How to Read Sheet Music

Step 1: Learn the Basic Symbols of Notation

Music is made up of a variety of symbols, the most basic of which are the staff, the clefs, and
the notes. All music contains these fundamental components, and to learn how to read music,
you must first familiarize yourself with these basics.

The Staff

The staff consists of five lines and four spaces. Each of those lines and each of those spaces
represents a different letter, which in turn represents a note. Those lines and spaces represent
notes named A-G, and the note sequence moves alphabetically up the staff.

Treble Clef

There are two main clefs with which to familiarize yourself; the first is a treble clef. The
treble clef has the ornamental letter G on the far left side. The G’s inner swoop encircles the
“G” line on the staff. The treble clef notates the higher registers of music, so if your
instrument has a higher pitch, such as a flute, violin or saxophone, your sheet music is written
in the treble clef. Higher notes on a keyboard also are notated on the treble clef.

We use common mnemonics to remember the note names for the lines and spaces of the
treble clef. For lines, we remember EGBDF by the word cue “Every Good Boy Does Fine.”
Similarly, for the spaces, FACE is just like the word “face.”

Bass Clef

The line between the two bass clef dots is the “F” line on the bass clef staff, and it’s also
referred to as the F clef. The bass clef notates the lower registers of music, so if your
instrument has a lower pitch, such as a bassoon, tuba or cello, your sheet music is written in
the bass clef. Lower notes on your keyboard also are notated in the bass clef.

A common mnemonic to remember note names for the lines of the bass clef is: GBDFA
“Good Boys Do Fine Always.” And for the spaces: ACEG, “All Cows Eat Grass.”

Notes

Notes placed on the staff tell us which note letter to play on our instrument and how long to
play it. There are three parts of each note, the note head, the stem, and the flag.

Every note has a note head, either filled (black) or open (white). Where the note head sits on
the staff (either on a line or space) determines which note you will play. Sometimes, note
heads will sit above or below the five lines and four spaces of a staff. In that case, a line
(known as a ledger line) is drawn through the note, above the note or below the note head, to
indicate the note letter to play, as in the B and C notes above.

The note stem is a thin line that extends either up or down from the note head. The line
extends from the right if pointing upward or from the left if pointing downward. The
direction of the line doesn’t affect how you play the note but serves as a way to make the
notes easier to read while allowing them to fit neatly on the staff. As a rule, any notes at or
above the B line on the staff have downward pointing stems, those notes below the B line
have upward pointing stems.

The note flag is a curvy mark to the right of the note stem. Its purpose is to tell you how long
to hold a note. We’ll see below how a single flag shortens the note’s duration, while multiple
flags can make it shorter still.
Now that you know the parts to each note, we’ll take a closer look at those filled and open
note heads discussed above. Whether a note head is filled or open shows us the note’s value,
or how long that note should be held. Start with a closed note head with a stem. That’s our
quarter note, and it gets one beat. An open note head with a stem is a half note, and it gets
two beats. An open note that looks like an “o” without a stem is a whole note, and it gets held
for four beats.

There are other ways to extend the length of a note. A dot after the note head, for example,
adds another half of that note’s duration to it. So, a half note with a dot would equal a half
note and a quarter note; a quarter note with a dot equals a quarter plus an eighth note. A tie
may also be used to extend a note. Two notes tied together should be held as long as the value
of both of those notes together, and ties are commonly used to signify held notes that cross
measures or bars.
The opposite may also happen, we can shorten the amount of time a note should be held,
relative to the quarter note. Faster notes are signified with either flags, like the ones discussed
above, or with beams between the notes. Each flag halves the value of a note, so a single flag
signifies 1/2 of a quarter note, a double flag halves that to 1/4 of a quarter note, et cetera.
Beams do the same while allowing us to read the music more clearly and keep the notation
less cluttered. As you can see, there’s no difference in how you count the eighth and 16th
notes above. Follow along with the sheet music for “Alouette” to see how beams organize
notes!

But what happens when there isn’t a note taking up each beat? It’s easy, we take a rest! A
rest, just like a note, shows us how long it should be held based on its shape. See how whole
and quarter rests are used in the song “Here We Go Looby-Loo.”

Step 2: Pick Up the Beat

To play music, you need to know its meter, the beat you use when dancing, clapping or
tapping your foot along with a song. When reading music, the meter is presented similar to a
fraction, with a top number and a bottom number, we call this the song’s time signature. The
top number tells you how many beats to a measure, the space of staff in between each
vertical line (called a bar). The bottom number tells you the note value for a single beat, the
pulse your foot taps along with while listening.
In the example above, the time signature is 4/4, meaning there are 4 beats per bar and that
every quarter note gets one beat. Click here to listen to sheet music written in 4/4 time, and
try counting along 1,2,3,4 – 1,2,3,4 with the beat numbers above.
In the example below, the time signature is 3/4, meaning there are 3 beats per bar and that
every quarter note gets one beat. Click here to listen to sheet music written in 3/4 time, try
counting the beats, 1,2,3 – 1,2,3.

Let’s look again at the above examples, notice that even though the 4/4 time signature in
“Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star” calls for 4 beats per bar, there aren’t 4 notes in the second
bar? That’s because you have two quarter notes and one half note, which added together
equal 4 beats.

In addition to your note values and time signature, the last piece to feeling the rhythm is
knowing your tempo or beats per minute. Tempo tells you how fast or slow a piece is
intended to be played, and often is shown at the top of a piece of sheet music. A tempo of,
say 60 BPM (beats per minute) would mean you’d play 60 of the signified notes every minute
or a single note every second. Likewise, a tempo of 120 would double the speed at 2 notes
every second. You may also see Italian words like “Largo,” “Allegro” or “Presto” at the top
of your sheet music, which signifies common tempos. Musicians use a tool, called a
metronome, to help them keep tempo while practicing a new piece. Click here to see an
online metronome tool, and click on the circles next to the BPM values to see how a tempo
can speed up and slow down.
Step 3: Play a Melody

Congratulations, you’re almost on your way to reading music! First, let’s look at scales. A
scale is made of eight consecutive notes, for example, the C major scale is composed of C, D,
E, F, G, A, B, C. The interval between the first note of your C major scale and the last is an
example of an octave. The C major scale is very important to practice since once you have
the C scale down, the other major scales will start to fall into place. Each of the notes of a C
major scale corresponds with a white key on your keyboard. Here’s how a C major scale
looks on a staff and how that corresponds to the keys on your keyboard:

You’ll notice that as the notes ascend the staff, and move to the right on your keyboard, the
pitch of the notes gets higher. But, what about the black keys? Musically, whole tones, or
whole steps between the note letters, would limit the sounds we’re able to produce on our
instruments. Let’s consider the C major scale you just learned to play. The distance between
the C and the D keys in your C scale is a whole step, however, the distance between the E and
the F keys in your C scale is a half step. Do you see the difference? The E and the F keys
don’t have a black key in between them, thus they’re just a half step away from one another.
Every major scale you’ll play on a keyboard has the same pattern, whole-whole-half-whole-
whole-whole-half. There are many other types of scales, each with unique sounds, like minor
scales, modal scales and more that you’ll come across later on, but for now, let’s focus just on
major scales and the major scale pattern. Look at the C major scale again on the keyboard
below.

Semitones, or half-steps on the keyboard, allow us to write an infinite variety of sounds into
music. A sharp, denoted by the ♯ symbol, means that note is a semitone (or half step) higher
than the note head to its right on sheet music. Conversely, a flat, denoted by a ♭ symbol,
means the note is a semitone lower than the note head to its right. You’ll notice on the
keyboard picture and notated staff below, showing each half step between the C and the E
notes, that whether you use the sharp or the flat of a note depends on whether you’re moving
up or down the keyboard.

There’s one more symbol to learn regarding semitones, and that’s the natural, denoted by a
♮. If a note is sharp or flat, that sharp or flat extends throughout the measure, unless there’s a
natural symbol. A natural cancels a sharp or flat within a measure or a song. Here’s what
playing C to E would look like with natural symbols.
Finally, in order to read music, you’ll need to understand key signatures. You actually
already know one key signature, the key of C! The C major scale you learned above was in
the key of C. Scales are named after their tonic, the preeminent note within the scale, and the
tonic determines what key you play in. You can start a major scale on any note, so long as
you follow the whole-whole-half-whole-whole-whole-half pattern. Now, following that
pattern in keys other than the key of C will require you to use sharps and flats. Since that’s
the case, we place the sharps or flats for your song’s key signature right before the meter,
after the clef, on your sheet music. That tells you to maintain those sharps or flats throughout
the music unless of course there’s a natural symbol to override it. You will begin to recognize
the key signatures of pieces based on what sharps or flats are shown. Here’s a quick glimpse
at some key signatures using sharps and flats:

Step 4: Don’t Forget Your FREE Tools!

We hope you’re excited to start reading music! In order to help you along on your musical
journey, we’ve created a few FREE tools to start practicing with.

First, we’re offering you a FREE Beginner Notes download! Click here for the sheet music to
“Mary Had a Little Lamb,” just add the free song to your cart and proceed through checkout
to claim your copy, and be sure to take a look at our huge Beginner Notes sheet music
assortment, all of which you’ll be able to play using the steps above. Play popular hits like
the Star Wars Theme, “Let It Go” from ‘Frozen’, or “Hallelujah” by Leonard Cohen, just to
name a few. We’re adding NEW Beginner Notes daily, so be sure to check back often and
learn to play all your favorite songs!

We’ve also created a handy guide for lettering the keys on your keyboard or piano. Download
your Keyboard Note Guide here, to print, fold and place on your keyboard. Once you become
familiar with the keys, you can easily remove it and continue to strengthen your note-reading
skills. For those who don’t have access to a keyboard, you can download a free keyboard app
for your iPad here, or a free Android keyboard app here.

And don’t forget to download our 100% free iPad, iPhone, Android and desktop apps! The
apps offer instant access to all of your Musicnotes sheet music files, plus leading-edge tools
and features created by musicians, for musicians. Say goodbye to hauling around stacks of
paper, and experience the ultimate in sheet music accessibility.

Good luck, and most importantly, have fun!