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More Examples On Chapter 4: Heads

The document contains 9 questions about probability concepts such as finding the mean, variance, and standard deviation of random variables; calculating probabilities of events; and solving probability problems using counting principles and the addition rule. For example, one question asks the reader to calculate the probability of choosing a meal with one salad, one entree, and one dessert from a menu with 2 options for each. The answer is that there are 8 possible choices.

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Gharsellaoui Muhamed
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47 views

More Examples On Chapter 4: Heads

The document contains 9 questions about probability concepts such as finding the mean, variance, and standard deviation of random variables; calculating probabilities of events; and solving probability problems using counting principles and the addition rule. For example, one question asks the reader to calculate the probability of choosing a meal with one salad, one entree, and one dessert from a menu with 2 options for each. The answer is that there are 8 possible choices.

Uploaded by

Gharsellaoui Muhamed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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More Examples on Chapter 4 

Q1. Suppose a fair coin is tossing two times. Define X as the number of 
heads. 
Find mean, variance and standard deviation of X. 
Answer: 
Note that S={TT, TH, HT, HH}  and X can take values {0, 1, 2} 
x  P(x)  Xp(x) 𝒙 𝝁 𝟐𝒑 𝒙  
0  ¼  0  0 1 1
1/4 
4
1  ½  ½  1 1 1
0 
2
2  ¼  ½  2 1 1
1/4 
4
Sum    𝝁 𝑬 𝑿 𝟏 𝝈𝟐 𝟏/𝟐 
 

The standard deviation is 𝜎 √𝜎 1/2~0.707 
 
Q2. Suppose the random variable 𝑋 has the following probability 
distribution 
𝑥  0  1  2 3 4  5
𝑝 𝑥   0.1  0.3  0.4  0.1  ?  0.05 
 
a. What is 𝑝 4 ? 
Answer: We know that ∑ 𝑝 𝑥 1, so 
0.1+0.3+0.4+0.1+p(4)+0.05=1   𝑝 4 0.05 
 
b. Find 𝜇, 𝜎  and 𝜎. 
Answer: We summarize our calculations in the following table: 
𝑥  0  1  2  3  4  5  Sum 
𝑝 𝑥   0.1  0.3  0.4  0.1  0.05  0.05   
𝑥𝑝 𝑥   0  0.3  0.8  0.3  0.2  0.25  𝜇 1.85 
𝑥 𝜇 𝑝 𝑥   0 1.85 1 1.85 2 1.85 3 1.85 4 1.85 5 1.85 𝜎 1.43 
∗ 0.1 0.34  ∗ 0.3 0.22 ∗ 0.4 0.01 ∗ 0.1 0.13  ∗ 0.05 0.23  ∗ 0.05 0.50 

𝜎 √1.43 1.19 
 
Q3. A restaurant offers a special menu of 2 salads, two entrees and 2 
deserts. 
How many choices we have if we want to choose 1 salad, 1 entrée and 1 
desert? 
Answer: According to 𝑚𝑛 rule we have 2.2.2 8 possible choices. 
 
Q4. Suppose 𝑃 𝐴 .4 and 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 0.12. 
a. Find 𝑃 𝐵 |𝐴 .  
∩ .
 Answer: 𝑃 𝐵|𝐴 0.3 
.

b. Are 𝐴 and 𝐵 mutually exclusive?  
Answer: No, since 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 0.12 0 
c. If 𝑃 𝐵 0.3, are 𝐴 and 𝐵 independent? 
Answer: Yes, since 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 𝑃 𝐴 . 𝑃 𝐵  (equivalently, P(B|A)=P(B)=0.3) 
 
Q5. Suppose 𝑃 𝐴 0.3 and 𝑃 𝐵 0.4. 
a. If 𝑃 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 0.7, what is 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ? 
Answer: Since 𝑃 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 𝑃 𝐴 𝑃 𝐵 𝑃 𝐴∩𝐵  
Or 0.7 0.3 0.4 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵  , then 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 0 
b. If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are independent, what is 𝑃 𝐴|𝐵 ? 
Answer: Since 𝐴 and 𝐵 are independent, 𝑃 𝐴|𝐵 𝑃 𝐴 0.3. 
c. If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are mutually exclusive, what is 𝑃 𝐴|𝐵 ? 
∩
Answer: Since  𝑃 𝐴|𝐵 0.0 
.

 
Q6. A survey to determine the availability of flexible schedules in a 
workplace provided the following information for 220 firms located in two 
cities. 
city  Available  Not Available  Total 
A  39 75 114 
B  25  81  106 
Total  64 156 220 
A company is selected at random from this 220 companies. 
a. What is the probability that the company is in city A? 

Answer: 𝑃 𝐴 0.52 

b. What is the probability that the company is in city B and offers flexible 
work schedules. 
Answer: 25/220=0.11 
c. What is the probability that the company is in city B, given that the 
company has flexible schedule? 
& /
Answer: 𝑃 𝐵|𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 0.39 
/

 
 
 
Q7. If P(A) = 0.42 and P(B) = 0.38, then P(A B) is:

a. 0.80
b. 0.58
c. 0.04
d. 0.42
e. Cannot be determined from the given information.
 
Answer: e. 
 
Q8. If events A and B are mutually exclusive, then the probability of both events
occurring simultaneously is equal to:

a. –1
b. 0
c. 1
d. any value between 0 and 1
e. 0.5
 
Answer: b. 
 
Q9. A box contains one red, three blue and two green marbles. Two marbles are
randomly selected without replacement. Let

C = {Both marbles selected are the same color.}

D = {At least one of the marbles is blue.}

a. Find P(C).
Answer: We have 6 marbles all together. 1 Red (R), 3 Blue (B1, B2, B3) and
2 Green (G1, G2)
we take 2 marbles without replacement. We want to find that the 2 selected
marbles have the same color, say both green OR both blue.
P(both green)=P(first G).P(second G | First G )=(2/6)(1/5)=2/30
Similarly
P(both Blue)=P(first B).P(second B | First B )=(3/6)(2/5)=6/30
So, P(both same color)=P(both G)+P(both B)=2/30+6/30=8/30=4/15

______________

b. Find P(D).
Answer: P(at least on B)=P(1 B & 1R)+P(1B & 1G)+P(both B)
P(1B & 1R)=P(first B & second R) + P(first R & second B)=
(3/6)(1/5)+(1/6)(3/5)=6/30
P(1B & 1G)=P(first B & second G) + P(first G & second B)=
(3/6)(2/5)+(2/6)(3/5)=12/30
P(both B)=6/30 (from part a)
So,

P(at least on B)=6/30+12/30+6/30=24/30=0.8

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