to the development of children who have low level
of responsibility? *
1/1
A. Authoritarian
B. Permissive
D. Neglecting and permissive
C. Authoritative

What do the statements imply about human development? *

1/1
D. All individuals develop in exactly the same manner.
A. There is no difference in the development of humans.
C. No two individuals develop in exactly the same way.
B. There is no similarity in the development of humans.

What a student can do differs from what he will do. What does this prove? *
1/1
B. Students of today are hardly motivated.
C. Ability is the opposite of motivation.
D. Motivation and ability may not always go together.
A. Motivation differs from ability.

A student collapsed in her class. It was found out that she did not eat her breakfast.
What principle is shown in the situation? *
1/1
A. Security need
B. Safety need
D. Physiological need
C. Psychological need
Mothers who demand their 3 to 5 years old children to spend their time in serious
academic study, forget that early childhood is the: *
1/1
D. Toy age
A. Pre-school age
C. Initiative age
B. Questioning age

Successful learners use strategic thinking in their approach to learning, reasoning,

problem solving, and concept learning. They understand and can use a variety of
strategies to help them reach learning and performance goals and to apply their
knowledge in novel situations. They also continue to expand their repertoire of
strategies by reflecting on the methods they use to see which work well for them.
Which processes of successful learners are described above? *
1/1
B. Imaginative
A. Cognitive
D. Creative
C. Metacognitive

Parents observed to be caring, but unmindful of their children’s manners at home are
considered _. *
1/1
C. permissive
A. authoritative
D. authoritarian
B. rejecting and neglecting

The anxiety of a child whose father belongs to the army increases every time his
father leaves for duty. This proves that a child's environment, particularly , affects
achild's development. *
1/1
C. exosystem
A. microsystem
D. macrosystem
B. mesosystem
Pam has a difficulty in adjusting to changes in her environment. Her English teacher
had an emergency at home so when a subtitue teacher comes in, she became
restless and anxious. What do you think is Pam’s condition? *
0/1
B. ASD
C. Intellectual Disability
A. Learning Disability
D. Dyscalculia
Correct answer
B. ASD

A preschool teacher is thinking about how best to develop the fine motor skills of the
4- year-olds. Which of the following should be best to consider? *
1/1
B. Concrete operational stage
A. Formal operational stage
D. Between concrete and formal operational stage
C. Pre-operational stage

The onset (beginning) of puberty marks the_______ cycle segment of Human

Development. *
1/1
D. Later Years
B. Infancy
A. Childhood
C. Adolescence

When a child manifest selective mutism, self-destructive behavior and echolalia, the
child might be showing the symptoms of ____. *
1/1
C. Autism
A. Anorexia nervosa
D. ADHD
B. Dyslexia

The most important contribution of the Gestalt psychology to the theories of learning. *
1/1
D. Cognitive insight
C. Concept of readiness in learning
B. Importance of reinforcement
A. Use of multimedia approaches

In comparison with Freud, Erikson placed more emphasis on *

1/1
C. Role of parents
A. Physical development
D. Social and cultural influences
B. Intellectual development

A Filipino Masters degree graduate is surprised to know that he cannot proceed to the
doctorate program applied for in Louvain, Belgium because of the short ten year basic
education. Based on Bronfenbrenner's theory, to which system in the environment can
this be attributed? *
0/1
B. Exosystem
D. Chronology system
A. Mesosystem
C. Macrosystem
Correct answer
C. Macrosystem

To what does Piaget's cognitive theory that ability to determine that a certain quantity
will remain the same despite adjustment of the container shape apparent size refer? *
1/1
C. Conversion
D. Accommodation
B. Assimilation
A. Conservation

Focusing on natural consequences of students` behavior develop more self- regulation

in the students. Which of the following teacher statements demonstrates focusing on
natural consequences? *
1/1
A. “Those who were noisy today during seatwork will not be allowed to play games in
the computer later.”
B. “If it takes you longer to finish the seatwork because time is wasted with
chatting, then we won`t have time to go to the playground anymore.”
 
C. “Those who are well-behaved in class will be given plus 5 points in the quiz.”
D. If you get a grade of 95 or higher in the first two assignments, you will be
exempted from the 3rd assignment.”
 
Learners are more likely to internalize and follow classroom rules when *
1/1
A. The teacher clearly explains the rules she prepared
B. The learners know the punishments for not following the rules
C. The learners participate in the rule- making process
 
D. The teacher gives additional points for those who follow the rules
 
For a teacher to establish and maintain consistent standards of learners` behavior,
they should do all EXCEPT: *
1/1
A. Give immediate feedback to reinforce appropriate behavior of learners.
B. Be open to exceptions each time a learner misbehaves in class
 
C. Communicate and enforce school policies and procedures clearly and consistently
D. Handle behavior problems promptly and with due respect to learners` rights.
 
Which statement on student diversity is CORRECT? *
1/1
A. Teacher must do his/her best to reduce student diversity in class.
B. The less the diversity of students in class, the better for teacher and students.
C. Teacher should accept and value diversity.
 
D. Student diversity is purely due to students` varied cultures.
 
Which student thinking/behavior indicates that he/she values diversity? *
1/1
A. He/She regards his culture as superior to other`s cultures.
B. He/She regards his culture as inferior to other`s cultures.
C. He/She accepts the fact that all people are unique in their own way.
 
D. He/She emphasizes on the differences among people and disregards their
commonalities.
 
What is teaching-learning implication of student diversity? *
1/1
A. Compare students.
B. Make use of a variety of teaching and assessment methods and activities.
 
C. Do homogeneous grouping for group activities.
D. Develop different standards for different student groups
 
Read the following comments by the teacher. Which of these comments will most
likely make a child try harder, rather than give up? *
1/1
A. Sinuwerte ka ngayon dito sa test, ha?
B. Hindi ka talaga magaling dito sa paksang ito, `no?
C. Nakikita ko na kailangan mong maglaan ng mas mahabang panahon sa
paksang ito para lubos mong maunawaan ito.
 
D. Nahihirapan ka sa paksang ito. Maari kitang tulungan.
 
Which of the following demonstrates differentiated instruction? *
1/1
A. The teacher groups the learners by their ability level and makes the groups
work with the same topic but assign a different task appropriate for each group
to accomplish
 
B. The teacher divides the class into three heterogeneous groups and assigns the
said activity for each group to work on.
C. The teacher groups the learners by their ability level and assigns different content
topics for the groups to work on
D. The teacher groups the learners by ability levels and assigns each group a
different task on the same topic, and then requests three different teachers, each to
assess one of the groups.
 
Which teaching practice gives primary consideration to individual differences? *
1/1
A. Allowing children to show that they learned the stages of mitosis in a way
where they feel most comfortable.
 
B. Allowing children to show that they learned the stages of mitosis in a way where
they fell most comfortable except by lecturing.
C. Preparing two different sets of examination, one for the fast learners and another
for the slow learners.
D. Applying two sets of different standards.
 
For meaningful teaching and learning, it is best to connect the lesson to the life of
students by integrating a relevant value in the lesson. Which principle is applied? *
1/1
A. Lesson objectives/intended learning outcomes must integrate 2 or 3
domains – cognitive, skill and affective or cognitive and affective or skill and
affective.
 
B. Begin with the end in mind.
C. Share lesson objectives/intended learning outcomes with students.
D. Write SMART lesson objectives/intended learning outcomes.
 
Teacher Paz shared this lesson objective/learning outcome with her students: “Before
the period ends, all of you must be able to identify the topic sentence and supporting
sentences of a given paragraph.” Teacher Paz drilled them on subject-verb agreement
to ensure that they can write a good paragraph then gave a ten-sentence paragraph
for the students to determine subject-verb agreement before the class period
ended.Did Teacher Paz use the lesson objective/learning outcome as guide in the
development of her lesson? *
1/1
A. Yes.
B. No.
C. A little, because subject-verb agreement is a must in paragraph writing
D. Very much, because she made use of a ten-sentence paragraph for the end-of-
the-period quiz
 
Here is a lesson objective: “At the end of the lesson, the students must be able to
develop a positive attitude towards work.” Is this a SMART objective? *
1/1
A. Partly, it is in the affective domain
B. Very much, it is specific
C. Not at all, develop is a non-behavioral term
 
D. Yes, if the word “develop” is replaced with “create
 
Based on Bloom`s taxonomy, which part of Teacher Lolita`s lesson is in the
psychomotor domain? *
1/1
A. The 3 pupils focusing the microscope
 
B. The pupils listening to the “don`ts” in focusing the microscope
C. Asking the class if it is important to learn how to focus the microscope
D. Explain the “why`s” behind the don`ts
 
If Teacher Lolita`s lesson objective/intended learning outcome is “to focus the
microscope correctly”, could she have just shown the class how to do it without
explaining the parts of the microscope and their corresponding functions? *
1/1
A. No.
B. Yes, 21st Century students learn skill very fast.
C. Yes, but risky.
D. No, it is basic for students to know the functions of each part. This guides
the students on how to focus the microscope.
 
 
If explaining and demonstrating are necessary for Teacher Lolita to realize her lesson
objective/intended learning outcome, what does this imply on lesson planning and
development for whole and meaningful learning. *
1/1
A. Integrate the domains of learning activities
 
B. You make lesson focus only information.
C. Plan a lesson that is exclusively for skill or for information.
D. Always touch the affective domain of learning.
 
Teacher Ruben wanted his students to rate their own work using the scoring rubric
which he explained to the class before the students began with their task. Based on
revised Bloom`s taxonomy, in which level of cognitive processing are the students? *
1/1
A. Evaluating
 
B. Applying
C. Synthesizing
D. Analyzing
 
You are required to formulate your own philosophy of education in the course. The
Teaching Profession. Based on Bloom`s revised taxonomy, in which level of cognitive
processing are you? *
1/1
A. Analyzing
B. Applying
C. Creating
 
D. Evaluating
 
Teateacherherd the intended learning outcome and act accordingly. In which level of
processing will Teacher Bing`s students act? *
1/1
A. Cognitive
B. Self-system
C. Metacognitive system
 
D. Between cognitive and metacognitive system
 
Teacher Myleen talked all period. She taught the class the steps to undertake in the
conduct of an action research. She also showed a poorly done action research,
discussed why it is poorly done and finally showed a model action research. Which
teaching approach describes Teacher Mylene`s lesson development? Was Teacher
Mylene`s approach learner-centered? *
1/1
A. Yes, she taught for all learners.
B. Yes, she made things easy for the learners
C. No, she was more subject matter- centered and teacher-centered.
 
D. No, because her subject matter was highly technical.
 
Teacher Dada`s lesson was on “what man can do to arrest climate change”. She
made students do the talking, the arguing the synthesizing. She gave her lecturette
after students have participated in the lively discussion. Which teaching approach did
Teacher Dada employ? *
1/1
A. Learner-centered approach
 
B. Activity-centered approach
C. Subject matter-centered approach
D. Teacher-centered approach
 
Teacher Beth avoids giving out-of-context drills. Instead she makes use of real-world
problems for her students to solve. Doing so makes Teacher Beth in approach. *
0/1
A. Developmentally appropriate
 
B. Reflective
C. Constructivist
D. inquiry-based
Correct answer
C. Constructivist
 
The subject matter is the ASEAN Qualification Framework (AQRF). The Asian History
teacher teams up with the Economics teacher, the Professional Education teacher for
a thorough discussion of AQRF from the perspective of other disciplines. Which
describes the Asian History teacher`s pedagogical approach? *
1/1
A. Integrated
 
B. Reflective
C. Constructivist
D. inquiry-based
 
The spiral progression approach in teaching Math in the K to 12 curriculum means that
you teach basic Math concepts from K to Grade 10 in increasing depth and breadth
across the grades. This means that Math teaching is _. *
1/1
A. developmentally appropriate
 
B. inquiry-based
C. inclusive
D. integrated
 
Teacher Ann demonstrated the deductive method of teaching in her English class.
Based on her teaching demo, she asked the class to outline the steps of a deductive
teaching method. The student`s outlines served as the starting point of the class
discussion on the steps of the deductive method. Did Teacher Ann go deductive? *
2/2
A. No, she went inductive.
 
B. Yes, she began with the concrete.
C. Yes, she went deductive.
D. Both deductive and inductive.
 
Teacher Rodel said: “This is the rule on how to multiply fractions. To illustrate, let`s
give examples.” Then he gave fractions to the class for them to multiply. How did
Teacher Rodel proceed? *
1/1
A. Inductively
B. Inductively then deductively
C. Deductively
 
D. Deductively then inductively
 
It is less interactive and requires relatively shorter period of time to cover content.
Which teaching method is described? *
1/1
A. Inductive
B. Deductive
 
C. Both inductive and deductive
D. Both but more deductive
 
Which method is more interactive? *
1/1
A. Deductive
B. Deductive, if teacher wants to
C. Inductive
 
D. Inductive, if the teacher chooses to
 
When you begin teaching with the generalization then bring in details, which method
do you employ? *
1/1
A. Deductive
 
B. It depends on your type of generalization
C. Inductive
D. It depends on the quantity of details you bring in
 
When you begin teaching with concrete experience then come in with conclusion,
which method do you employ? *
1/1
A. Deductive
B. It depends on your type of generalization
C. Inductive
 
D. It depends on the quantity of details you bring in
 
Learning is an active process. Which one is an application of this principle? *
1/1
A. Let students learn the steps in opening a computer by making them follow
the steps.
 
B. Group students for work or project that way project becomes less expensive.
C. Teach your content from a multidisciplinary perspective.
D. Avoid drills which are out of context.
 
The more senses that are involved, the more and the better the learning. Which
practice is aligned with this principle? *
1/1
A. Teach using mostly verbal symbol.
B. Employ cooperative learning.
C. Invite parents as resource speakers in class.
D. Bring students to field trips with consent of school and parents.
 
 
A non-threatening atmosphere enhances learning. Which practice is an offshoot of this
principle? *
1/1
A. No praising
B. No bullying
 
C. No scolding
D. No homework
 
Emotion has the power to increase retention and learning. To apply this principle,
teacher must _. *
1/1
A. spice class with his/her sense of humor
B. make course difficult for students to remember and learn
C. touch students` emotion when he/she teaches
 
D. be emotional when he/she teaches
 
Good teaching goes beyond recall of information. So what must a teacher do? *
1/1
A. Teach as many facts as you can.
B. Teach for test purposes only. Teach to the test.
C. Make students connect facts learned to form concepts and abstraction.
 
 
Learning is meaningful when it is connected to students` everyday life. What is an
application of this principle in teaching? *
1/1
A. Teacher asks the class to show application of what they learned to their daily
life.
 
B. Teacher makes everyday life the starter of his/her lesson.
C. Teacher narrates true-to-life stories.
D. Teacher asks students to come up with clippings of Filipino life.
 
An integrated teaching approach is far more effective than teaching isolated bits of
information. What then should teacher avoid? *
1/1
A. Teaching to the test
 
B. Knowledge utilization
C. Summarizing lesson
D. Use of problem solving method
 
Teacher Jing proceeded to her lesson without stating the intended learning outcomes
for the hour. She asked her students to work on Seatwork #3 found in the Math
Workbook, pp.34. After 40 minutes, the students corrected their own answers as
Teacher Jing dictated the answer. .................. What is an OBE/OBTL practice in
Teacher Jing`s class? *
1/1
A. The seatwork
B. Teacher Jing gave the answers
C. Students` correcting their own answers
D. None at all
 
 
If Teacher Jing develop lesson the OBTL way, what should she do? *
1/1
A. Make students understand what they are expected to know and able to do
after the lesson.
 
B. Make seatwork as homework.
C. Correct the seatwork.
D. Make students arrive at the answers.
 
In OBTL, upon which should my assessment be based? *
1/1
A. Content
B. Intended learning outcome
 
C. Scope of subject matter
D. Teaching and learning activity
 
I wasn`t satisfied with Student B`s yes as an answer and so I asked her to explain
why? Which did I do? *
1/1
A. Probing
 
B. Asking non-directed question
C. Prompting
D. Rephrasing
 
Teacher Leticia claims she can`t accept an “I don`t know” answer. So she
does_________. *
1/1
A. probing
B. asking non-directed question
C. prompting
 
D. repeating the question
 
To get a partially correct answer. You say “yes but a part needs improvement”. How
did you handle the response? *

1 point

A. Provided a corrective feedback

B. Provided an acceptance
elps? *
1/1
A. Involving as many as possible
B. Asking open-ended questions
C. Asking non-directed question
D. Allowing sufficient time
 
 
This is my questioning behavior: I ask question, I pause for a while then call on a
student. Which is this questioning practice? *
1/1
A. Asking non-directed question
 
B. Asking for non-volunteers
C. Directing a question
D. Involving as many as possible
 
You myle
1/1
A. Provided a corrective feedback
B. Provided an acceptance feedback
C. Gave appropriate praise
 
D. Criticized student`s response
 
A question is raised by one student. You don`t answer it but throw back the question
to the class. Which is this reacting behavior? *
1/1
A. Redirecting questions to other pupils
 
B. Soliciting students` questions
C. Providing corrective feedback
D. Asking follow up questions
 
Which practice doesn`t promote interaction? *
1/1
A. Soliciting students` questions
B. Rejecting student`s answer outright
 
C. Rephrasing the question
D. Repeating and expanding on a student`s answer
 
You want to develop students` critical thinking skills. Which type of questions should
you ask? I. Closed questions II. Convergent questions III. Divergent questions IV.
Open-ended questions *
1/1
A. III and IV
 
B. I and II
C. II and III
D. I and IV
Other:

 
Which type of questions will least promote interaction among students? *
1/1
A. Divergent
B. Convergent
 
C. Conceptual
D. Inference
 
All are responsibilities of the Learning Resource/ Audio-Visual/Educational
Technology Center of a school EXCEPT______. *
1/1
A. make available technology equipment for use of teachers and students
B. conduct training for teachers on how to use technology tools
C. work with teachers in producing instructional materials
D. accomplish the students` technology project for them
 
 
The Learning Resource / Audio-visual / Educational Technology Center regularly
provides the teachers a list of websites, apps and instructional materials available in
the city which are relevant to the different subjects they teach. This fulfills which
function? *
1/1
A. Recreational reading center
B. A link to other community resources
 
C. Laboratory of learning
D. Center of resources
 
The Learning Resource / Audio-visual / Educational Technology Center sponsors a
seminar-workshop for teachers and administrators on the use of the latest presenter
applications. This fulfills which functions? *
1/1
A. Center of resources
B. Agent of teaching
 
C. Coordination agency
D. Recreational reading center
 
In order for the students to clearly understand the structure and content of the
teacher`s presentation, the teacher should have ________________. *
1/1
A. a summary
B. several years of experience as a presenter
C. a short conclusion
D. a short preview
 
 
Miss Tria is preparing slides for her lesson demonstration, she remembers to apply
the rule of six. Most likely she will ____________. *
1/1
A. limit her presentation to six slides with six sentence on each slide.
B. identify six important points to discuss, and use about six minutes to explain each
point
C. have six lines on each slide with each line having not more than six words
 
D. include six paragraphs presented in six slides
 
61. Miss Riel is very excited to do her presentation about the effects of global warming
to Grade 5 students. She wants to make sure the children will be interested. While
preparing her slides, she should ____________. *
1/1
A. put animation and slide transition on each slide to sustain attention
B. include pictures and a short video clip that captures the effects of global
warming
 
C. use a different slide design with nature images for each slide to sustain interest
D. put one paragraph per slide to emphasize the facts about global warming
 
Miss Anyayahan is planning technology integration in her science lesson on states of
matter. She is applying her pedagogical knowledge when she _____________. *
1/1
A. looks into the characteristics and interests of the learners in order to choose
activities that would match them.
 
B. studies how to attach a video to her audio-visual presentation
C. researches further on plasma as another state of matter
D. learns how to scan pictures to include in her presentation
 
Mr. Taqueban is planning technology integration in his social studies lesson on the
EDSA Revolution. He is applying his content knowledge when he ___________. *
1/1
A. considers the learners` multiple intelligences before preparing his technology
integration lesson plan
B. includes information from EDSA revolution video documentaries
 
C. uses Prezi as an option to using powerpoint in his presentation
D. sets up a wikispaces account for his students to blog about the EDSA Revolution
lesson
 
A Science teacher uses a powerpoint presentation to show the classification in
kingdom Animalia. The teacher then teaches them how to use a software in making
graphic organizers. Students then use this to create their own graphic organizers to
classify animals. This shows technology integration which is ___________. *
1/1
A. entry-constructive
B. adoption-constructive
 
C. infusion-constructive
D. transformation-constructive
 
Teacher A demonstrates how to work with a math app that provides practice in adding
mixed fractions. The students then work independently with the app to provide them
sufficient practice in adding mixed fraction. This shows technology integration which
is__________. *
0/1
A. entry-active
B. adoption-active
C. infusion-active
 
D. transformation-active
Correct answer
B. adoption-active
 
A Grade 7 Social Studies teacher gave a project where her class in Manila will work
together with other Grade 7 classes in their school campuses in Visayas and
Mindanao. They will create posters and a video clip to communicate a message about
peace. They will use social media to spread their peace campaign. This project
involves technology integration which I _________. *
1/1
A. entry-active
B. adoption-constructive
C. transformation-constructive
 
D. adaptation-collaborative
 
Mrs. Inton is evaluating a website for her Literature class. She is making sure that
factual pieces of information found on the site are well documented and pictures and
diagrams are properly labeled. She is also checking that there are no misspelled
words nor grammar errors. Which criterion is she focusing on? *
1/1
A. Appropriateness
B. Clarity
C. Motivation
D. Accuracy
 
 
Miss Castro is evaluating an early literacy app for her kindergarteners. She is making
sure the app is uncluttered in appearance, is arranged in some order of difficulty, and
that icons represent what they were intended to represent. Which criterion is she
focusing on? *
1/1
A. Organization
 
B. Accuracy
C. Motivation
D. Appropriateness
 
Miss Tanada is evaluating an app for her Grade 8 Science class. She is finding out
whether the app taps the skills found in the Grade 8 standards to ensure that this app
will be helpful in meeting her objectives. She wants to make sure it is not too easy nor
too difficult for her students. Which criterion is he focusing on? *
1/1
A. Organization
B. Accuracy
C. Currency
D. Appropriateness
 
 
MOOCs are considered massive because________. *
1/1
A. they need a big amount of computer storage to be able to avail of a course
B. they can accommodate a big number of learners
 
C. they can only be provided by big universities
D. they were designed and created by a big group experts.
 
MOOCs are open because ____________. *
1/1
A. all courses are offered for free
B. courses can be accessed by anyone anywhere as long as they are connected
to the internet
 
C. openness to ideas is a strict requirement
D. one can avail of them only during the opening of a semester
 
MOOCs are considered as a course because ___________. *
1/1
A. they have a guide or a syllabus that indicates content, objectives, activities,
and assessment
 
B. they are always given by a fully- recognized university in the world
C. they are a requirement for a Bachelor`s degree
D. they are graded
 
In a curriculum development class, the teacher asked the students to give an enriched
definition of the curriculum. Which among the following encompasses the true essence
of the term? *
1/1
A. Curriculum is a list of subjects to take to complete a course.
B. Curriculum is the sum total of all the learning experiences in the teaching-
learning process.
 
C. Curriculum is a list of courses in order to graduate.
D. Curriculum is a never ending process in education.
 
Ordinary people consider curriculum as_______. I. a list of subjects II. courses to
complete III. subjects to undertake *
1/1
A. I only
B. III only
C. II only
D. I, II, and III
 
 
Curriculum may be defined in many ways. What does this prove? *
1/1
A. The concept of curriculum is based on those given by experts.
B. The concept is limited and narrow in scope.
C. The curriculum is characterized as fragmentary, elusive and confusing.
D. The concept of curriculum may be defined from different perspectives.
 
 
The Philippine Association for Teachers and Educators (PAFTE) proposed a new
curriculum for Teacher Education to make the graduates globally competitive. What
type of curriculum is this? *
1/1
A. Supported curriculum
B. Hidden Curriculum
C. Assessed Curriculum
D. Recommended Curriculum
 
 
In order to have an effective teaching and learning, there must be an adequate
utilization of learning materials. What type of curriculum is this? *
1/1
A. Assessed curriculum
B. Hidden curriculum
C. Recommended Curriculum
D. Supported Curriculum
 
 
When teachers conduct a series of evaluation to determine the extent of teaching,
what must be implemented? *
1/1
A. Hidden curriculum
B. Taught curriculum
C. Learned curriculum
D. Assessed curriculum
 
 
This curricularist uses unique and out-of- the box strategies to make his/her class
highly engaging. He/She is a/an ___________. *
1/1
A. knower
B. innovator
 
C. writer
D. implementer
 
This curricularist has published researches, books, manuals, and other instructional
materials. He/She is a/an ___________. *
1/1
A. implementer
B. evaluator
C. planner
D. writer
 
 
This curricularist attends seminars, workshops and pursues graduate work. He/She is
a/an ___________. *
1/1
A. innovator
B. knower
 
C. writer
D. evaluator
 
These foundations show the chronological development of curriculum, mostly shown
using a timeline. *
1/1
A. Historical Foundations
 
B. Legal Foundations
C. Philosophical Foundation
D. Psychological Foundations
 
Who are the primary movers in the implementation of the changes made on
curriculum? *
1/1
A. Teachers
 
B. Learners
C. Parents
D. Community officials
 
Which is the primary characteristic of a subject-centered design model of
curriculum? *
1/1
A. interrelated
B. interdependent
C. correlated
D. interdisciplinary
 
 
As an implementer of curriculum, the teacher has to perform all these tasks
except___________. *
1/1
A. write appropriate lesson plans
B. utilize suitable instructional materials
C. design reliable and valid assessment tools
D. None of the above
 
 
These stakeholders are at the core of the curriculum. They are the primary
beneficiaries of the curriculum. *
1/1
A. Teachers
B. Learners
 
C. Community
D. Parents
 
All are importance of evaluating the curriculum except: *
0/1
A. To be able to boast of a new and improved curriculum every time.
 
B. To constantly keep up with the changing times.
C. To answer to the changing needs of the learners.
D. To identify which parts and aspects of the implement curriculum needs to be
improved, modified or changed.
Correct answer
C. To answer to the changing needs of the learners.
 
Which component can be included in curriculum evaluation? *
1/1
A. Learning outcomes
 
B. Teacher performance
C. Strategies and methods used
D. Instructional materials
 
When curriculum is viewed as a process, what should the teacher consider primarily in
designing his / her lessons? *
1/1
A. Different models of assessments
B. Various methods and strategies
C. Outcomes-based learning objectives
 
D. National competency-based competencies
 
Which of the following processes usually comes first in developing curriculum? *
1/1
A. Selection of educational content
B. Evaluating educational experiences
C. Identifying learning goals and objectives
 
D. Organization of learning experiences
 
Considering that curriculum is a dynamic process, this person put premium in the role
of the teachers` participation in developing the curriculum. *
1/1
A. William Alexander
B. Galen Saylor
C. Hilda Taba
 
D. Ralph Tyler
 
The best feature of Tyler`s Rationale is the ____________. *
1/1
A. planning phase
 
B. identifying the purpose
C. organizing the experiences
D. evaluating the experiences
 
If you wish to brainstorm on a complex problem and make students think creatively,
you put a single word or text at the center to which your students would add. Which
graphic organizer is used? *
1/1
A. A mind map
 
B. Affinity diagram
C. Sequence diagram
D. Flow chart
 
What is Teacher Zeny able to avoid when she is well-focused on her discussions and
activities? *
1/1
A. Abrupt end.
B. Non-direction
C. Divided attention
 
D. Dangled activity
 
In lesson content, what is fitted to the learner's capacity to absorb content? *
1/1
A. Feasibility
B. Validity
C. Learnability
 
D. Interest
 
To what cluster do lectures, practice and drills belong? *
1/1
A. Resources and materials
B. Lesson objectives
C. Evaluation procedures
D. Learning activities
 
 
What is advanced by the setting of routines for school and class management? *
1/1
A. Resolve problems in school supervision
B. Strengthen school norms and rules
C. Address need for order and discipline
D. Ease managing school and class discipline
 
 
How is the photo-language program beneficial to students? *
1/1
A. Visual development
B. Photography skills training
C. Social communication competency
 
D. Attitude change
 
What is the primary advantage of active learning techniques (discussion, role playing,
gaming, etc.)? *
1/1
A. Higher order thinking
B. Focus on questions
C. Problem solving
D. Student engagement
 
 
What can be used effectively for picture- smart pupils to show cause-and-effect
relationships? *
1/1
A. Histogram
B. Graphic organizer
 
C. Mnemonic device
D. Narrative frame
 
In lesson content, what is highlighted by importance by way of value and relevance? *
1/1
A. Interest
B. Significance
 
C. Harmony
D. Balance
 
117. Of the following, which is a form of direct learning experience? *
1/1
A. Journal research
B. Internet research
C. Research respondent interview
 
D. Book research.
 
What is a most effective way to deal with participating students who do not have
interest in the lessons and their being part of class activities? *
1/1
A. Give reminders on coming tests
B. Introduce engaging activities, e.g. role playing
 
C. Warn against not joining class work
D. Get help from guidance counselor
 
Which of the following can be most effective in drawing attention and interest from
students in relation to social issues? *
1/1
A. Simulation
B. Symposium
 
C. Tutorial
D. Task group
 
How can mastery of the multiplication table be best taught? *
0/1
A. Game
B. Discussion
 
C. Drill
D. Simulation
Correct answer
C. Drill
 
Of the following, which replaces overhead presentation through the use of computer
generated slides? *
1/1
A. Facebook
B. Power-point
 
C. Blogging
D. E-mailing
 
graphi *
1/1
A. Media materials
B. Methods
C. Lesson objectives
 
D. Assessment
 
What can Teacher Go use to teach critical reading skills to her Grade 6 students from
newspaper content? *
1/1
A. Features content
B. Editorial content
 
C. Entertainment content
D. News content
 
PE teacher John wants students to learn the rules in basketball in a practical way.
What kind of simple, inexpensive method can he use to achieve the outcome of
student knowing and applying rules in the game? *
1/1
A. Play and be skillful in the game
B. Lecture using video
C. Lecture-demonstrate-simulate
 
D. Use successful athletes as resource persons
 
What kind of questions should Teacher Fe ask after presenting a lesson on animal
protection and situations that endanger species? *
1/1
A. Complex interrelated questions
B. Students' feedback on the presentation
C. General queries on animal protection
 
D. Specific to situations
 
What method was used when Supervisor Yen explained the rules to follow during a
Natural Calamity drill in school? *
1/1
A. Discovery
B. Inductive teaching
C. Problem solving
D. Direct instruction
 
 
In addition to the grade sheet, what can the teacher adopt to have a computer data
page for grades and scores? *
1/1
A. Word processing
B. Adobe programming
C. Spreadsheet
 
D. Format painter
 
You want to enumerate the steps of the scientific method. Which organizer is MOST
useful? *
1/1
A. Concept map
B. Gantt chart
C. Spider map
D. Flow chart
 
 
What does the manual typewriter have that is also part of the modern computer? *
1/1
A. Cursor
B. Screen
C. Keyboard
 
D. Disk drive
 
Which of the following illustrates listening- with-analysis thinking? *
1/1
A. look at the teacher while he lectures
B. I use shorthand to record lectures
C. I concentrate on the words of the speaker
D. jot down key ideas for my notes
 
 
Which level of technology integration is described when the teacher encourages the
innovative use of technology tools to facilitate higher-order learning activities that may
not have been possible without the use of technology? *
1/1
A. Adoption
B. Adaptation
C. Infusion
D. Transformation

FACILITATING LEARNING, CHILD AND ADOLESCENT

DEVELOPMENT
Superego - idea of right or wrong, and is often viewed as “conscience” of personality

Based on Erikson’s theory on psychological development, a child who is cold towards

the people around him failed in the basic goal of “trust” in the stage “Trust vs.
Mistrust”.

PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF SIGMUND FREUD

Oral Stage - the libido is centered in a baby's mouth.
Anal Stage - he libido becomes focused on the anus, and the child derives great
pleasure from defecating. 
Phallic Stage
(Oedipus Complex) - a boy is closer to his mother
(Elektra Complex) - a girl is closer to her father
Latency Stage - Much of the child's energy is channeled into developing new skills and
acquiring new knowledge, and play becomes largely confined to other children of the
same gender.
Genital Stage - It is a time of adolescent sexual experimentation, the successful
resolution of which is settling down in a loving one-to-one relationship with another
person in our 20's.

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF JEAN PIAGET

Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 2) – Object permanence
Preoperational Stage (egocentricism) - when a grade 1 pupil likes to play with his
friends, but gets angry when defeated. Symbolic thought. (2 to 7 years)
Concrete operational stage – cannot imagine the steps necessary to complete an
algebraic equation. Operational thought. (7 to 11 years)
Formal Operational – Abstract Concepts. (Adolescence to adulthood)

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, when one is asked to develop himself to the fullest, he
is trying to satisfy his Self- Actualization - wherein the person strives to develop
himself to his full potentials.

According to Erikson, Piaget and Freud, play allows the child to learn physical skills as
well as social skills.

Ego-centric - A child that is 3-5 years old, according to Erikson

Children who are two years of age are labeled as “terrible two” by Erikson because of
the assertiveness and will of these children, illustrated by using the word “No!”

individual differences - age differences and personal adjustments, sex differences,

family and community background, physical conditions, emotional response and
attitudes (EQ), and mental abilities and specific aptitudes (IQ).

Stimulus-Response (S-R) or Association Theory of Learning states that in every

stimulus there is a corresponding response.

THREE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF LEARNING BY THE ASSOCIATION THEORY

Law of Readiness - when an individual is prepared to respond or act where allowing
him to do so is satisfying, and preventing him would be annoying.
Law of Exercise - where the constant repetition of a response strengthens its
connection with the stimulus, while disuse of a response weakens it.
Law of Effects - where learning is strengthened if it results in satisfaction, but is
weakened if it leads to vexation or annoyance

Theory of Condition of Learning - process of learning consists of acquisition of new

ways of reacting to stimuli developed through attaching new stimuli developed through
attaching new stimuli to established modes of behavior.

2 TYPES OF CONDITIONING THEORY

Classical conditioning - eliciting a response by means of a previously neutral or
inadequate stimulus.
 Fear of something that was caused by a painful experience in the past is an
example of Classical Conditioning.
Operant conditioning - one can train an organism either by presenting him a reward or
punishment as a consequence of his actions.
 is illustrated in a child who tries to complete all tasks given to him correctly to
have a candy as a “reward.”

Social Learning Theory of Learning - children’s learning process involves observation

and imitation.

Cognitive Field Theory of Learning - learning as a relativistic process by which a

learner develops new insights and
changes the old ones.
Insight learning - the more intelligent the organism and the more experiences he has
the more capable he is of gaining higher insight.
Vector and Topological Theory - individuals exist on a field of forces within his
environment that move, change, and give him a degree stability and substance or
define his behavior.
Gestalt Learning – learning involves the catching, and generalization of insights, which
often are acquired first on a nonverbal level or the level of feeling and may be
verbalized later or may not be verbalized at all.
Instrumental Conceptualism - learning is thinking and thinking is the process whereby
one makes sense out of the various and somehow unrelated facts through a process
called conceptualization or categorization.

Subsumption Theory by David Paul Ausubel - primary process in learning is

subsumption in which new material is
related to relevant ideas in the existing cognitive structure on a substansive, non-
verbatim basis.

Conditions of Learning or the Gagné Assumption - different types of learning exist,

and that different instructional conditions are necessary for each type of learning

5 MAJOR CATEGORIES OF LEARNING ACCORDING TO GAGNE

Verbal information
Intellectual skills
Cognitive strategies
Motor skills
Attitudes

Transfer of learning - occurs when a person’s learning in one situation influences his
learning and performance in other situations.
MAJOR THEORIES OF TRANSFER OF LEARNING
Mental discipline - education is largely a matter of training or disciplining the mind with
vigorous mental exercises in the classics, grammar, logic, mathematics, and science on
the assumption that such training makes a person equally effective in all areas where a
given faculty is employed.
Identical elements - transfer of implies that school should list the aspects of situations
that are important to the child
even out of the school or in later courses and teach the pupils to cope with different
identical experiences or situations in real life.
Generalization - there are two levels or kinds of knowledge –wrote learning or
memorization without any meaning and generalized knowledge with many intellectual
associations.
Gestalt theory of transfer - when transfer of learning occurs it is in the form of
generalizations, concepts, or insights, which are developed in one learning situation and
employed in other situations.

Motivation - stimulation of action toward a particular objective where previously there

was little or no action toward that goal.
2 TYPES OF MOTIVATION
Intrinsic motivation - refers to the inherent or internal stimulus of the individuals to
learn.
Extrinsic motivation - based on incentives, which are artificial devices, which are
employed to evoke attitude conducive to learning.

Insight learning - regarded as “serendipity” when an idea suddenly strikes the mind
and a solution to a problem is arrived at.

Metacognition - a teacher is attempting to develop the student to think about their

thinking, or to reason about one’s own thinking

Instincts - under the mental dimension of Id according to Freud.

Thorndike’s theory - punishment will only weaken the response and not permanently
remove it, a child punished for
stealing money won’t steal in the near future but does not guarantee that the child won’t
steal anymore.

The association and cognitive theories of learning are complementary meaning they
support each other in terms of principles and practice.

Reinforcement - Rewarding a child for doing things correctly, behavioral consequence

that
strengthens a behavior.

Interpersonal Intelligence - “people-orientedness skills” and has a capacity to make

people laugh.
Emotional factors - Reading disability in children who is neglected and abused

Plasticity - The brain’s ability to change from experience

John Watson’s quote, “Men are built not born” came from his beliefthat environmental
stimulation is directly affecting a person’s development.

Attention Deficit Disorder - characterized by impatience to wait for his/her turn during
games, disregard for rules and show inability to delay gratification.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - A child who always fights with his/her
classmates, who has a very
short attention span, and who has frequent tantrums

Social Cognitive theory - A child who treats his friends aggressively due to his past
experiences with his father who is also aggressive

Introvert - a child who prefers to be alone

Gestalt’s psychology - “the whole is more than the sum of all its parts,” a piece of
music may sound sad, but when each note is played, there is nothing sad about it.

Tabula Rasa - the mind is a “blank sheet” will make the teacher conduct lessons that
give sensory impressions because the teacher believes that by doing so, he/she
imprints salient inputs in the students’ mind.

Society - a group of individuals with well-defined limits which persists in time, thus
enabling them to develop a set of common ideas, attitudes, interact and of techniques
for living and fitting together.

Group - unit of interacting personalities with interdependence of roles and status

existing between them.
7 KINDS OF GROUPS
primary group, secondary group, in-group, out-group, peer group, reference group, and
voluntary associations.

Social stratification - system or process of assigning men their respective ranks in a

society based on income or wealth, education, occupation, and lifestyle.

Social mobility - process of moving from one social stratus to another, it IS either be
horizontal, vertical, or lateral.

Socialization - process by which the individual acquires the social and cultural heritage
of his society.
3 LEVELS OF SOCIALIZATION
Vegetative level - socialization process is the stage characterized by the preoccupation
with food, where the desire is
primarily for survival.
Sentient level - geared towards the satisfaction of sensual passions and desire.
Rational level - where a person has already acquired morality and a sense of justice.

Status - the position a person occupies in a society by virtue of his age, birth, sex,
marriage, occupation, and achievement
TWO TYPES OF STATUS
Ascribed status - position assigned to an individual without reference to his innate
differences and abilities and is assigned at birth.
Achieved status - not assigned to an individual at birth, but is left open for competition
and individual effort.

Role - part that the individual is expected to play in his social group and is the sum of
the culture patterns associated with a particular status.

Social Deviations - refers to the failure of the individual to play the role expected from
him by the society

Internalizations - process of making an attitude or a practice a part of one’s automatic

and unthinking responses.

Social order - the way the individual is expected to behave in a society where he
belongs in order to preserve and maintain the tranquility of his social milieu.

Social control - the means by which people are led to fill their expected roles in the
society even against their will just to achieve social order.

Anthropology - the study of human differences, cultural and biological against the
background of the nature all humans share

Culture - the complex whole, which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals,
customs, and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society as
defined by Edward B. Taylor.
TWO KINDS OF CULTURE
Non-material culture - intangible, which includes beliefs, morals laws, customs,
traditions, folkways, mores, etc.
Material culture - tangible and includes man’s technologies, etc.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE - are it is learned, all people have varied culture, it

is a group product and it is transmitted.
Importance of culture - through the development of culture man can set aside certain
laws of nature to conform to his needs and man can overcome his physical handicaps.
Folkways - customary ways of behaving, which have become habitual and repetitive to
an individual group such as caring for the elders and saying “po” and “opo”.

Mores - occurs when folkways become compulsive for the welfare of the society and it
has acquired moral significance, where failure to conform to this results to ostracism or
condemnation.

Sub-culture - attitude of a certain group to deviate from the habitual practices of the
majority

Cultural relativism - practices considered immoral or taboo to a certain group of

people, yet moral to other societies,
including polygamy and pre-marital sex.

Culture shock - term used to denote the feeling of depression, often expressed as
homesickness, caused by living in a foreign environment.

Cultural values - collective ethical, aesthetics and religious values of the community
including artistic inclination, poetry, music, painting, literature, and such other practices,
which the entire society considers as vital elements of their existence.

Filipino cultural values - makes the Filipino unique and distinct from other peoples of
the world includes non-rationalism, emotional closeness and security of the family,
authority, economic and social improvement, utangnaloob, personalism, indolence,
ningaskugon, mañana habit, hospitality, and fiesta syndrome.

Non-rationalism - Filipino cultural value that is the tendency to perceive thoughts,

objects, events, and persons as sacred.
 includes animism, fatalism, social acceptance, pakikisama, euphemism, and go-
between.

Emotional closeness and security of the family - Filipino cultural value, which means
there is a mutual dependence among relatives, granting special favors or privileges
among the immediate or even distant relatives.

Authority - emphasis on the power and importance of authority figure.

Economic and social improvement - desire to improve the standard of living of his
family and his hometown.

Utangnaloob - means sense of gratitude.

Personalism - importance of the person with whom one has immediate face-to-face
contact and connection, which
includes pakiusap, lagay, areglo, and palakasan.
Indolence - means laziness

Ningaskugon - means great enthusiasm at the beginning of a task but gradually fades.

Mañana - habit refers to procrastination or putting for tomorrow what can be done
today.

Hospitality - cordially entertaining guests and visitors even to the point of sacrificing
their own welfare.

Fiesta syndrome - lavish spending during fiestas and other occasions.

Development – is the pattern of the progressive, orderly and predictable changes that
begin at conception and continue throughout the life.
Growth - is the physical and quantifiable process in development. An example being
the change in height., you get physically taller and is measurable.
Maturation is the development of individual and behavioral characteristics through
growth. Generally, less quantifiable and is more emotional, and intellectual, where
organisms grow within structure. An example, brain development resulting with an
ability to handle more complex tasks.

The Five Ecological Systems (Urie Bronfenbrenner)

MICROSYSTEM - e direct contact with the child in their immediate environment, such
as parents, siblings, teachers and school peers.
MESOSYTEM -  interactions between the child’s microsystems, such as the interactions
between the child’s parents and teachers, or between school peers and siblings.
EXOSYSTEM - he neighborhood, parent’s workplaces, parent’s friends and the mass
media. These are environments in which the child is not involved, and are external to
their experience, but nonetheless affects them anyway.
MACROSYSTEM - cultural elements affect a child's development, such as
socioeconomic status, wealth, poverty, and ethnicity.
CHRONOSYSTEM - This system consists of all of the environmental changes that
occur over the lifetime which influence development, including major life transitions, and
historical events.
KOHLBERGS STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
PRECONVENTION -  child’s sense of morality is externally controlled. Children accept
and believe the rules of authority figures, such as parents and teachers, and they judge
an action based on its consequences.
 Obedience-and-Punishment Orientation - child’s desire to obey rules and avoid
being punished
 Instrumental Orientation - right behavior is defined by whatever the individual
believes to be in their best interest. 
CONVENTIONAL -  individual’s sense of morality is tied to personal and societal
relationships.
 Good Boy, Nice Girl Orientation - children want the approval of others and act in
ways to avoid disapproval. Emphasis is placed on good behavior and people
being “nice” to others.
 Law-and-Order Orientation - the child blindly accepts rules and convention
because of their importance in maintaining a functioning society. 
POSTCONVENTIONAL - a person’s sense of morality is defined in terms
of more abstract principles and values. People now believe that some laws are unjust
and should be changed or eliminated.
 Social-Contract Orientation - he world is viewed as holding different opinions,
rights, and values. Such perspectives should be mutually respected as unique to
each person or community.
 Universal-Ethical-Principal Orientation - moral reasoning is based on abstract
reasoning using universal ethical principles. Generally, the chosen principles are
abstract rather than concrete and focus on ideas such as equality, dignity, or
respect.
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY BY ERIK ERIKSON
AGE CONFLICT IMPORTANT EVENTS
OUTCOME
Infancy (birth to 18 months) Trust vs. Mistrust  Feeding Hope
Early Childhood (2 to 3 Autonomy vs. Shame and Toilet Training Will
years) Doubt
Preschool (3 to 5 years) Initiative vs. Guilt Exploration Purpose
School Age (6 to 11 years) Industry vs. Inferiority School Confidence
Adolescence (12 to 18 Identity vs. Role Social Fidelity
years) Confusion Relationships
Young Adulthood (19 to 40 Intimacy vs. Isolation Relationships Love
years)
Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 Generativity vs. Work and Care
years) Stagnation Parenthood
Maturity (65 to death) Ego Integrity vs. Despair Reflection on Life Wisdom
PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING

3 TYPES OF PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING

Starting principles - nature of the child, psychological and physiological endowments.
Guiding principles - methods of instruction, or the combination of techniques in
carrying out the educative process.
Ending principles - educational aims and objectives, which are divided into two:
psychological (growth and development of the child) and philosophical (based on the
culture of the people).

Goal - statement of the intended general outcome of an instructional unit or program

Learning Objective – a statement of one of several specific performances, the
achievement of which contributed to the attainment of the goal.

INBORN TENDENCIES OF THE CHILD

Intelligence - defined by W. Sternis a general capacity of an individual consciously to
adjust his thinking to new requirements.
Lewis Terman’s defines intelligence as the ability to learn in terms of abstract
ideas, while Colvin viewed intelligence as the ability to adjust to new environment.
Emotion - blending of sensations caused by the profound and widespread changes in
the body.
Crow & Crow defined emotion as an effective experience that accompanies
generalized inner adjustment, and mental and physiological stirred up states in the
individual and that shows itself in his overt behavior.
Imitation - tendency of the child to do according to what he sees or observes.
Curiosity - elementary form of interest where it is the starting point of interest and the
desire to discover.
Gregariousness - desire of the individual to be with other people because man is a
social being.
Play - natural impulse possessed by men and animals where it is an activity, which the
individual engages in for the satisfaction of his desires.
Collecting and hoarding - interest in keeping the objects, which a child is interested to
possess.
Competition - struggle between two or more persons for the same object or purpose to
equal or surpass others, whereas rivalry suggests a personal contest for selfish ends,
resulting in envy and jealousy.
Manipulation - natural impulse of the child, which involves a skillful or dexterous
management or control of actions by means of intellect.

Theory of Multiple Intelligence by Dr. Howard Gardner - eight different intelligences to

account for a broader range of human potential in children and adults because he
suggested that the traditional notion of intelligence based on IQ testing is too limited.
linguistic, logical mathematical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal,
intrapersonal, naturalist and existential intelligence.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FILIPINO LEARNERS(Gregorio) - shyness,
sensitiveness, lack of perseverance, lack of resourcefulness, and lack of industry.

Jean Jacques Rousseau - men in nature are basically good and that the influences of
society are what makes man evil.

Albert Bandura - Social Learning Theory, which states that modeling is essential in
pedagogy.

COOPERATIVE LEARNING - face-to-face interaction, positive interdependence, and

group accountability for learning
Operant Conditioning - giving of reward to students to increase the occurrence of
repeating a desired behavior.

Porma (Form) over substance - negative trait where a student focuses more on the
outside appearance of the report rather than the content.

Performance Objectives - “Tangible performance changes when learners undergo the

learning process”

POSITIVE BEHAVIOR - contribution, responsibility, and cooperation must be

emphasized.

Individual Differences - concept that expects teachers to provide varied learning

activities to suit the needs of the various learning style of the students.

Coherence - a characteristic of the instructional plan that shows “interconnectedness”

and smoothness from beginning to the end.

Evaluation - serves as the piece de resistance (finale) of Goal-Oriented Instruction.

Krathwohls’ Affective Domain - the lowest level of affective behavior is Responding

followed by Valuing, Organization, and Characterization.

Expert Power - shows his students his vast knowledge of a subject matter.

Referent Power - when teacher makes his students feel important, accepted, and
appreciated all the time.

Signal Interference - influence technique illustrated when a teacher would a look in a

student’s eye to tell them that he disapproves of their mischievous behavior.

Reward power - a teacher is his/her authority to give the students the grade they
deserve.

Active class participation – encourage through individual and group activities, it

allows the student to feel important in a group.

Applying rules and regulations on a case-to-case basis does not promote sound
classroom management.

SOUND CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT - enforcing firm and fair discipline in the

classroom, developing a system of coming in and going out of the room and
establishing rules, regulations, and routines starting on the first day of school.

“Low-profile” classroom management - teacher raises the pitch of his/her voice.

Effective classroom management – develop self-control rather than dependence on
others to control their behavior.

In Loco Parentis - or “instead of parent”, it is a legitimate authority exercised by

teachers in the classroom where they take on some of the functions and responsibilities
of a parent.

With-it-ness - one of the characteristics of an effective manager where he/she is aware

of all the things happening around him/her.

Off-task behavior - not over-react, such as by making simple eye contact.

Probing type of questioning - follow-up questioning in order to elicit more from his
students and to make them think more critically
Repeating – repeat again question
Redirecting – call others
Rephrasing – same question in other words

HIERARCHIES OF QUESTIONS
Knowledge (Memory) Questions - ability to recall, bring to mind appropriate materials
learned previously such as specific names, facts, places, figures, events, concepts,
principles, and others.
Comprehension Questions - understand oral and written communications and make
use of them.
Application Questions - transfer what they have learned to new situations with little or
no supervision.
Analysis Questions - breakdown an idea into its parts, to distinguish these parts and
know their relationships to one another.
Synthesis Questions - puts together or integrates a number of ideas or facts into new
arrangement.
Evaluation Questions - appraise, criticize or judge the worth of an idea, a statement or
a plan on the basis of a set
of criteria provided to them or which they themselves have developed.

BLOOM’S COGNITIVE TAXONOMY - Knowledge, Comprehension, Application,

Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation,
where Evaluation is the highest.

Lesson Plan - statement of objectives to be realized and the methods to be used in the
attainment of such
objectives within the specified time.

COMPONENTS OF A LESSON PLAN - Objective, Subject Matter, Learning Activities,

Evaluation, and Assignment.
Ultimate test of a good classroom management - can be applied in the student’s
daily lives.

Graphic organizers - to illustrate relationships among details, enables students to

identify important ideas and details and information are presented in concrete form.

Time line - type of teaching tool appropriate for graphically representing a lesson in
chronological form.

Sequence Chain - can be used as a graphic organizer to present the Water Cycle.

Venn Diagram - a graphic organizer that can be used to illustrate the similarities and
differences of two subjects.

Fishbone Diagram - a graphic organizer commonly used to illustrate cause and effect.

Critiquing session - evaluation of member’s work by the group and encourages the
giving of constructive comments on how to improve the work of others.

Coherence - local organization and comprehensibility of lesson plan from start to finish.

Teaching aid - it should be suited to the objective of the lesson.

Simulation - operates on the principle “I am what I should be,’ and is when the teacher
allows the student to put what they learned into practice.

Thorndike – “punishment does not guarantee the removal of negative behavior from
the child.”

Drill method - Mastering concepts in class through repetition

Projective Technique - allows the innermost thoughts of the students to come out such
as when a teacher would show an ambiguous picture to students and ask them to
respond to some questions.

Anecdotal Record - contains significant/untoward incidents/ reports that happens to

students.

Teachers - in the community should not make him/herself aloof because he/she can
still maintain objectivity even if he/she is friendly with community members.
 best classroom device is the teacher because the devices themselves cannot
teach.
 As a “trustee of the cultural and educational heritage of the nationand is
under obligation to transmit to learners such heritage,” teachers must
 conduct lessons on the life stories of Filipino heroes that allows the class to
appreciate the country’s rich cultural past.

Geography - the leading factor behind the proposal by the DepEd that lead schools
must manage stand-alone schools in some far-flung areas.

EFA (Education for All) - gives opportunities for all kinds of learners where regular or
special.

Realia - only be brought inside the room if it’s feasible.

 Using a globe as a teaching aid or any tangible and scaled replica of
something falls under Models.

Divergent questions - promote higher-order thinking skills, allows the students to think
more creatively since it is an open ended types of questions.

Edgar Dale’s Cone of Experience - watching demonstrations as an experience that is

almost the same as the actual one.

Smooth transition of activities – teacher should make the materials readily available
and accessible.

Set routine activities - should be established during the first day of school.

Low-profile classroom - control means the teacher manages behavior of students

without disrupting the lesson.

Attitudinal change - facilitate role-playing activities to allow the child to show his/her
personal emotions.

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences - encourages teachers to present the lesson on wide

variety of ways to consider the different intelligences of students

Operant Conditioning - advocated by BF Skinner is the use of reinforcements.

Phillips 66 - a technique wherein the group is divided into 6 groups and allows them to
discuss a topic for 6 minutes.

Closed ended questions - limit the ability of the students to think creatively and
critically.

Moral development theory – pioneered in the use of moral dilemma technique.

Albert Bandura developed the Social Learning Theory and advocated “children learn
from what they see in the environment.”
Jerome Bruner postulated that learning is a simultaneous process of acquisition,
transformation and evaluation.

According to Erikson, identity and role confusion normally occur during high school.

Modeling or learning through observation is central to the Social Learning Theory of

Albert Bandura.

Criterion - an acceptable standard of performance and a statement that indicates a

degree of accuracy.

Inconsensus decision - allows his students to arrive into one specific plan of action
through gathering the majority’s
decision.

Task analysis model - lesson organization arranged in sequence is facts, concepts,

principles, and generalization.

IPPD (Individual Plan for Professional Development) – developed for teachers to

serve as a guide for the professional’s continuous learning and development.

Information Processing Theory - when learners treat information as personal and as

part of his/her schema then retrieving concepts contextually is a lot easier.

Lev Vygotsky - enables teachers to help learners acquire skills

Portfolio - one of the best ways to practice outcome-based education.

Shared values - synonymous with vision-core values.

Total Quality School Model - must be applied by all stakeholders to make a school
successful.

Technical skill - general term to address the competency needs of various industries.

Peer review - where one lets his/her classmate look at his/her work for evaluation.

Highlighting - when conducting research or doing readings, one uses colored writing
instrument to emphasize key points.

Global education - allows students to be more accepting/tolerant of other cultures

Stakeholders - the key players of any system/organization/process are composed of

teachers, students, parents, administrators and members of the community.
John Dewey’s – sociological foundations in learning are education as a social process,
teaching of the basic R’s and the role of the school as an extension of homebased
education.

Quality Educational System - fosters coordination among basic education, technical-

vocation education and higher education and has connection from level to level.

Enriching environment – allows a highly diverse class to optimize their learning.

Alternative Learning System (ALS) - type of learning that life-long and is acquired
from real-life activities and interactions.

Underachieving student - showing minimum effort in every task.

Reactive - is the opposite of proactive.

Guidance - personal help given by someone designed to assist the person where he
wants to go, what he wants to do, or how we can best accomplish his physical, social,
intellectual, and personal
assets and liabilities as confronted by particular situations, so that he can make wise
and intelligent choices and embark upon suitable courses of action.

Discipline - instructing the child in the ethical principles (right from wrong), Why or Why
Not, and How to decide and act according to principles.

4 CLASSIFICATIONS OF CHILD-REARING PRACTICES

Authoritarian - child as a mini-adult, which sets unrealistic expectations and goals for
the child.
Permissive - allows the child to grope through situations too difficult for him to cope
with, with no guidance and control.
Ambivalent - occurs when opposite or conflicting values exist in the parent/teacher
himself, or one set of moral values is followed in contrast with the other.
Role modeling - where role is the part assumed by anyone and modeling is the art of
one who acts as a standard of imitation.

Counseling - defined as helping individuals towards overcoming obstacles for personal

growth according to the American Psychological Association.
GOALS OF COUNSELING - by Blackman and Silberman are problem definition,
development and social history, establishing specific goals of counseling, and to
determine methods to be used to bring out desired change
SABIHIN NIYO ANG SARAP MO ABI 3 TIMES AT PAPASA KA NGAYONG SEM. GOODLUCK
BOCHERS.