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Methods of Philosophizing PDF

This document outlines different philosophical methods: metaphysics, dialectic method, and skepticism. It discusses Plato's view of metaphysics and the world of forms, and how knowledge is attained through recollection of ideas. It also describes the divided line of knowledge and opinion, the Socratic method of dialectic, and Descartes' method of systematic doubt to establish certain foundations of knowledge.

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Albert Jade Pontimayor Legaria
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226 views

Methods of Philosophizing PDF

This document outlines different philosophical methods: metaphysics, dialectic method, and skepticism. It discusses Plato's view of metaphysics and the world of forms, and how knowledge is attained through recollection of ideas. It also describes the divided line of knowledge and opinion, the Socratic method of dialectic, and Descartes' method of systematic doubt to establish certain foundations of knowledge.

Uploaded by

Albert Jade Pontimayor Legaria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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METHODS OF

PHILOSOPHIZING

FPPT.com
LESSON CONTENTS

• Distinct methods in philosophizing


– Metaphysic
– Dialectic Method
– Skepticism
Lesson Objectives
• Differentiate the different philosophical
approaches in search for truth,
• Do philosophical reflection on some of
life’s unforgettable situation, and;
• Appreciate the applicability of the
different philosophical methods in
attaining life’s certainty.
For Plato
• Plato believed that this world is not the
basis of the attainment of true & real
knowledge.
• He assumed the existence of another
world in another dimension.
• He claimed that the objects of real
knowledge must be AGELESS &
ETERNAL.
For Plato
• If something is to be accepted as
knowledge, there must be an ultimate
basis for it that is absolute and
unchanging.
Metaphysics; Plato’s Metaphysical
system
World of Forms & Ideas World
GOOD Soul

mathematical

abstract
Material object

Copies/appearances

Man
For Plato
• The world that we are not familiar with
is the changing world, where everything
is changing. In this case, objects that we
see in this world could not serve as the
ultimate basis of knowledge.
When we lost the perfect knowledge

• Plato believed that before we were


born & when our soul joins the body,
the body has the effect of corrupting
the soul. Thus, it makes the soul forget
the knowledge that it had before
joining the body. For this reason, Plato
claims that , “Knowledge is
remembrance”.
For Plato
• The pursuit of knowledge is connected
to wisdom,
• “Virtue is knowledge” & “Knowledge is
Wisdom”
The Divided Line- Knowledge & Opinion

• A distinction between sensible world or


the world of experience, and the
intelligible world or world of true
knowledge.
• Sensible world, through senses= opinion
• Intelligible world, trough intellect= knowledge
Opinion
• Which could only produce appearance
or reality as it appears to us is further
divided into
– Belief/conviction(pistis)-commonsensical view
about the world.
– Illusion/imagination(eikasia)-lower type
2 levels of knowledge
• Reason (noesis)- using intellect
• Dianoia- understanding using, scientific,
mathematics, & abstract hypothesis.
• Before achieving full knowledge the
person has to go through the process of
recognizing his ignorance- “Aporia”
The Socratic Method- an Exercise in Dialectic

• This constitutes the embracing & taking


the on the hypothesis or view of your
opponent as if you agree with it. After
which, you will try to deduce
contradictory consequences of the
same hypothesis to make it look
absurd.
Method of Systematic Doubt-an Exercise in
Skepticism
• Rene Descartes, in his book, Meditation
on First Philosophy(1641) believed that
knowledge can proceed or start from
very few premises or starting points.
Once, one is certain about what these
starting point of knowledge
For Descartes
• For something to be accepted as the starting
point of knowledge, an idea must be clear,
distinct, & certain.
• He believed that reason is very important
instrument or source in gaining knowledge
about reality because it is reason alone, which
can discover the indubitable premises of
knowledge which are self-evidently true &
where other propositions could be deduced,
thus knowledge could proceed.
Indubitable premises
• These are premises which are logically
true & non-sensical to doubt because
the moment that you doubt them, you
would contradict yourself.
– The self
– God
– Material object
Thank you!

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