1. What is Microprocessor? Give the power supply & clock frequency of 8085?

Ans:A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable logic device that reads binary instructions from a storage device called memory accepts binary data as input and processes data according to those instructions and provides result as output. The power supply of 8085 is +5V and clock frequency in 3MHz.

2. List few applications of microprocessor-based system.

Ans: It is used:

i. ii.

For

measurements, For

display

and

control

of

current, and

voltage, industrial

temperature, tool

pressure,

etc.

traffic

control

control.

iii. For speed control of machines.

3. What are the functions of an accumulator?

Ans:The accumulator is the register associated with the ALU operations and sometimes I/O operations. It is an integral part of ALU. It holds one of data to be processed by ALU. It also temporarily stores the result of the operation performed by the ALU.

4. List the 16 bit registers of 8085 microprocessor.

Ans:Stack pointer (SP) and Program counter (PC).

5. List the allowed register pairs of 8085.

Ans:

B-C register pair D-E register pair H-L register pair

11. List out the five categories of the 8085 instructions. Give examples of the instructions for each group.

Ans:

Data transfer group MOV, MVI, LXI.

Arithmetic group ADD, SUB, INR. Logical group ANA, XRA, CMP. Branch group JMP, JNZ, CALL. Stack I/O and Machine control group PUSH, POP, IN, HLT.

12. Explain the difference between a JMP instruction and CALL instruction.

Ans: A JMP instruction permanently changes the program counter. A CALL instruction leaves information on the stack so that the original program execution sequence can be resumed.

13. Explain the purpose of the I/O instructions IN and OUT.

Ans: The IN instruction is used to move data from an I/O port into the accumulator. The OUT instruction is used to move data from the accumulator to an I/O port. The IN & OUT instructions are used only on microprocessor, which use a separate address space for interfacing.

14. What is the difference between the shift and rotate instructions?

Ans: A rotate instruction is a closed loop instruction. That is, the data moved out at one end is put back in at the other end. The shift instruction loses the data that is moved out of the last bit locations.

15. How many address lines in a 4096 x 8 EPROM CHIP?

Ans: 12 address lines.

16. What are the Control signals used for DMA operation?

Ans:-HOLD & HLDA.

17. What is meant by Wait State?

Ans:-This state is used by slow peripheral devices. The peripheral devices can transfer the data to or from the microprocessor by using READY input line. The microprocessor remains in wait state as long as READY line is low. During the wait state, the contents of the address, address/data and control buses are held constant.

18. List the four instructions which control the interrupt structure of the 8085 microprocessor.

Ans:-

DI ( Disable Interrupts ) EI ( Enable Interrupts ) RIM ( Read Interrupt Masks ) SIM ( Set Interrupt Masks )

19. What is meant by polling?

Ans:-Polling or device polling is a process which identifies the device that has interrupted the microprocessor. 20. What is meant by interrupt?

Ans:-Interrupt is an external signal that causes a microprocessor to jump to a specific subroutine.

21. Explain priority interrupts of 8085.

Ans:-The 8085 microprocessor has five interrupt inputs. They are TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, and INTR. These interrupts have a fixed priority of interrupt service. If two or more interrupts go high at the same time, the 8085 will service them on priority basis. The TRAP has the highest priority followed by RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5. The priority of interrupts in 8085 is shown in the table.

TRAP RST 7.5 RST 6.5 RST 5.5 INTR

1 2 3 4 5

31. How many machine cycles does 8085 have, mention them Ans:The 8085 have seven machine cycles. They are

Opcode fetch Memory read Memory write I/O read

I/O write Interrupt acknowledge Bus idle

32. Explain the signals HOLD, READY and SID

Ans:HOLD indicates that a peripheral such as DMA controller is requesting the use of address bus, data bus and control bus. READY is used to delay the microprocessor read or write cycles until a slow responding peripheral is ready to send or accept data.SID is used to accept serial data bit by bit

33. Mention the categories of instruction and give two examples for each category.

Ans:The instructions of 8085 can be categorized into the following five categories

Data transfer Instructions Arithmetic Instructions Logical Instructions Branching Instructions

-MOV Rd,Rs STA 16-bit -ADD R DCR M -XRI 8-bit RAR -JNZ CALL 16-bit

Machine control Instructions -HLT NOP

34. Explain LDA, STA and DAA instructions

Ans:LDA copies the data byte into accumulator from the memory location specified by the 16-bit address. STA copies the data byte from the accumulator in the memory location specified by 16-bit address. DAA changes the contents of the accumulator from binary to 4-bit BCD digits.

35. Explain the different instruction formats with examples

Ans:The instruction set is grouped into the following formats

One byte instruction Two byte instruction

-MOV C,A -MVI A,39H

Three byte instruction -JMP 2345H

36. What is the use of addressing modes, mention the different types

Ans:The various formats of specifying the operands are called addressing modes, it is used to access the operands or data. The different types are as follows

Immediate addressing Register addressing Direct addressing Indirect addressing Implicit addressing

37. What is the use of bi-directional buffers?

Ans:It is used to increase the driving capacity of the data bus. The data bus of a microcomputer system is bidirectional, so it requires a buffer that allows the data to flow in both directions.

38. Give the register organization of 8085

Ans: W(8) Z(8) B(8) C(8) D(8) E(8) H(8) L(8) Stack Pointer Program Counter Temp. Reg Temp. Reg Register Register Register Register Register Register (16) (16)

39. Define stack and explain stack related instructions

Ans:The stack is a group of memory locations in the R/W memory that is used for the temporary storage of binary information during the execution of the program. The stack related instructions are PUSH & POP 40. Why do we use XRA A instruction

Ans:The XRA A instruction is used to clear the contents of the Accumulator and store the value 00H.

41. Compare CALL and PUSH instructions

Ans: CALL 1.When CALL is executed the microprocessor automatically stores the 16-bit address of the instruction next to CALL on the stack. PUSH 1.PUSH The programmer uses the instruction to save the contents of the register pair on the stack

2. When PUSH is executed 2.When CALL is executed the the stack pointer stack pointer is decremented by is decremented by two two

42. What is Microcontroller and Microcomputer

Ans:Microcontroller is a device that includes microprocessor; memory and I/O signal lines on a single chip, fabricated using VLSI technology. Microcomputer is a computer that is designed using microprocessor as its CPU. It includes microprocessor, memory and I/O.

43. Define Flags

Ans:The flags are used to reflect the data conditions in the accumulator. The 8085 flags are S-Sign flag, Z-Zero flag, AC-Auxiliary carry flag, P-Parity flag, CYCarry flag, D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

44. How does the microprocessor differentiate between data and instruction?

Ans:When the first m/c code of an instruction is fetched and decoded in the instruction register, the microprocessor recognizes the number of bytes required to fetch the entire instruction. For example MVI A, Data, the second byte is always considered as data. If the data byte is omitted by mistake whatever is in that memory location will be considered as data & the byte after the data will be

treated as the next instruction.

45. Compare RET and POP Ans: RET POP

1.RET transfers the contents of 1.POP transfers the contents of the top the top two locations of the stack two locations of the stack to the to the PC specified register pair 2.When RET is executed the SP 2. When POP is executed the SP is

is incremented by two

incremented by two

3.Has 8 conditional RETURN 3.No conditional POP instructions instructions

46. What is assembler?

Ans:The assembler translates the assembly language program text which is given as input to the assembler to their binary equivalents known as object code. The time required to translate the assembly code to object code is called access time. The assembler checks for syntax errors & displays them before giving the object code. 47. What is loader?

Ans:The loader copies the program into the computers main memory at load time and begins the program execution at execution time.

48. What is linker?

Ans:A linker is a program used to join together several object files into one large object file. For large programs it is more efficient to divide the large program modules into smaller modules. Each module is individually written, tested & debugged. When all the modules work they are linked together to form a large functioning program.

49. What is interrupt service routine?

Ans:Interrupt means to break the sequence of operation. While the CPU is executing a program an interrupt breaks the normal sequence of execution of instructions & diverts its execution to some other program. This program to which the control is transferred is called the interrupt service routine. 50.What are the various programmed data transfer methods?

Ans:

i) Synchronous data transfer

ii) Asynchronous data transfer iii) Interrupt driven data transfer

56. What are the signals used in input control signal & output control signal?

Ans: Input control signal

STB (Strobe input) IBF (Input buffer full) INTR(Interrupt request)

Output control signal

OBF (Output buffer full) ACK (Acknowledge input) INTR(Interrupt request)

57. What are the features used mode 2 in 8255?

Ans:The single 8-bit port in-group A is available.

1. The 8-bit port is bi-directional and additionally a 5-bit control port is available. 2. Three I/O lines are available at port C, viz PC2-PC0. 3. Inputs and outputs are both latched. 4. The 5-bit control port C (PC3=PC7) is used for generating/accepting handshake signals for the 8-bit data transfer on port A. 58. What are the modes of operations used in 8253?

Ans:Each of the three counters of 8253 can be operated in one of the following six modes of operation.

1. Mode 0 (Interrupt on terminal count) 2. Mode 1 (Programmable monoshot) 3. Mode 2 (Rate generator) 4. Mode 3 (Square wave generator) 5. Mode 4 (Software triggered strobe) 6. Mode 5 (Hardware triggered strobe) 59. What are the different types of write operations used in 8253?

Ans:There are two types of write operations in 8253

(1) Writing a control word register (2) Writing a count value into a count register

The control word register accepts data from the data buffer and initializes the counters, as required. The control word register contents are used for

(a) Initializing the operating modes (mode 0-mode4) (b) Selection of counters (counter 0- counter 2) (c) Choosing binary /BCD counters (d) Loading of the counter registers.

The mode control register is a write only register and the CPU cannot read its contents.

60. Give the different types of command words used in 8259a?

Ans:The command words of 8259A are classified in two groups

1. Initialization command words (ICWs) 2. Operation command words (OCWs)

61. Give the operating modes of 8259a? Ans:

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) Special Edge End

Fully of Automatic Automatic Specific Special and Reading Poll Fully level

Nested Interrupt

Mode (EOI) Rotation

EOI

Mode Rotation

Mask Triggered 8259

Mode Mode Status command Nested Mode

(k) (l) Cascade mode

Buffered

mode

62. Define scan counter?

Ans: The scan counter has two modes to scan the key matrix and refresh the display. In the encoded mode, the counter provides binary count that is to be externally decoded to provide the scan lines for keyboard and display. In the decoded scan mode, the counter internally decodes the least significant 2 bits and provides a decoded 1 out of 4 scan on SL0-SL3.The keyboard and display both are in the same mode at a time.

63. What is the output modes used in 8279?

Ans: 8279 provides two output modes for selecting the display options.

1.Display Scan

In this mode, 8279 provides 8 or 16 character-multiplexed displays those can be organized as dual 4-bit or single 8-bit display units.

2.Display Entry

8279 allows options for data entry on the displays. The display data is entered for display from the right side or from the left side.

64. What are the modes used in keyboard modes?

Ans:

1. 2. 3.

Scanned Scanned Scanned

Keyboard

mode Keyboard Keyboard

with with special

2 N-key

Key

Lockout. Rollover. Mode.

Error

4. Sensor Matrix Mode.

65. What are the modes used in display modes?

Ans:1. Left Entry mode

In the left entry mode, the data is entered from the left side of the display unit.

2. Right Entry Mode.

In the right entry mode, the first entry to be displayed is entered on the rightmost display.

66. What is the use of modem control unit in 8251?

Ans: The modem control unit handles the modem handshake signals to coordinate the communication between the modem and the USART.

67. Give the register organization of 8257?

Ans: The 8257 perform the DMA operation over four independent DMA channels. Each of the four channels of 8257 has a pair of two 16-bit registers. DMA address register and terminal count register. Also, there are two common registers for all the channels; namely, mode set registers and status register. Thus there are a total of ten registers. The CPU selects one of these ten registers using address lines A0- A3.

68. What is the function of DMA address register?

Ans: Each DMA channel has one DMA address register. The function of this register is to store the address of the starting memory location, which will be accessed by the DMA channel. Thus the starting address of the memory block that will be accessed by the device is first loaded in the DMA address register of the channel. Naturally, the device that wants to transfer data over a DMA channel, will access the block of memory with the starting address stored in the DMA Address Register. 69. What is the use of terminal count register?

Ans: Each of the four DMA channels of 8257 has one terminal count register. This 16-bit register is used for ascertaining that the data transfer through a DMA channel ceases or stops after the required number of DMA cycles.

70. What is the function of mode set register in 8257?

Ans: The mode set register is used for programming the 8257 as per the requirements of the system. The function of the mode set register is to enable the DMA channels individually and also to set the various modes of operation.

71. What is interfacing?

Ans: An interface is a shared boundary between the devices which involves sharing information. Interfacing is the process of making two different systems communicate with each other.

72. List the operation modes of 8255

Ans: a) I.O Mode

i. ii. Mode

Mode 1-Strobed

0-Simple Input/Output (Handshake

Input/Output. mode)

iii. Mode 2-Strobed bidirectional mode

b) Bit Set/Reset Mode.

73. What is a control word?

Ans: It is a word stored in a register (control register) used to control the operation of a program digital device.

74. What is the purpose of control word written to control register in 8255?

Ans: The control words written to control register specify an I/O function for each I.O port. The bit D7 of the control word determines either the I/O function of the BSR function.

75.What is the size of ports in 8255?

Ans:

Port-A : 8-bits Port-B : 8-bits Port-CU : 4-bits Port-CL : 4-bits 76. Distinguish between the memories mapped I/O peripheral I/O? Ans: Peripheral MappedI/O 8-bit device address

Memory Mapped I/O 16-bit device address

Data transfer between any Data is transfer only between accumulator general-purpose register and and I.O port I/O port. The memory map (64K) is The I/O map is independent of the memory shared between I/O device and map; 256 input device and 256 output system memory. device can be connected More hardware is required to Less hardware is required to decode 8-bit decode 16-bit address address

Arithmetic or logic operation Arithmetic or logical operation cannot be can be directly performed with directly performed with I/O data I/O data

77. What is memory mapping?

Ans: The assignment of memory addresses to various registers in a memory chip is called as memory mapping.

78. What is I/O mapping?

Ans:The assignment of addresses to various I/O devices in the memory chip is called as I/O mapping.

79. What is an USART?

Ans:USART stands for universal synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter. It is a programmable communication interface that can communicate by using either synchronous or asynchronous serial data.

80.What is the use of 8251 chip?

8251 chip is mainly used as the asynchronous serial interface between the processor and the external equipment.

81. What is 8279?

Ans:The 8279 is a programmable Keyboard/Display interface. 82. List the major components of the keyboard/Display interface.

a. b. c. d. CPU interface section

Keyboard Scan Display

section section section

83. What is Key bouncing?

Ans: Mechanical switches are used as keys in most of the keyboards. When a key is pressed the contact bounce back and forth and settle down only after a small time delay (about 20ms). Even though a key is actuated once, it will appear to have been actuated several times. This problem is called Key Bouncing.

84.Define HRQ?

Ans: The hold request output requests the access of the system bus. In non- cascaded 8257 systems, this is connected with HOLD pin of CPU. In cascade mode, this pin of a slave is connected with a DRQ input line of the master 8257, while that of the master is connected with HOLD input of the CPU. 85. What is the use of stepper motor?

Ans:A stepper motor is a device used to obtain an accurate position control of rotating shafts. A stepper motor employs rotation of its shaft in terms of steps, rather than continuous rotation as in case of AC or DC motor.

86. What is TXD?

Ans: TXD- Transmitter Data Output This output pin carries serial stream of the transmitted data bits along with other information like start bit, stop bits and priority bit.

87. What is RXD?

Ans: RXD- Receive Data Input This input pin of 8251A receives a composite stream of the data to be received by 8251A.

88. What is meant by key bouncing?

Ans:Microprocessor must wait until the key reach to a steady state; this is known as Key bounce.

89. What is swapping?

The procedure of fetching the chosen program segments or data from the secondary storage into the physical memory is called swapping.

90. Write the function of crossbar switch?

Ans: The crossbar switch provides the inter connection paths between the memory module and the processor. Each node of the crossbar represents a bus switch. All these nodes may be controlled by one of these processors or by a separate one altogether.

91. What is a data amplifier?

Ans: Transceivers are the bi-directional buffers are some times they are called as data amplifiers. They are required to separate the valid data from the time multiplexed address data signal. They are controlled by 2 signals i.e DEN & DT/R. 92. What is status flag bit?

Ans: The flag register reflects the results of logical and arithmetic instructions. The flag register digits D0, D2, D4, D6, D7 and D11 are modified according to the result of the execution of logical and arithmetic instruction. These are called as status flag bits.

93. What is a control flag?

Ans: The bits D8 and D9 namely, trap flag (TF) and interrupt flag (IF) bits, are used for controlling machine operation and thus they are called control flags.

94. What is instruction pipelining?

Ans: Major function of the bus unit is to fetch instruction bytes from the memory. In fact, the instructions are fetched in advance and stored in a queue to enable faster execution of the instructions. This concept is known as instruction pipelining.

95. Compare Microprocessor and Microcontroller.

Ans: Microprocessor Microprocessor contains ALU,general purpose registers,stack pointer, program counter, clock timing circuit and interrupt circuit. Microcontroller Microcontroller contains the circuitry of microprocessor and in addition it has built- in ROM, RAM, I/O devices, timers and counters.

It has many instructions to It has one or two instructions to move move data between memory data between memory and CPU. and CPU. It has one or two bit handling It has many bit handling instructions. instructions. Access times for memory and I/O Less access times for built-in memory devices are more. and I/O devices. Microprocessor based requires more hardware. system Microcontroller based system requires less hardware reducing PCB size and increasing the reliability.