9/30/20

Different expression of the derivative Find the derivative of x1/2 with limit
If the coordinate plane is (x, y) ie y = f(x)
d
x = lim
x+h - x ( x+h + x )
dy df ( x) d
dx
=
dx
=
dx
f ( x) = f ¢( x) = y¢( x) = y¢ = Dx [ f ( x) ] dx h ®0 h ( x+h + x )
x+h-x
= lim
h ®0 h x+h +h x The power rule holds for
If the coordinate plane is (t, x) ie x = f(t) 1 fractional exponents and
= lim negative exponents
dx df (t ) d h ®0 x+h + x
= = f (t ) = f ¢(t ) = x¢(t ) = x¢ = Dt [ f (t ) ] d n
dt dt dt
=
1
= 12 x
-1
2
dx
( x ) = nxn-1
2 x

Using TI 84 to find slope of sin(x)at a point Using TI 84 to find slope of sin(x)at a point
Ensure that your TI is set to radians: Mode key
graphically
Ensure that your TI is set to radians: Mode key
Math / 8
y= to enter the function sin(x)
Then enter the variable x, the function sin(x), and the value at
which you want to evaluate the slope of sin(x). Set a window: y min= -1, y max = 1, x min = 0 x max = 2pi

It should look like the following. Graph

Calc 6:dy/dx. Then enter the value of x and enter.

To re-enter the previous entry: 2nd – enter, and then
change the angle.

2.0 d
What is the derivative of sin(x)? sin x = cos x Derivative of other trig functions
dx
You can now use the quotient rule to determine the
1.0 derivative of the other trig functions:
.71

d d sin x
tan x =
-p/4 p/4 p/2 3p/4 p 5p/4 3p/2 7p/4 2p dx dx cos x
cos x(cos x) - sin x( - sin x)
-.71 =
-1.0 cos 2 x
cos x + sin 2 x
2

f ¢( x) 1 .71 0 -.71 -1 -.71 0 .71 1 =

-2.0 cos 2 x d
1 tan x = sec 2 x
d = dx
What is the derivative of cos(x)? cos x = - sin x cos 2 x
dx

1
 9/30/20

Derivatives rules so far Derivatives rules so far

d
(c) = 0 Derivative of constant = 0 d æ u ö vu ¢ - uv¢
dx ç ÷= Quotient rule
dx è v ø v2
d du
( cu ) = c Constant multiple rule d
dx dx sin x = cos x
d n dx
dx
( x ) = nxn-1 Power rule
d
cos x = - sin x
d du dv dx
(u ± v ) = ± Sum and difference rule
dx dx dx
d
d dv du tan x = sec 2 x
( uv ) = u + v Product rule dx
dx dx dx

f ¢(2) = e 2 d x f ¢(2) = e 2
x ex e
f ( x) = e x dx f ( x) = e x Recall that the inverse function is
-1 0.368 0.368 mirrored across the line y = x.
f ′(x) = e x
0 1.00 1.00 Every point (a,b) on a function has
a corresponding point (b,a) on its
1 2.72 2.72 inverse.
Ln(x) is the inverse function of ex
f ¢(1) = e
2 7.39 7.39 f ¢(1) = e
g ( x) = ln( x)
f ¢(0) = 1 d x f ¢(0) = 1
e = ex
dx
f ¢(-1) = 1 e f ¢(-1) = 1 e

The value of the derivative is from TI

f ¢(2) = e 2
The Chain rule for composite functions
f ( x) = e x Recall also that the slope of the
dy
function at (a,b) is the reciprocal of If y = sin ( x 2 ) what is ?
the slope of its inverse at the dx
corresponding point (b,a) Think of this as y = sin(u) where u = x2
Hence the slope of ln(x) is equal to dy dy du
= The Chain Rule
the reciprocal of x dx du dx
f ¢(1) = e
d sinu ) du d ( sin u ) d ( x )
sin ( x 2 ) = sin u = (
g ( x) = ln( x) d d
2

g ¢(e 2 ) = 1 e 2 i = !
f ¢(0) = 1 dx dx du dx du dx
g ¢(e) = 1 e = cos u !2 x
f ¢(-1) = 1 e
g¢(1) = 1 d 1 = 2 x cos x 2
g ¢(1 e) = e
yani, ln x =
dx x

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 9/30/20

The Chain rule for composite functions R Q P

dy
If y = x = x 2 what is ? What should
this be?
dx
Think of this as y = u 1/2 where u = x2
dy dy du
= The Chain Rule
dx du dx
d (u 2 ) d ( x )
1 1 2 Q turns ½ as much as P
d 2 1 2 d 1 2 d (u 2 ) du
dx
( x ) = dx u = du ! dx = du ! dx R turns 1/3 as much as Q
Therefore: R turns ½ x 1/3 =1/6 as much as P
dR dR dQ
= x
dP dQ dP
2x x Which is what
= 12 u - 2 × 2 x = =
1
we know the
2 ( x2 )
1
2
x slope must be!

Derivatives rules modified with chain rule ! = #(%(&)) ( = %(&) ! = #())

*+ *+ *-
=
*, *- *,

( )
d n
u =
( )
d u n du
⋅ = nu n−1u′ 1 1 23
.= &+1 − &+1
dx du dx &+1 )

d d u
sin u = ( cos u ) u ¢ e = eu u ¢ . = 4562& 2x sinu 2cos(2x)
dx dx
d
cos u = - ( sin u ) u ¢
6& − 1
d u¢ . = 3&3 − & + 1 3&3 − & + 1 )
ln u = 2 3&3 − & + 1
dx dx u

d )2
tan u = ( sec 2 u ) u ¢
. = 9:63 x 9:6& 29:6& = 4>?3 x
= (9:6&)3
dx

Now Practice!

Double chain rule for composite functions Double chain rule for composite functions
v v = u3 + 6 dy dy dv du
= × ×
dx dv du dx
y = f ( g ( u ( x) ) ) ( )
2
y = (5x4 + 2) + 6
3
dy dy dv du
= × × dv 2 d ( u + 6 ) d (5 x 4 + 2)
3
dx dv du dx = × ×
u dv du dx
u
The reason we express the = 2v × 3u 2 × 20 x 3
y = v2
derivative as above, is because
y = f (v ) we can apply the basic rules of
differentiation that we have ( 3
)
= 2 ( 5 x 4 + 2 ) + 6 × 3 ( 5 x 4 + 2 ) × 20 x
2 3

learned to the three rational

factors on the right.

3
 9/30/20

Higher Order Derivatives

dy d
First : = f ( x) = f ¢( x) = y ¢( x) = y ¢ = Dx [ f ( x) ]
dx dx
d2y d2
Sec ond : = f ( x) = f ¢¢( x) = y¢¢( x) = y¢¢ = Dx 2 [ f ( x) ]
dx 2 dx 2

If y = x 5 ® y¢ = 5 x 4 ® y¢¢ = 20 x 3

If y = sin x ® y¢ = cos x ® y¢¢ = - sin x