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Chapter3 - Analysis Ofwind Loads Acting On Structures

The document provides details on calculating wind loads on a building located in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It first calculates the reference wind pressure and exposure coefficients for the walls and roof. It then determines the external and internal wind pressures on different zones of the walls and roof. The maximum net wind pressures are identified for each wall zone. Finally, it calculates the wind forces on each zone by multiplying the net pressures by the zone areas.

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1K views

Chapter3 - Analysis Ofwind Loads Acting On Structures

The document provides details on calculating wind loads on a building located in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It first calculates the reference wind pressure and exposure coefficients for the walls and roof. It then determines the external and internal wind pressures on different zones of the walls and roof. The maximum net wind pressures are identified for each wall zone. Finally, it calculates the wind forces on each zone by multiplying the net pressures by the zone areas.

Uploaded by

h
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Wind load

Example 2: wind loads

The building structure illustrated in Fig. below is to be located in the centre of Addis Ababa with
an elevation of about 2440 m above sea level on a site surrounded by buildings of similar height
with internal partitions. Find the wind pressures in all walls and the roof of the building.

N
20 E

10
12
Fig. E-1 Building of example 2
Solution:
Wind pressure on walls
The reference pressure and exposure coefficient are first calculated.
Reference pressure
The basic reference wind velocity for Addis Ababa can be taken as vref,o=22m/s. Assuming values
of unity for cDIR, cTEM and cALT, the reference wind velocity is also 22 m/s. Hence the reference
wind pressure is,
Vref = CDIRCTEMCALTVref, 0=1*1*1*22=22m/s
density of air ( ρ) for altitude ≥2000
∴ ρ=0 .94 Kg/m 3
1 1
2 = ∗0 . 94∗222 =227 . 48 N /m2
qref = 2 v ref 2

Exposure coefficient
As the height exceeds the breadth but is less than twice its value i.e. h>b and h<2b, the building
is considered in two parts, as illustrated in Fig. 4.1(b). The reference heights for external pressure
are thus:

Prepared by Pavan Kumar Jogi Page 1


Wind load

ze = h = 20m
and
ze = b = 12m
As the building is located in an area of Roughness Category 4 (refer to Table 4.1), k r = 0.24, z0 =
1m and zmin = 16m. Equation of roughness coefficient gives:
cr(20) = krLn(20/z0)
= 0.24 Ln(20/1)
= 0.72
cr(12) = cr(zmin) = cr(16) b/c z<zmin
= 0.24 Ln(16/1)
= 0.67
Taking a topography coefficient of unity, the exposure coefficients become:
Ct=1 for <0.05 flat areas
7kr

ce(20) = c
2
r (20) c
2
t (20)
[ 1+
c r (20)c t (20) ]
7×0.24
= (0.72)2(1)2
[ 1+
0.72×1 ]
= 1.73
7 kr

ce(12) = c
2
r (12) c
2
t (12)
[ 1+
c r (12)c t (12 ) ]
7×0 .24
= (0.67)2(1)2
[ 1+
0 . 67×1 ]
= 1.57
External pressure (walls)

Prepared by Pavan Kumar Jogi Page 2


Wind load

Based on the above figure e=b=12 or e=2h=40, whichever is smaller.


 e=b=12m. And you can see that d=10 is less than e=12 i.e d<e
The partition of the side walls would be as shown
here.
Zone Area
A e/5*h=12/5*20=48m2
B* (10-e/5)*h=(10-12/5)*20=152m2
D 12*20=240m2
E 12*20=240m2

ratio d/h of 10/20 = 0.5<1. Hence from Table A.1.


cpe(Zone A) = -1.0
cpe(Zone B*) = -0.8
cpe(Zone D) = +0.8
cpe(Zone E) = -0.3

Prepared by Pavan Kumar Jogi Page 3


Wind load

Zone External pressure at ze=20m External pressure at ze=12m


we = ce(20)cpeqref we = ce(12)cpeqref
A = 1.73-1227.4810-3 = 1.57-1227.4810-3
= -0.394kN/m2 = -0.357kN/m2
B* = 1.73-0.8227.4810-3 = 1.57-0.8227.4810-3
= -0.315kN/m2 = -0.286kN/m2
D = 1.730.8227.4810-3 = 1.570.8227.4810-3
= 0.315kN/m2 = 0.286kN/m2
E = 1.73-0.3227.4810-3 = 1.57-0.3227.4810-3
= -0.118kN/m2 = -0.107kN/m2

Internal pressure
As there are internal partitions, the worst value for cpi is cpi = +0.8, and cpi=-0.5. In this part of the
building the mean height of the windows will be assumed to be equal the mean height of the two
reference heights. Hence: Zi = (20+12)/2=16m
The exposure coefficient at this height ce (16) and is calculated as before and is 1.57. Thus:
wi = ce(zi)cpiqref
= 1.57*(-0.5)*(227.48*10-3)
= -0.179KN/m2 (suction pressure) or
wi = ce(zi)cpiqref
= 1.57*(+0.8)*(227.48*10-3)
= 0.286KN/m2 (+ve pressure)
Thus the net pressures at each level z=20 and z=12 for each wall would be calculated as follows.
Zone Net pressure at ze=20m Net pressure at ze=12m
A -0.394-0.286=-0.51 -0.357-0.286=-0.48
-.394-(-0.179)=-0.31 -0.357-(-0.179)=-0.28
B* -0.315-0.286=-0.44 -0.286-0.286=-0.41
-0.315-(-0.179)=-0.24 -0.286-(-0.179)=-0.21
D 0.315-0.286=0.029 0.286-0.286=0
0.315-(-0.179)=0.494 0.286-(-0.179)=0.463
E -0.118-0.286=-0.404 -0.107-0.286=-0.393
-0.118-(-0.179)=0.061 -0.107-(-0.179)=0.072

Thus the maximum pressures that are bold above are the net wind pressures for each zone.
Prepared by Pavan Kumar Jogi Page 4
Wind load

Now we can find the wind force applied on each zone by multiplying net pressure by reference
area.

Wind pressure on roof


From above pressure for walls,
qref= 227.48N/m2
Exposure coefficient
At roof level Ze=20m
ce(20)=1.73 taken from above
For the figure shown below key for flat roofs e=b=12m
Zone Area Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe
F e/4*e/10=3.6 -2.5 -1.8 -2.11
G (b-e/2)*e/10=7.2 -2 -1.2 -1.31
H (e/2-e/10)*b=57.6 -1.2 -0.7 -0.7
I (d-e/2)*b=48 0.2 or -0.2 0.2 or -0.2 0.2 or -0.2

Internal pressure coefficients cpi=0.8 or -0.5 for all zones for a building with internal partitions.

Prepared by Pavan Kumar Jogi Page 5


Wind load

Zone we = ce(20)cpeqref wi = ce(20)cpiqref Wnet calculated Wnet used


F -0.83 0.31 or -0.2 -1.15 or -0.63 -1.15
G -0.52 0.31 or -0.2 -0.83 or -0.32 -0.83
H -0.28 0.31 or -0.2 -0.59 or 0.28 -0.59 or 0.28
I 0.08 or -0.08 0.31 or -0.2 -0.24 or -0.39 or 0.12 -0.39 or 0.12

Prepared by Pavan Kumar Jogi Page 6

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