Interfacing Analog to Digital Data Converters

• In most of the cases, the PPI 8255 is used for interfacing the analog to
digital converters with microprocessor.
• This section we will only emphasize the interfacing techniques of analog to
digital converters with 8255.
• The ADC is treated as an input device by the microprocessor, that sends an
initialising signal to the ADC to start the analogy to digital data
conversation process.
• The start of conversation(SOC) signal is a pulse of a specific duration.
• The process of analog to digital conversion is a slow process, and the
microprocessor has to wait for the digital data till the conversion is over.
• After the conversion is over, the ADC sends end of conversion (EOC)
signal to inform the microprocessor that the conversion is over and the
result is ready at the output buffer of the ADC.
• These tasks of issuing an SOC pulse to ADC, reading EOC signal from
the ADC and reading the digital output of the ADC are carried out by the
CPU using 8255 I/O ports.
 Interfacing Analog to Digital Data Converters (cont..)
• The time taken by the ADC from the active edge of SOC pulse till the active
edge of EOC signal is called as the conversion delay of the ADC.
• It may range any where from a few microseconds in case of fast ADC to even
a few hundred milliseconds in case of slow ADCs.
• The available ADC in the market use different conversion techniques for
conversion of analog signal to digitals. Successive approximation techniques
and dual slope integration techniques are the most popular techniques used
in the integrated ADC chip.
• General algorithm for ADC interfacing contains the following steps:
1. Ensure the stability of analog input, applied to the ADC.
2. Issue start of conversion pulse to ADC
3. Read end of conversion signal to mark the end of conversion
processes.
4. Read digital data output of the ADC as equivalent digital output.
 Interfacing Analog to Digital Data Converters (cont..)
• Analog input voltage must be constant at the input of the ADC right from the
start of conversion till the end of the conversion to get correct results.
• This may be ensured by a sample and hold circuit which samples the analog
signal and holds it constant for a specific time duration.
• The microprocessor may issue a hold signal to the sample and hold circuit.
• If the applied input changes before the complete conversion process is
over, the digital equivalent of the analog input calculated by the ADC may
not be correct.
ADC 0808/0809 :
• The analog to digital converter chips 0808 and 0809 are 8- bit CMOS, successive
approximation converters.
• This technique is one of the fast techniques for analog to digital conversion. The
conversion delay is 100µs at a clock frequency of 640 KHz, which is quite low as
compared to other converters.
• These converters do not need any external zero or full scale adjustments as they are
already taken care of by internal circuits.
• These converters internally have a 3:8 analog multiplexer so that at a time eight
different analog conversion by using address lines -
 Interfacing Analog to Digital Data Converters (cont..)
• ADD A, ADD B, ADD C. Using these address inputs, multichannel data
acquisition system can be designed using a single ADC.
• The CPU may drive these lines using output port lines in case of
multichannel applications.
• In case of single input applications, these may be hardwired to select the
proper input. Address lines
Analog I/P
• There are unipolar analog to digital selected C B A
converters, i.e. they are able to convert
only positive analog input voltage to their I/P0 0 0 0
digital equivalent. I/P1 0 0 1
• These chips do no contain any internal I/P2 0 1 0

sample and hold circuit. I/P3 0 1 1

I/P4 1 0 0
I/P5 1 0 1
I/P6 1 1 0
I/P7 1 1 1
 Interfacing Analog to Digital Data Converters (cont..)

• If one needs a sample and hold circuit for the conversion of fast signal into
equivalent digital quantities, it has to be externally connected at each of the
analog inputs.
• Vcc Supply pins +5V
• GND GND
• Vref + Reference voltage positive +5 Volts
• Vref _ maximum.
Reference
Analog inputsvoltage negative 0Volts
• I/P0 –I/P7
• ADD A,B,C
minimum.
Address lines for selecting analog inputs.

• O7 – O0 Digital 8-bit output with O7 MSB and O0 LSB

• SOC Start of conversion signal pin End of
• EOC conversion signal pin
• OE
Output latch enable pin, if high enables output
• CLK Clock input for ADC
I/P0 SOC CLOCK

I/P1 EOC

Control and
I/P2 Timing
unit and
S.A.R.
I/P3 8 Channel
Analog
Multiplexer
I/P4
8-bit
O/P O/P
Latch
I/P5 256 R
Register
ladder and
I/P6 Switch tree

O/P
I/P7 Enable
V ref + V ref _
C B A
Address Lines
Block Diagram of ADC 0808 / 0809
CLOCK

START

ALE

EOC

OE

O/P

Timing Diagram of ADC 0808

 Interfacing Analog to Digital Data Converters (cont..)
• Example: Interfacing ADC 0808 with 8085 using 8255 ports. Use port A
of 8255 for transferring digital data output of ADC to the CPU and port C
for control signals. Assume that an analog input is present at I/P2 of the
ADC and a clock input of suitable frequency is available for ADC.
Solution:
 The analog input I/P2 is used and therefore address pins A,B,C should be
0,1,0 respectively to select I/P2.
 The OE and ALE pins are already kept at +5V to select the ADC and
enable the outputs. Port C upper acts as the input port to receive the EOC
signal while port C lower acts as the output port to send SOC to the
ADC.
• Port A acts as a 8-bit input data port to receive the digital data output
from the ADC. The 8255 control word is written as follows:
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
98H
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

• The required ALP is as follows:

 Interfacing Analog to Digital Data Converters (cont..)
• 8 different analog voltages V0-V7 are applied to the 8 channels of ADC. Vref+=+5V
and Vref- =-5V.
• For selecting 1 corresponding channel 3 bit address is transfer on ADD A, ADD B,
ADD C pins and ALE is made 1.
• So, the corresponding voltage of selected channel is applied to ADC.
• Logic 1 pulse is applied on SOC pin. So, ADC start the conversion and it gives
EOC=0.
• EOC=1 then OE=1, So 8 bit digital output is obtained on D7-D0 pins. This is 8 bit
digital output which is read through input port and stored in memory location.
• Let us assume Pa and Cu as input mode. And CL=o/p mode.
• EOC pin of ADC is connected to C7 bit i.e Cu.
• ALE and SOC is connected to Cl3 bit.
• C0-C2 are used for channel selection.
• Control word
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 98H

9
•MVI A, 98H ; Set Port A and Cupper as input, CLower as output

• OUT 03H ; Write control word 8255-I to control Word register

• XRA A ; Clear the accumulator ( XOR the content of A and A)

• OUT 02H ; Send the content of Acc to Port Clower to select IN

• MVI A, 08H ; Load the accumulator with 08H (Pc3 as ‘1’)

• OUT 02H ; ALE and SOC will be 1

• XRA A ; Clear the accumulator

• OUT 02H ; ALE and SOC will be 0.

•READ: IN 02H ; Read from EOC (PC7)

• RAL ; Rotate left to check C7 is 1.

•JNC READ ; If C7 is not 1, go to READ

•IN 00H ; Read digital output of ADC

•STA 8000H ; Save result at 8000H

•HLT ; Stop the program

Interfacing DAC
Commercially Available D/A converters
DAC 0808
• pin 5-12 are used for providing 8 bit digital input (A1-A8)to the converter.
• +5v and -15v supply is provided.
• It is TTl and CMOS compatible.
• pin 4 provide current Iout that needs to be converted to voltage which is done by connecting an op amp.
Specifications of DAC 0808
•D/A converters produces an output current or voltage proportional to digital quantity applied to
its input.
•The output of a microcomputer is a digital quantity that needs to be converted to analog
quantity for the control of relay, small motor, actuator etc
 For port address
Port Hex Binary address
Address
A 20H 00100000
B 21H 00100001
C 22H 00100010
CW 23H 00100011

• When 8 bit digital number is applied at the input of DAC. Then DAC will convert this digital
binary number into proportional analog current I’A’. Using current to voltage converter analog
current I’A’ is converted into proportional analog voltage ‘Va’.
• If digital input=00H then Va=0V.If digital number applied at the input of DAC increased then
Va also increased. Finally when digital=FF H , then Va= maximum. So for obtaining sawtooth
waveform we have to transfer 8-bit digital number from 00-FF in increasing order.
• Bit control word to define port A as output in mode 0=10000000=80H.
1. MVI A, 80H
2. Out 23H
3. MVI B, OAH
4. MVI A,00H
5. L1։ Out 20H
6. INR A
7. JNZ L1
8.DCR B
9. JNZ L1
10. HLT
Control word and port Address are same as before.

MVI A, 80H
OUT 23H
MVI B,OAH

L1։ MVI A, 00H

OUT 20H
CALL Delay
MVI A, FFH
OUT 20H
Call Delay
DCR B
JNZ L1
HLT