Section Subject Exercises Pages

1.1 Four Ways to Represent a Functions 7--10, 25, 31--37, 38, 20--21
40, 42, 43,44, 45, 47
1.2 Mathematical Models: A Catalog of 8, 9 33

Essential Functions
1.3 New Functions From Old Functions 29, 30, 31, 33, 35 43--44
37--39, 41--43, 50, 51, 61, 62

1.5 Exponential Functions 1--4, 19, 20 57

1.6 Inverse Functions and Logarithmic 3, 5, 7, 12, 15, 16, 17 69--71

21--26, 35--38, 39--41, 49(a),
50(a), 51--54
57, 63--68, 70--72, 75
Review True-False Quiz{1--3, 6--14} 72--74
5--8, 17, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26

To see the solutions to review exercises, and homework, scan the QR code
lecture#1 Functions
Definition:𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 (𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝐵), 𝑓 is a
relation that assigns every element of 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 to a unique element
𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 denoted by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ). 𝐴 is called domain and 𝐵 is called
Range.

1 6 1 6
2 8 8
5 3 7
A B A B
Function Not function (relation)
Domain: Input {1,2,5}
Range: output {6,8}
𝑓(1) = 6, 𝑓(2) = 8, 𝑓(5) = 8
Example: Sketch the function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥.
Solution:
𝑥 0 1 −1 2 −2
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 0 3 −1 8 0

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥

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Homework (1): Sketch the following functions:
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1
b) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 1
c) ℎ(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 − 1
Example: Find the domain and range of the following function

−2 5

Solution:
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: [−2 , 5] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: [0,4].
Domain: 𝐷𝑓 : The set of all possible input.(𝑥 −Value)
Range: The set of all possible output. (𝑦-Value)
𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒕: If we can draw any vertical line that
intersects a graph more than once, then the graph does not
define a function because a function has only one output value
for each input value.

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Example: Which of the following is a function?

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Solution: (b) and (d) are functions by Vertical line test.

(a) and (c) are not functions by Vertical line test.

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lecture#2 Types of functions
1. Polynomials
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0
Where 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛−1 , 𝑎𝑛−2 , … , 𝑎0 𝜖 ℝ (𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 ) ,
and 𝑛 = 1,2, 3, … … : 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 > 0

Polynomial
2. Rational functions=
Polynomial
3. Absolute value function : |𝑓 (𝑥 )|
𝑛
4. Root function :𝑓(𝑥 ) = √𝑔(𝑥 ) 𝑛 = 2,3,4, ….
5. Exponential functions
6. Logarithmic functions
7. Trigonometric functions
8. Inverse Trigonometric functions
Example: Classify each functions
 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 1 → 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦 (Cubic function)
 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 1 → 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦 (𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
1
 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 2 + 1 → 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦
 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 −2 + 10𝑥 → 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦
2𝑥+1
 𝑓(𝑥 ) = → 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑥 2 +1
 ℎ(𝑥 ) = √3𝑥 + 1 → 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

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𝑨𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 |𝒇(𝒙)|
𝑥 ,𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 | = {
−𝑥 , 𝑥 < 0

𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|

Properties of Absolute Value:

1. |−𝑎| = |𝑎|
2. |𝑎𝑏| = |𝑎||𝑏|
𝑎 |𝑎|
3. | | = |𝑏|
𝑏
4. |𝑎 + 𝑏| ≤ |𝑎| + |𝑏|
5. |𝑥 | = 𝑎 → 𝑥 = ±𝑎
6. |𝑥 | ≤ 𝑎 → −𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎
7. |𝑥| ≥ 𝑎 → 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ −𝑎

Example: Find the value of 𝑥, |2𝑥 − 1| < 7

Solution:
−7 < 2𝑥 − 1 < 7 → −6 < 2𝑥 < 8 → −3 < 𝑥 < 4
𝑥 ∈ (−3,4).

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Example: Express the following as piecewise function
𝑓(𝑥 ) = |8 − 2𝑥 |.
Solution:
8𝑥 − 2 = 0 → 𝑥 = 4

+ + + + − − − −
8 − 2𝑥 −(8 − 2𝑥)
4
8 − 2𝑥 , 𝑥 ≤ 4
𝑓(𝑥 ) = {
−8 + 2𝑥 , 𝑥 > 4
We call x=4 is a breakpoint.

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lecture#3 Domain Rules
Example: Find the domain for the following functions

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 1 → 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ
Rule Domain (polynomial)= ℝ
2. 𝑔(𝑥 ) = |𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1| → 𝐷𝑔 = ℝ

Rule 𝑔(𝑥 ) = |𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 | → 𝐷𝑔 = ℝ

10
3. 𝑔(𝑥 ) = → 𝑥 − 5 = 0 → 𝑥 = 5 → 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ − {5}
𝑥−5

Rule The denominator is never zero

4. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 − 7 → 𝑥 − 7 ≥ 0 → 𝑥 ≥ 7 → 𝐷𝑓 = [7, ∞)
𝑛
Rule If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √𝑔(𝑥) , 𝑛: 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 2,4,6, …then
𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥: 𝑔(𝑥) ≥ 0}

3 1 1
5. 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √ → 𝐷𝑔 = 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 ( )→𝑥+5=0→
𝑥+5 𝑥+5

𝑥 = −5, 𝐷𝑔 = ℝ − {−5}
𝑛
Rule If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √𝑔(𝑥) , 𝑛: 𝑜𝑑𝑑 3,5,7, …then
𝐷𝑓 = 𝐷𝑔
𝑥2
6. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = → 𝑥 = 0 → ℝ − { 0}
𝑥

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠ 0
Rule Don’t simplify

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Homework (2): Find the domain for the following functions
𝑥−1
1. 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
𝑥 2 −1
1
2. 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+5)

3. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
4. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √|𝑥 − 1| − 10

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 lecture#4 The Range of function
The range: The set of all possible output. (𝑦-Value)
Example: Find the range of the following functions
1. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 5 → 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = ℝ

2. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 → 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = ℝ
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 5

3. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3

𝑎>0 𝑎<0
−𝑏
f( )
2𝑎

−𝑏
f( )
2𝑎

−𝑏 −𝑏
2𝑎 2𝑎

−𝑏 −𝑏
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = [ 𝑓 ( ) , ∞) 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = (−∞ , 𝑓 ( )]
2𝑎 2𝑎
−𝑏
vertex of parabola is 𝑥= 2𝑎

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 Example: Find the range of the following functions
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1
Solution:
𝑎 = 1,𝑎 > 0
−𝑏 −6
vertex of parabola is 𝑥 = = = −3 → 𝑓(−3) = −10
2𝑎 2
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = [−10 , ∞)

4. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √2𝑥 − 1 → 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = [0 , ∞)

Note: 𝐼𝑓 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = [0 , ∞)

𝑓(𝑥) = √2𝑥 − 1

5. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −√2𝑥 − 1 → 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = (−∞ , 0]

Reflection over the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑓(𝑥) = −√2𝑥 − 1

6. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √2𝑥 − 1 + 5 → 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = [5 , ∞)

Shifting up 5 units

𝑓(𝑥) = √2𝑥 − 1+5

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 7. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √4 − 𝑥 2 → 𝐷𝑓 = [−2 , 2] , 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = [0,2]

Note: If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑎 − 𝑥 2 (𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒)

then 𝐷𝑓 = [−𝑎 , 𝑎] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 [0, √𝑎]
𝑓(𝑥) = √4 − 𝑥 2

8. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −√9 − 𝑥 2 → 𝐷𝑓 = [−3 , 3] , 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = [−3,0]

𝑓(𝑥) = −√9 − 𝑥 2

Homework (3): Find the range of the following functions

1. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = |7𝑥 − 1| − 4
2. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −|5𝑥 + 8| + 9
3. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 2
4. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √9 − 𝑥 2 + 3
5. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −√4 − 𝑥 2
6. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 7

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lecture#5 New functions from old-part#1
Given functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 , we defined
1. (𝑓 ± 𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥 ) ± 𝑔(𝑥)
2. (𝑓𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
3. ( ) (𝑥 ) = , 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)

Domain (𝑓 ± 𝑔, 𝑓𝑔) = 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔
𝑓
Domain ( ) = 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔 − {𝑥: 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 0}
𝑔

Example: If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 1 − √𝑥 − 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 4, find

𝑓
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(7), (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥 ), ( ) (𝑥 ), 7𝑓(𝑥 ), domain(𝑓𝑔)(𝑥 ),
𝑔
𝑔
domain( ) (𝑥 )?
𝑓

Solution:
1. (𝑓 + 𝑔)(7) = 𝑓(7) + 𝑔(7)
= 1 − √7 − 2 + 7 − 4 = 4 − √5
2. (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥 )
= 1 − √𝑥 − 2 − (𝑥 − 4) = 5 − 𝑥 − √𝑥 − 2
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 1−√𝑥−2
3. ( ) (𝑥 ) = = , 𝑥≠4
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥−4
4. 7𝑓(𝑥 )=7 − 7√𝑥 − 2
Note that, 𝐷𝑓 = [2 , ∞), 𝐷𝑔 = ℝ
5. 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 (𝑓𝑔) = [2 , ∞) ∩ 𝑅 = [2 , ∞)
𝑔
6. 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 ( ) = 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔 − {𝑥 ∶ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0}
𝑓

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 𝑔
7. 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 ( ) = 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔 − {𝑥 ∶ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0}
𝑓

𝑓(𝑥 ) = 0 → 1 − √𝑥 − 2 = 0

1 = √𝑥 − 2 → 𝑥 = 3
𝑔
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 ( ) = [2 , ∞) − {3} = [2 , 3) ∪ (3 , ∞)
𝑓

Example: If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 , find 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 (𝑓𝑔)?

Solution:
𝐷𝑓 = [0 , ∞) and 𝐷𝑔 = [0 , ∞)
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 (𝑓𝑔) = 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔 = [0 , ∞)

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 lecture#5 New functions from old-part#2
Example: Find the domain of the following functions

𝑥 2 −4
1. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √
𝑥−4
√2𝑥−1
2. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √|𝑥 − 1| − 4 +
3−|𝑥|

Solution:

𝑥 2 −4
1. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √
𝑥−4

𝑥 2 −4
≥0
𝑥−4

+ + + − − − − + + ++ ++ +
2 numerator
𝑥 − 4 = 0 → 𝑥 = ±2
−2 2
− − − − − − − − − + +
−
𝑥−4=0→𝑥 =4 denominator − −
4

− − − + + + + +
𝑥2 − 4 −
− − −
+ +
𝑥−4 −2 2 4

𝐷𝑓 = [−2 , 2] ∪ (4 , ∞)

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 √2𝑥−1
2. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √|𝑥 − 1| − 4 +
3−|𝑥|

 √|𝑥 − 1| − 4 → |𝑥 − 1| − 4 ≥ 0 → |𝑥 − 1| ≥ 4
𝑥 − 1 ≥ 4 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 1 ≤ −4 → 𝑥 ≥ 5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ −3
→ 𝑥 ∈ [5 , ∞) ∪ (−∞ , − 3]
1 1
 √2𝑥 − 1 → 2𝑥 − 1 ≥ 0 → 𝑥 ≥ 2 → 𝑥 ∈ [2 , ∞)
 3 − |𝑥| → 3 − |𝑥| = 0 → 3 = |𝑥| → 𝑥 = ±3
→ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − {±3}
1
𝐷𝑓 = [5 , ∞) ∪ (−∞ , − 3] ∩ [ , ∞) ∩ ℝ − {±3}
2
𝐷𝑓 = [5 , ∞)

Homework (4): Find the domain of the following functions:

𝑥 2 −3
1. 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
2𝑥 3 −4𝑥
1 1
2. 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √5 − 𝑥 + +
√𝑥−1 𝑥−3
√𝑥 2 −4
3. ℎ(𝑥 ) =
√𝑥−4

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lecture#6 Composition of functions-part#1.1
Given two functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 , the composite (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) defined by
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )), 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔: 𝑓 circle 𝑔, 𝑔 is applied first then 𝑓
is applied second.
Example:
𝑔 𝑓
1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 9

(𝑓𝑜𝑔)(1) = 𝑓(𝑔(1)) = 𝑓(4) = 7

(𝑓𝑜𝑔)(2) = 𝑓(𝑔(2)) = 𝑓(5) = 8

(𝑓𝑜𝑔)(3) = 𝑓(𝑔(3)) = 𝑓(6) 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑

∉ 𝐷𝑓𝑜𝑔 ∉ 𝐷𝑓
𝐷𝑓𝑜𝑔 = {1 , 2} , 𝐷𝑓 = {4 , 5} , 𝐷𝑔 = {1 , 2 , 3}
Notes:
𝐷𝑓𝑜𝑔 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 ) ∈ 𝐷𝑓 }

𝐷𝑔𝑜𝑓 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑥 ) ∈ 𝐷𝑔 }

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Example: If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √3 − 𝑥 , find:

1. (𝑓𝑜𝑔)(−1) = 𝑓(𝑔(−1)) = 𝑓 (2) = 3

2. (𝑔𝑜𝑓)(𝑥 ) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥 )) = 𝑔(𝑥 2 − 1) = √3 − (𝑥 2 − 1)

(𝑔𝑜𝑓)(𝑥 ) = √4 − 𝑥 2
2
3. (𝑓𝑜𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) = 𝑓(√3 − 𝑥) = (√3 − 𝑥) − 1
(𝑓𝑜𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 2 − 𝑥
Note that (𝑔𝑜𝑓)(𝑥) ≠ (𝑓𝑜𝑔)(𝑥)
4. 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ
5. 𝐷𝑔 = (−∞ , 3]
6. 𝐷𝑓𝑜𝑔 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 ) ∈ 𝐷𝑓 }

= {𝑥 ∈ (−∞ , 3] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 √3 − 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
= 𝑥 ∈ (−∞ , 3] → 𝐷𝑓𝑜𝑔 = (−∞ , 3]

7. 𝐷𝑔𝑜𝑓 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑥 ) ∈ 𝐷𝑔 }

= {𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 − 1 ∈ (−∞ , 3]}

𝑥 2 − 1 ∈ (−∞ , 3] → 𝑥 2 − 1 ≤ 3 → 𝑥 2 − 4 ≤ 0 → 𝑥 ∈ [−2,2]

= {𝑥 𝜖 ℝ ∩ 𝑥 ∈ [−2,2]}
𝐷𝑔𝑜𝑓 = [−2 , 2]

17 | P a g e
lecture#6 Composition of functions-part#1.2
1+𝑥 𝑥
Example: If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 ) = , find the domain of
1−𝑥 1−𝑥
𝑓𝑜𝑔 and 𝑔𝑜𝑓
Solution:
𝐷𝑓 = ℝ − {1} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑔 = ℝ − {1}

1. 𝐷𝑓𝑜𝑔 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 ) ∈ 𝐷𝑓 }

𝑥
𝐷𝑓𝑜𝑔 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ − {1} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∈ ℝ − { 1} }
1−𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 1
∈ ℝ − {1} → ≠1→ =1→𝑥 =1−𝑥 →𝑥 =
1−𝑥 1−𝑥 1−𝑥 2
1
→𝑥 ∈ ℝ−{ }
2
1 1
𝐷𝑓𝑜𝑔 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ − {1} ∩ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − { }} = ℝ − {1 , }
2 2

2. 𝐷𝑔𝑜𝑓 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑥 ) ∈ 𝐷𝑔 }

1+𝑥
𝐷𝑔𝑜𝑓 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ − {1} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∈ ℝ − { 1} }
1−𝑥
1+𝑥 1+𝑥 1+𝑥
∈ ℝ − {1} → ≠1→ =1→1+𝑥 =1−𝑥 →
1−𝑥 1−𝑥 1−𝑥
𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − {0}

𝐷𝑔𝑜𝑓 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ − {1} ∩ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − {0}} = ℝ − {1 , 0}

18 | P a g e
lecture#6 Composition of functions-part#2

Example: 𝐼𝑓 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √2 − √𝑥 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)

Solution:

√2 − √𝑥 → 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 − √𝑥 ≥ 0
++++++ ------
𝑥 ≥ 0 → [0 , ∞) 0 4

2 − √𝑥 ≥ 0 → 2 − √𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 4 → 𝑥 𝜖 (−∞ , 4]
[0 , ∞) ∩ (−∞ , 4] → 𝐷𝑓 = [0 , 4]

Example: : If (𝑓𝑜𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 1 ,

𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(2)
Solution:

𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 6 → 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 6
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 → 𝑥 = 𝑦 − 1
→ 𝑓(𝑦) = (𝑦 − 1)2 + 6(𝑦 − 1) + 6
Then 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 6(𝑥 − 1) + 6
𝑓(2) → 𝑓(2) = (2 − 1)2 + 6(2 − 1) + 6 = 13
𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 6 → 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 + 1 = 2 → 𝑥 = 1
→ 𝑓 (1 + 1) = 12 + 6(1) + 6 = 13

19 | P a g e
Example: If (𝑓𝑜𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 5 ,
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑔(2)
Solution:
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) = 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
3𝑔(𝑥 ) + 5 = 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 → 3𝑔(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 3
𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1
𝑔(2) → 𝑔(2) = 4 + 2 − 1 = 5

Homework (5):
1
1. If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 ) =
𝑥−1

𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 (𝑓𝑜𝑔)(𝑥 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑔𝑜𝑓)(𝑥 )?

2. If 𝑓 (2𝑥 − 3) = 𝑥 2 + 5, find 𝑓 (10) ?
3. If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √2 − 𝑥 , find domain 𝑔𝑜𝑓?

20 | P a g e
Lecture#7(Even and Odd functions)
Definition:
1. A function 𝑓 is said to be an even function if
𝑓(−𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥).
Example: |𝑥 | , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 4 , 𝑥 6 , … ..
Geometrically, the graph of an even
function is symmetric about the y-axis
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2

2. A function 𝑓 is said to be an odd function if

𝑓(−𝑥 ) = −𝑓(𝑥).
Example: 𝑥 , 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 5 , 𝑥 7 , … ..
Geometrically, the graph of an odd
function is symmetric about the origin

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3

Note: A function 𝑓(𝑥) in which 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(−𝑥) and

𝑓(−𝑥 ) ≠ −𝑓(𝑥) for any value of 𝑥 is neither function(Not
even, Not odd)

21 | P a g e
Rule: ∗÷ 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑂𝑑𝑑

𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝐸 𝑂

𝑂𝑑𝑑 𝑂 𝐸

Example: Determine whether each of the following functions is

even, odd or neither even nor odd.
1. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 1 − 𝑥 4
𝑓(−𝑥 ) = 1 − (−𝑥 )4 = 1 − 𝑥 4 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) → 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
2. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 5 + 𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥 ) = (−𝑥 )5 + (−𝑥 ) = −𝑥 5 − 𝑥 = −(𝑥 5 + 𝑥 )
= −𝑓(𝑥 ) → 𝑜𝑑𝑑
3. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑓(−𝑥 ) = 2(−𝑥 ) − (−𝑥 )2 = −2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = −(2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) ≠ −𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟
𝑥 5 +𝑥
4. 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
1−𝑥 4

𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑓(𝑥) = = 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
Or
(−𝑥)5 + (−𝑥) 𝑥5 + 𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥 ) = = −( ) = −𝑓(𝑥 ) → 𝑜𝑑𝑑
1 − (−𝑥)4 1 − 𝑥4

22 | P a g e
Lecture#8(one-to-one function)
Definition:
A function f is called a one-to-one function if it never takes on
the same value twice, that is
𝑓 (𝑥1 ) ≠ 𝑓 (𝑥2 ) whenever 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 .

1 5 3 6
2 10 4 12

𝑓(1) = 5 𝑓(3) = 6
𝑓(2) = 10 𝑓(4) = 6
one-to-one Not one-to-one

Example:
1. |𝑥 | , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 4 , 𝑥 6 , … .. Not 1-1
2. 𝑥 , 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 5 , 𝑥 7 , … .. is 1-1

Horizontal line test:

A function f is called a one-to-one function iff no horizontal line
intersects its graph more than once.
Example:

𝑥2 𝑥3

Not one-to-one function One-to-One function

23 | P a g e
Lecture#9(Inverse functions-part#1)

𝑓
1 7 𝑓(1) = 7 , 𝑓 −1 (7) = 1
2 8 𝑓 (2) = 8 , 𝑓 −1 (8) = 2
3 9
𝑓(3) = 9 , 𝑓 −1 (9) = 3
Domain Range

𝐷𝑓 = {1 , 2 , 3} , 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓 = {7 ,8 ,9}

𝐷𝑓−1 = {7 , 8 , 9} , 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓 −1 = {1 ,2 ,3}

Domain and Range of inverse functions

 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑓 = 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓 −1
 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑓 −1 = 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓
Theorem
𝐴 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
Theorem
If 𝑓 has an inverse, then the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
are reflection of one another about the line y=x; that is, each
graph is the mirror image of the other with respect to that line.

𝑓 −1

24 | P a g e
Example: find the inverse function of the following
functions
1. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 3 + 7
5
2. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √2𝑥 − 1
Solution:
𝑦−7
1. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 3 + 7 → 𝑦 − 7 = 5𝑥 3 → = 𝑥3 →
5

3 𝑦−7 3 𝑥−7
𝑥=√ → 𝑓−1 (𝑥) = √
5 5

5 5
2. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √2𝑥 − 1 → 𝑦 = √2𝑥 − 1 → 𝑦 5 = 2𝑥 − 1 →
𝑦 5 +1 𝑥 5 +1
𝑦 5 + 1 = 2𝑥 → 𝑥 = → 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) =
2 2

25 | P a g e
Lecture#9(Inverse functions-part#2)
Example:
3𝑥+5
If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = , find
2𝑥−1

2. Domain 𝑓 2. 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) 3. Range 𝑓
Solution:
1 1
1. 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 → 𝑥 = → 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ − { }
2 2
3𝑥+5
2. 𝑦 = → 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 5 → 2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 = 5 + 𝑦
2𝑥−1
5+𝑦 5+𝑥
𝑥 (2𝑦 − 3) = 5 + 𝑦 → 𝑥 = → 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) =
2𝑦 − 3 2𝑥 − 3
3. 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 (𝑓 ) = 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 (𝑓 −1 )
5+𝑥 3
𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) = → 2𝑥 − 3 = 0 → 𝑥 =
2𝑥−3 2

3
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 (𝑓 −1 ) = ℝ − { } = 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 (𝑓)
2

Restricting Domain for invertibility

Example: If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ≤ 0 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) ?
Solution:

𝑦 = 𝑥2 → √

√𝑦 = −𝑥 → 𝑥 = −√𝑦 → 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) = −√𝑥

26 | P a g e
Example: If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 6 , 𝑥 ≥ −1, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) ?
Solution:

𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 6 ÷3
𝑦
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2
3
𝑏 2 2 2
completing the square ( ) = ( ) = 1
2 2
𝑦
+ 1 = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) − 2
3
𝑦
+ 1 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 2
3
𝑦
+ 3 = (𝑥 + 1)2 √
3
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
√ + 3 = 𝑥 + 1 → √ + 3 − 1 = 𝑥 → 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) = √ + 3 − 1
3 3 3

Example: If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥3 + 5𝑥 − 2 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓 −1 (4) ?

Solution:
𝑓 −1 (4) = 𝑥 → 4 = 𝑓(𝑥)
4 = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 − 2
𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 − 6 = 0
𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 6 (±1 , ±2 , ±3, ±6)
{
13 + 5(1) − 6 = 0
→ 𝑥 = 1 → 𝑓 −1 (4) = 1

27 | P a g e
Homework(6)
1. Find the inverse functions of the following
a. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 2)4 , 𝑥 ≥ 0
b. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −√3 − 2𝑥 , 𝑥 ≤ 0
c. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 5, 𝑥 ≤ 4
𝑥3
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = , find 𝑥 if 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 2?
𝑥+1
3. 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 + 3, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡𝑓(𝑥) = 1 ?
(𝑥+1)3
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑥 ≠ 0 , find 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) and range of 𝑓?
𝑥3
5. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 3 , find 𝑓 −1 (0) ?
3

28 | P a g e
Lecture#9(Inverse functions-part#3)
Theorem
(𝑓𝑜𝑓 −1 )(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 , ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓−1

(𝑓 −1 𝑜𝑓)(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 , ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓

Example: Determine whether 𝑓 and 𝑔 are inverse functions

1
3 2
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 , 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 1. 3

Solution:
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 = (𝑥 + 1)3
If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are inverse functions, then
(𝑓𝑜𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 , ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑔 and
(𝑔𝑜𝑓 )(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 , ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓
1 1 3
(𝑓𝑜𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) = 𝑓 (𝑥 3 − 1) = (𝑥 3 − 1 + 1) = 𝑥
1
(𝑔𝑜𝑓)(𝑥 ) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥 )) = 𝑔((𝑥 + 1 )3 ) = ((𝑥 + 3
1) )3 −1=𝑥
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 , 𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑔(𝑥) and 𝑔−1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥)

29 | P a g e
Lecture#10(Exponential functions)

Exponential functions
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑏 𝑥 , 𝑏 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ≠ 1
𝑏 𝑥 : ℝ → (0, ∞)
Example: Sketch the curve of the function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥
𝑥 𝑦 = 2𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)

0 1 (0,1)

2 4 (2,4)

-1 1 1
(−1, )
2 2
1 3
√2 1 3 𝑦 = 2𝑥
( , √2)
3 3
1
Example: Sketch the curve of the function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = ( )𝑥
2

𝑦 = (0.5)𝑥

The Natural Exponential function

𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 ≅ 2.7182 …

30 | P a g e
Note:

f(x)=𝑏 𝑥 , b>1 f(x)=𝑏 𝑥 , 0 < b < 1

Laws of exponents:
If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are positive numbers and 𝑥 and 𝑦 any real numbers,
then
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑎𝑥
1. 𝑎 . 𝑎 = 𝑎 2. (𝑎 ) = 𝑎 3. = 𝑎 𝑥−𝑦
𝑎𝑦
𝑥
−𝑥 1 0 𝑦
4. 𝑎 = 5. 𝑎 = 1 6. 𝑎 = √𝑎 𝑥
𝑦
𝑎𝑥

7. (𝑎𝑏)𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥

Example: Find the domain of the following functions

2 −9
1. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2√𝑥
1
2. 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 2𝑥
3. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √1 − 2𝑥
Solution:
2 −9
1. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2√𝑥
𝑥 2 − 9 ≥ 0 → 𝑥 2 − 9 = 0 → 𝑥 = ±3
++ --- ++
𝐷𝑓 = (−∞, −3] ∪ [3, ∞)
-3 3
31 | P a g e
 1
2. 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 2𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 = 0 → 𝑒 𝑥 (1 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) = 0 → 𝑒 𝑥 = 0 (Ignore)
𝑜𝑟 1 − 𝑒 𝑥 = 0 → 1 = 𝑒 𝑥 → 𝑥 = 0
𝐷𝑓 = ℝ − {0}

3. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √1 − 2𝑥
1 − 2𝑥 ≥ 0 → 1 − 2𝑥 = 0 → 1 = 2𝑥 → 𝑥 = 0
++ ---

𝐷𝑓 = (−∞ , 0]

32 | P a g e
Lecture#11(logarithmic functions-part#1)
𝑓(𝑥 ) = log 𝑏 𝑥 , 𝑏 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ≠ 1
log 𝑏 𝑥 : (0, ∞) → ℝ
Example:
1. log 2 8 = 3 , (23 = 8)
1
1
2. log 9 3 = , (9 = √9 = 3)
2
2
1 1 1
3. log10 = −3 , (10−3 = = )
1000 103 1000
4. log12 12 = 1 , (121 = 12) {log 𝑏 𝑏 = 1}
5. log 2 1 = 0 , (20 = 1) {log 𝑏 1 = 0}

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 ∶ log10 𝑥 = log 𝑥

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒:

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 , 𝑏 > 1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 , 0 < 𝑏 < 1

The Natural Logarithmic function

𝑓(𝑥 ) = log 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑒 ≅ 2.7182 …

33 | P a g e
Algebraic Properties of Logarithmic function
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑏 > 0 𝑏 ≠ 1 , 𝑎, 𝑐 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟∈𝑅
1. log 𝑏 (𝑎𝑐) = log 𝑏 𝑎 + log 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎
2. log 𝑏 ( ) = log 𝑏 𝑎 − log 𝑏 𝑐
𝑐
1
3. log 𝑏 ( ) = − log 𝑏 𝑐
𝑐
𝑟
4. log 𝑏 𝑎 = 𝑟 log 𝑏 𝑎
ln 𝑎 log𝑐 𝑎
5. log 𝑏 𝑎 = ,
ln 𝑏 log𝑐 𝑏
6. log 𝑏 𝑏 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ln 𝑒 = 1 (log 𝑒 𝑒 = 1)
7. log 𝑏 1 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ln 1 = 0 (log 𝑒 1 = 0)

Example: Simplify
𝑥𝑦 5
1. log ( )
√𝑧

Solution:
𝑥𝑦 5
log ( ) = log(𝑥𝑦 5 ) − log(√𝑧)
√𝑧
1
= log 𝑥 + log 𝑦 5 − log 𝑧 2
1
= log 𝑥 + 5 log 𝑦 − log 𝑧
2

34 | P a g e
Example: Find the exact value of the following:
1. (log 2 6 − log 2 15) + log 2 20 =
2. log1000 100 =
Solution:
6
1. (log 2 6 − log 2 15) + log 2 20 = log 2 + log 2 20
15
6
= log 2 ( ∗ 20) = log 2 8 = 3
15

log 100 2
2. log1000 100 = =
log 1000 3

35 | P a g e
Lecture#11(logarithmic functions-part#2)
Example: Find the domain of the following functions
1. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ln⁡(𝑥 − 9)
2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ln⁡(ln 𝑥)
4𝑥−2
3. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = log 7 ( )
2+𝑥

Solution:
1. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ln⁡(𝑥 − 9)
𝑥 − 9 > 0⁡ → 𝑥 > 9
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐷𝑓 = (9, ∞)
2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ln⁡(ln 𝑥)
𝑥 > 0⁡⁡⁡𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡ ln 𝑥 > 0
ln 𝑥 > 0 → ln 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 > 1⁡⁡⁡
𝐷𝑓 = (0, ∞) ⁡⁡ ∩ ⁡ (1, ∞) = (1, ∞)⁡⁡
4𝑥−2
3. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = log 7 ( )
2+𝑥

4𝑥 − 2
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ >0 ----- - +++++
2+𝑥 numerator - ++=
1
1
4𝑥 − 2 > 0 → 𝑥 > 2
2 ----- - ++++++++++++++++
denominator -
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡2 + 𝑥 > 0 → 𝑥 > −2 +
−2

+++++ ----- +++++

4𝑥 − 2
2+𝑥 ++= -- ++=
1
1 −2
2
𝐷𝑓 = (−∞, −2) ⁡⁡ ∪ ( , ∞)
2

36 | P a g e
Lecture#12(Comparing exponential and logarithmic
functions)

Theorem:
𝐼𝑓 𝑏 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ≠ 1,
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 log 𝑏 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.

𝑏𝑥

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥

Example: Find the inverse function of the following

1. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 5𝑥
2. 𝑔(𝑥 ) = log 7 𝑥
3. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
Solution:
1. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 → 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) = log 5 𝑥
2. 𝑔(𝑥 ) = log 7 𝑥 → 𝑔−1 (𝑥 ) = 7𝑥
3. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 → 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) = ln 𝑥

37 | P a g e
Notes:
1. If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑏 𝑥 , 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) = log 𝑏 𝑥, and
(𝑓𝑜𝑓 −1 )(𝑥 ) = 𝑥, then
𝑓 (log 𝑏 𝑥 ) = 𝑥
𝑏 log𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥.
2. If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑏 𝑥 , 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) = log 𝑏 𝑥, and
(𝑓 −1 𝑜𝑓)(𝑥 ) = 𝑥, then
𝑓 −1 (𝑏 𝑥 ) = 𝑥
log 𝑏 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥
3. If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 and
ln 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥
Example: Find the exact value of the following
1. 5log5 𝑥 =
2. ln 𝑒 2 =
3. log 9 9𝑥 =
4. 𝑒 −2 ln 5 =
Solution:
1. 5log5 𝑥 = 𝑥
2. ln 𝑒 2 = 2
3. log 9 9𝑥 = 𝑥
−2 1 1
4. 𝑒 −2 ln 5 = 𝑒 ln 5 = 5−2 = =
52 25

38 | P a g e
Example: Find the domain and range of the function
𝑒𝑥 − 1
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥
𝑒 +3
Solution:
𝑒 𝑥 + 3 = 0 → 𝑒 𝑥 = −3 (ignore)
𝐷𝑓 = ℝ
𝑒 𝑥 −1
To find 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) → 𝑦 =
𝑒 𝑥 +3

𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 1
𝑦𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 = −1 − 3𝑦
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑦 − 1) = −1 − 3𝑦
−1 − 3𝑦
𝑒𝑥 =
𝑦−1
−1−3𝑦
ln 𝑒 𝑥 = ln ( )
𝑦−1

−1 − 3𝑦 −1 − 3𝑥
𝑥 = ln ( ) → 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) = ln ( )
𝑦−1 𝑥−1
To find range 𝑓 → 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑓 −1 = 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓
−1−3𝑥
𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) = ln ( )
𝑥−1
−1−3𝑥
To find 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑓 −1 → >0
𝑥−1
1
𝐷𝑓−1 = (− , 1)=𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 (𝑓)
3

39 | P a g e
Lecture#13(solving exponential and logarithmic
equations-part#1)
Example: Solve the following equations:
1. 2𝑥−5 = 3
2. ln(𝑥 + 1) = 5
3. log 𝑥 2 + log 𝑥 = 30
4. 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 = 6
5. (𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑥 − 5)𝑥 3 log 𝑥 2𝑥 = 0
Solution:
1. 2𝑥−5 = 3
log 2 2𝑥−5 = log 2 3 → 𝑥 − 5 = log 2 3 → 𝑥 = log 2 3 + 5

2. ln(𝑥 + 1) = 5
𝑒 ln(𝑥+1) = 𝑒 5 → 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑒 5 → 𝑥 = 𝑒 5 − 1

3. log 𝑥 2 + log 𝑥 = 30
2 log 𝑥 + log 𝑥 = 30 → 3 log 𝑥 = 30 ÷3
log10 𝑥 = 10 → 𝑥 = 1010

40 | P a g e
 4. 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 = 6
𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 6 = 0
Let 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑦
𝑦2 − 𝑦 − 6 = 0
(𝑦 − 3)(𝑦 + 2) = 0
𝑦 − 3 = 0 → 𝑦 = 3 → 𝑒 𝑥 = 3 → 𝑥 = ln 3
𝑦 + 2 = 0 → 𝑦 = −2 → 𝑒 𝑥 = −2 (ignore)

5. (𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑥 − 5)𝑥 3 log 𝑥 (2𝑥) = 0

𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 → 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑥 = −1(ignore since (log −1 −2) 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒)
𝑥−5=0→ 𝑥 =5
𝑥 3 = 0 → 𝑥 = 0 (ignore since (log0 0) 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒)
1
log 𝑥 2𝑥 = 0 → 2𝑥 = 1 → 𝑥 =
2
1
𝑥 = {5 , }
2

41 | P a g e
Lecture#13(solving exponential and logarithmic
equations-part#2)
Example: Solve the following equation ln 𝑥 + ln(𝑥 − 1) = 1
Solution:
ln(𝑥 ) (𝑥 − 1) = 1 log 𝑏 𝑎𝑐 = log 𝑏 𝑎 + log 𝑏 𝑐

𝑒 ln(𝑥)(𝑥−1) = 𝑒 1 → (𝑥 )(𝑥 − 1) = 𝑒
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 𝑒 = 0

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
1 ± √1 − (4)(1)(−𝑒) 1 ± √1 + 4𝑒
𝑥= =
2 2
1 + √1 + 4𝑒
𝑥=
2
1−√1+4𝑒 1−√1+4𝑒
𝑥= , (𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 √1 + 4𝑒 > 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2
< 0)
2

42 | P a g e
Example: Solve the following equation log 2 3𝑥 + log 4 9𝑥 2 = 4
Solution:
log 2 3𝑥 + log 4 9𝑥 2 = 4
log2 9𝑥 2 log𝑐 𝑎
log 2 3𝑥 + =4 , log 𝑏 𝑎 =
log2 4 log𝑐 𝑏

log 2 9𝑥 2 1
log 2 3𝑥 + = 4 → log 2 3𝑥 + log 2 9𝑥 2 = 4
2 2
1 1
2 )2 2 )2
log 2 3𝑥 + log 2 (9𝑥 =4 , (9𝑥 = √9𝑥 2 = 3𝑥
log 2 3𝑥 + log 2 3𝑥 = 4 → log 2 (3𝑥 )(3𝑥 ) = 4
4
2
log 2 9𝑥 2 = 4 → 9𝑥 2 = 24 → 𝑥 2 =
9
24 4
𝑥=√ = ±
9 3

4
𝑥= and
3
4
𝑥 = − (ignore since log2 3𝑥 = log2 (−4) ∉ (0, ∞) = 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 log)
3

Homework (7)
Solve the following equations:
𝑥 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
1. 𝑒 − 2𝑥𝑒 = 0 5. =1
2
2. log 𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 2) = 1 6. log 𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 6) = 1
3
3. log 𝑥 − log √𝑥 = 5
2 7. 9(3)𝑥 = 4−𝑥
4. 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 3𝑒 𝑥 = −2

43 | P a g e
Lecture#14(trigonometric functions-part#1)

𝑎 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
1. sin 𝜃 = =
𝑐 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑏 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
2. cos 𝜃 = = 𝑎
𝑐 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑎 sin 𝜃 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
3. tan 𝜃 = = =
𝑏 cos 𝜃 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝜃
1 𝑐
4. csc 𝜃 = = 𝑏
sin 𝜃 𝑎
1 𝑐
5. sec 𝜃 = =
cos 𝜃 𝑏
𝑏 cos 𝜃
6. cot 𝜃 = =
𝑎 sin 𝜃

Pythagorean Theorem : 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

Important Angles
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270° 360°
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 0 𝜋 2𝜋
6 4 3 2 2

1 1 √3
sin 𝜃 0 1 0 −1 0
2 √2 2

√3 1 1
cos 𝜃 1 0 −1 0 1
2 √2 2

44 | P a g e
 f(x)=sinx

f(x)=tanx

f(x)=cosx

Trigonometric functions:

Function Domain Range Even\Odd 1-1\Not 1-1

Odd
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ℝ [-1, 1] Not 1-1
sin(−𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Even
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 ℝ [-1, 1] Not 1-1
cos(−𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝜋
ℝ − { + 𝑛𝜋} Odd
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 2 ℝ Not 1-1
𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, … tan(−𝑥) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

45 | P a g e
Trigonometric Identities:
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1
2. 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
3. 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥
4. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1
5. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)
2
1
6. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)
2
7. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
8. sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
9. cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦

46 | P a g e
Lecture#14(trigonometric functions-part#2)

𝜃
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
−𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

Unit Circle:

47 | P a g e
The reference angle:

𝛽
𝜃 𝛽 𝜃 𝜃

𝑄2𝑄→
2 →
𝑄1𝑄1 𝑄3 → 𝑄1 𝑄4 → 𝑄1
𝜃 𝜃==𝜋 𝜋−−𝛽 𝛽 𝜃 =𝛽−𝜋 𝜃 = 2𝜋 − 𝛽
Example: Find 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 for:
5𝜋 4𝜋 7𝜋
1. 𝛽 = 2. 𝛽 = 3. 𝛽 =
6 3 4

Solution:
5𝜋
1. 𝛽 =
6

5𝜋 5 ∗ 180
= = 150° ∈ 𝑄2
6 6
𝑄2 → 𝑄1 𝜃 =𝜋−𝛽
5𝜋 𝜋
𝜃=𝜋− =
6 6
5𝜋 𝜋 1
sin ( ) = sin ( ) =
6 6 2
5𝜋 𝜋 √3
cos ( ) = −cos ( ) = −
6 6 2

48 | P a g e
 4𝜋
2. 𝛽 =
3

4𝜋
= 240° ∈ 𝑄3
3
𝑄3 → 𝑄1 𝜃 =𝛽−𝜋
4𝜋 𝜋
𝜃= −𝜋 =
3 3
4𝜋 𝜋 √3
sin ( ) = −sin ( ) = −
3 3 2
4𝜋 𝜋 1
cos ( ) = −cos ( ) = −
3 3 2

7𝜋
3. 𝛽 =
4

7𝜋
∈ 𝑄4
4
𝑄4 → 𝑄1 𝜃 = 2𝜋 − 𝛽
7𝜋 𝜋
𝜃 = 2𝜋 − =
4 4
7𝜋 𝜋 1
cos ( ) = +cos ( ) =
4 4 √2
7𝜋 𝜋 1
sin ( ) = −sin ( ) = −
4 4 √2

49 | P a g e
Lecture#14(trigonometric functions-part#3)

𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: Find the domain

1. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = sin(√𝑥 − 5)
𝑥−5≥0→𝑥 ≥5 𝐷𝑓 = [5, ∞)
1
2. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = cos ( )
𝑥−7

𝑥−7=0→𝑥 =7 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ − {7}
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: Find the domain and Range
3
1. 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
5+cos 𝑥

Domain:
5 + cos 𝑥 = 0 → cos 𝑥 = −5 (ignore)
𝐷𝑓 = ℝ
Range:
−1 ≤ cos 𝑥 ≤ 1 +5
4 ≤ 5 + cos 𝑥 ≤ 6
1 1 1
≥ ≥ ∗3
4 5 + cos 𝑥 6
3 3 3
≥ ≥
4 5 + cos 𝑥 6
3 1 1 3
≥ 𝑓(𝑥 ) ≥ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 [ , ]
4 2 2 4

50 | P a g e
 2. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2 sin2 𝑥 + 3
𝐷𝑓 = ℝ
Range:
−1 ≤ sin 𝑥 ≤ 1 ^2
0 ≤ sin2 𝑥 ≤ 1 ∗2
0 ≤ 2sin2 𝑥 ≤ 2 + 3
3 ≤ 2sin2 𝑥 + 3 ≤ 5
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 [3,5]
Remark: If 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, then 0 ≤ 𝑥 2 ≤ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 {𝑎2 , 𝑏 2 }
3. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3 + |cos 𝑥 |
𝐷𝑓 = ℝ
−1 ≤ cos 𝑥 ≤ 1
0 ≤ |cos 𝑥 | ≤ 1 + 3
3 ≤ 3 + |cos 𝑥 | ≤ 4
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 [3,4]
Remark: If 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, then 0 ≤ |𝑥 | ≤ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 {|𝑎|, |𝑏|}

Homework(8): Find the domain and Range

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 4 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥|

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Lecture#15(inverse trigonometric functions-part#1)

Function Graph
sin−1 𝑥
Domain: [−1 , 1]
𝜋 𝜋
Range: [− , ]
2 2
1-1
Odd:sin−1 (−𝑥 ) = − sin−1 𝑥

cos −1 𝑥
Domain: [−1 , 1]
Range: [0 , π]
1-1
Neither (not even, not odd)
cos−1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − cos −1 𝑥

tan−1 𝑥
Domain: ℝ
𝜋 𝜋
Range: (− , )
2 2
1-1
Odd:tan−1 (−𝑥) = − tan−1 𝑥

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Examples:
1 𝜋
1. sin−1 ( ) =
2 6
1 𝜋
2. sin−1 ( ) =
√2 4
−1 1 1 𝜋
3. sin (− ) = − sin−1 ( ) = −
2 2 6
1 𝜋
4. cos−1 ( ) =
2 3
𝜋
5. cos−1 (0) =
2
1 1 𝜋 2𝜋
6. cos−1 (− ) = 𝜋 − cos −1 ( ) = 𝜋 − =
2 2 3 3
𝜋
7. tan−1 (1) =
4
1 𝜋
8. tan−1 ( ) =
√3 6
𝜋
9. tan−1 (−1) = − tan−1 (1) = −
4

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Lecture#15(inverse trigonometric functions-part#2)

Example: Find the domain for the function

𝑓(𝑥 ) = sin−1 (2𝑥 + 1)
Solution:
−1 ≤ 2𝑥 + 1 ≤ 1
−1 −1 −1
−2 ≤ 2𝑥 ≤ 0 ÷2
−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0 𝐷𝑓 : [−1 , 0]
Example: Find the Range for the function
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝜋 + | tan−1 𝑥 |
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋
− < tan−1 𝑥 <
2 2
𝜋
0 ≤ |tan−1 𝑥 | < +𝜋
2
𝜋
𝜋 ≤ 𝜋 + |tan−1 𝑥 | < + 𝜋
2
3𝜋
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 [𝜋 , ]
2
Homework (9)
Find the range of the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2 cos−1 (3𝑥 + 1) − 𝜋

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Example: Find the exact value of the following
3
1. sec (sin−1 )=
5

3 3
sin−1 = 𝜃 → = sin 𝜃 5 3
5 5
5
sec 𝜃 =
4
𝜃
√25 − 9 = 4

1
2. sin (2 sin−1 )=
4
1 1
sin−1 = 𝜃 → sin 𝜃 = 4
4 4
1
sin(2𝜃 ) = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

1 √15 2√15 𝜃
= 2( )( )=
4 4 16 √16 − 1 = √15

3. cos(tan−1 𝑥 )=
𝑥 ඥ𝑥 2 + 1 𝑥
−1
tan 𝑥 = 𝜃 → tan 𝜃 =
1

cos 𝜃 =
1 𝜃
√𝑥 2 +1 1
4. sin(sec −1 𝑥 )=
𝑥
sec −1 𝑥 = 𝜃 → sec 𝜃 = 𝑥
1 ඥ𝑥 2 − 1
√𝑥 2 −1
sin 𝜃 = 𝜃
𝑥
1

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Homework (10)
Find the exact value of the following
1
1. cos (tan−1 ( ))
4
−3
2. sec (sin−1 ( ))
4
−1
3. cos(tan 𝑥)
4. sin(cos−1 𝑥)

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Lecture#15(inverse trigonometric functions-part#3)
Theorem:
(𝑓𝑜𝑓 −1 )(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑓 −1 𝑜𝑓 )(𝑥 ) = 𝑥

sin(sin−1 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 , ∀𝑥 ∈ [−1 , 1]
𝜋 𝜋
sin−1 (sin 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ [− , ]
2 2
Examples:
1 1 1
1. sin (sin−1 ) = , ∈ [−1 , 1]
3 3 3
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2. sin−1 (sin ) = , ∈ [− , ]
4 4 4 2 2
2𝜋
3. sin−1 (sin )=
3
2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
∉ [− , ]
3 2 2

2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋
∈ 𝑄2 , 𝑄2 → 𝑄1 𝜃 = 𝜋 − =
3 3 3
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin−1 (sin ) = ∈ [− , ]
3 3 3 2 2
4𝜋
4. sin−1 (sin )=
3

4𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
∉ [− , ]
3 2 2
4𝜋 4𝜋 𝜋
∈ 𝑄3 , 𝑄3 → 𝑄1 𝜃 =−𝜋 =
3 3 3
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin−1 (− sin ) = − sin−1 (sin ) = − ∈ [− , ]
3 3 3 2 2

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 cos(cos−1 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ [−1 , 1]
cos−1 (cos 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 , ∀𝑥 ∈ [0 , 𝜋 ]
Examples:
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
1. cos−1 (cos )= , ∈ [0 , 𝜋 ]
3 3 3
7𝜋
2. cos−1 (cos )=
4

7𝜋 7𝜋 𝜋
∈ 𝑄4 , 𝑄4 → 𝑄1 𝜃 = 2𝜋 − =
4 4 4
7𝜋 𝜋
cos−1 (cos ) = ∈ [0 , 𝜋 ]
4 4
4𝜋
3. cos−1 (cos )=
3

4𝜋 4𝜋 𝜋
∈ 𝑄3 , 𝑄3 → 𝑄1 𝜃 = −𝜋 =
3 3 3
4𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
cos−1 (cos ) = cos−1 (− cos ) = 𝜋 − cos−1 (cos )
3 3 3
𝜋 2𝜋
=𝜋− =
3 3
4𝜋 2𝜋
cos−1 (cos )= ∈ [0 , 𝜋 ]
3 3

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 tan(tan−1 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 ,∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝜋 𝜋
tan−1 (tan 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 , ∀𝑥 ∈ (− , )
2 2
Examples:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1. tan−1 (tan ) = ∈ (− , )
5 5 2 2
2𝜋
2. tan−1 (tan )=
3

2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋
∈ 𝑄2 → 𝑄1 , 𝜃 = 𝜋 − =
3 3 3
2𝜋 𝜋
tan−1 (tan ) = tan−1 (− tan )
3 3
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= − tan−1 (tan ) = − ∈ (− , )
3 3 2 2
2𝜋 𝜋
tan−1 (tan )=−
3 3

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