In these notes we will cover various aspects of functions.

We will look at the definition

of a function, the domain and range of a function, and what we mean by specifying the
domain of a function.

1.1 What is a function?

1.1.1 Definition of a function

A function f from a set of elements X to a set of elements Y is a rule that

assigns to each element x in X exactly one element y in Y .

One way to demonstrate the meaning of this definition is by using arrow diagrams.

X Y X Y
f g
1 5 1 5
2 2 6

3 3 3 3

4 2 4 2

f : X → Y is a function. Every element g : X → Y is not a function. The ele-

in X has associated with it exactly one ment 1 in set X is assigned two elements,
element of Y . 5 and 6 in set Y .

A function can also be described as a set of ordered pairs (x, y) such that for any x-value in
the set, there is only one y-value. This means that there cannot be any repeated x-values
with different y-values.
The examples above can be described by the following sets of ordered pairs.

F = {(1,5),(3,3),(2,3),(4,2)} is a func- G = {(1,5),(4,2),(2,3),(3,3),(1,6)} is not

tion. a function.

The definition we have given is a general one. While in the examples we have used numbers
as elements of X and Y , there is no reason why this must be so. However, in these notes
we will only consider functions where X and Y are subsets of the real numbers.
In this setting, we often describe a function using the rule, y = f (x), and create a graph
of that function by plotting the ordered pairs (x, f (x)) on the Cartesian Plane. This
graphical representation allows us to use a test to decide whether or not we have the
graph of a function: The Vertical Line Test.
1.1.2 The Vertical Line Test

The Vertical Line Test states that if it is not possible to draw a vertical line through a
graph so that it cuts the graph in more than one point, then the graph is a function.

y y

x
0

x
0

This is the graph of a function. All possi- This is not the graph of a function. The
ble vertical lines will cut this graph only vertical line we have drawn cuts the
once. graph twice.

1.1.3 Domain of a function

For a function f : X → Y the domain of f is the set X.

This also corresponds to the set of x-values when we describe a function as a set of ordered
pairs (x, y).

If only the rule y = f (x) is given, then the domain

√ is taken to be the set of all real x for
which the function is defined. For example, y = x has domain; all real x ≥ 0. This is
sometimes referred to as the natural domain of the function.

1.1.4 Range of a function

For a function f : X → Y the range of f is the set of y-values such that y = f (x) for
some x in X.

This corresponds to the set of√y-values when we describe a function as a set of ordered
pairs (x, y). The function y = x has range; all real y ≥ 0.

Example
√
a. State the domain and range of y = x + 4.
√
b. Sketch, showing significant features, the graph of y = x + 4.
Solution
√
a. The domain of y = x + 4 is all real x ≥ −4. We know that square root functions are
only defined for positive numbers so we require that x + 4 ≥ 0, ie x ≥ −4.√We also
know that the square root functions are always positive so the range of y = x + 4 is
all real y ≥ 0.

b.
y
3

1
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1

√
The graph of y = x + 4.

Example

a. A parabola, which has vertex (3, −3), is sketched below.

y
1
x
–2 0 2 4 6 8
–1

–2

–3

b. Find the domain and range of this function.

Solution
The domain of this parabola is all real x. The range is all real y ≥ −3.

Example

Sketch the graph of f (x) = 3x − x2 and find

a. the domain and range

b. f (q)

c. f (x2 ).
Solution

x
–1 0 1 2 3

The graph of f (x) = 3x − x2 .

a. The domain is all real x. The range is all real y where y ≤ 2.25.

b. f (q) = 3q − q 2
2
c. f (x2 ) = 3(x2 ) − (x2 ) = 3x2 − x4

Example

The graph of the function f (x) = (x − 1)2 + 1 is sketched below.

y
6

x
–2 0 2 4

The graph of f (x) = (x − 1)2 + 1.

State its domain and range.

Solution
The function is defined for all real x. The vertex of the function is at (1, 1) and therfore
the range of the function is all real y ≥ 1.

1.2 Specifying or restricting the domain of a function

We sometimes give the rule y = f (x) along with the domain of definition. This domain
may not necessarily be the natural domain. For example, if we have the function

y = x2 for 0≤x≤2

then the domain is given as 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. The natural domain has been restricted to the
subinterval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
Consequently, the range of this function is all real y where 0 ≤ y ≤ 4. We can best
illustrate this by sketching the graph.

y
4

x
–1 0 1 2

The graph of y = x2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.

1.3 Exercises
√
1. a. State the domain and range of f (x) = 9 − x2 .
√
b. Sketch the graph of y = 9 − x2 .

2. Sketch the following functions stating the domain and range of each:
√
a. y = x − 1
b. y = |2x|
 1
c. y = x−4

d. y = |2x| − 1.

3. Explain the meanings of function, domain and range. Discuss whether or not y 2 = x3
is a function.

4. Sketch the following relations, showing all intercepts and features. State which ones
are functions giving their domain and range.
√
a. y = − 4 − x2

b. |x| − |y| = 0

c. y = x3

d. y = x
|x|
,x = 0

e. |y| = x.

5. Write down the values of x which are not in the domain of the following functions:
√
a. f (x) = x2 − 4x
x
b. g(x) = x2 −1

1.4 Solutions to exercises 1.3

√
1. a. The domain of f (x) = 9 − x2 is all real x where −3 ≤ x ≤ 3. The range is all
real y such that 0 ≤ y ≤ 3.

b.
y
4

x
–4 –2 0 2 4

√
The graph of f (x) = 9 − x2 .
2. a. b.
y y
4 4

2 2

x x
0 1 3 5 –2 0 2
√
The graph of y = x − 1. The domain
is all real x ≥ 1 and the range is all real The graph of y = |2x|. Its domain is all
y ≥ 0. real x and range all real y ≥ 0.

c.
y

0
2 4 6 8 x

The graph of y = 1
x−4
. The domain is all real x = 4 and the range is all real y = 0.

d.
y
4

x
–2 0 2
–1

The graph of y = |2x| − 1. The domain is all real x, and the range is all real
y ≥ −1.

3. y 2 = x3 is not a function. If x = 1, then y 2 = 1 and y = 1 or y = −1.

4. a. b.
y y
2 2

x x
–2 0 2 –2 0 2

–2 –2

√
The graph of y = − 4 − x2 . This is a
function with the domain: all real x such The graph of |x| − |y| = 0. This is not
that −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 and range: all real y the graph of a function.
such that −2 ≤ y ≤ 0.
c. d.
y y
2 2

x x
–2 0 2 –2 0 2

–2 –2

The graph of y = x3 . This is a function x

with the domain: all real x and range: The graph of y = |x| . This is the graph
all real y. of a function which is not defined at x =
0. Its domain is all real x = 0, and range
is y = ±1.
e.
y

x
0 2

–2

The graph of |y| = x. This is not the graph of a function.

5. a. The values of x in the interval 0 < x < 4 are not in the domain of the function.
b. x = 1 and x = −1 are not in the domain of the function.
 Question 1

Find the domain and range of each of the following, where y is a function of x.
r
(a) y = 5x + 3 (h) y = −1 + 2x − x2 1
(o) y =
√ x−2
(b) y = −7x − 4 (i) y = x + 9
√ 2
(c) y = 7 (j) y = 3x − 4 (p) y = √
2x − 5
√
(d) y = x2 (k) y = x2 − 4 x
(q) y = √
√ x+1
(e) y = 2x2 + 1 (l) y = 4 − x2
?
√ 1
2 1 (r) y = x−2+
(f ) y = x − 2x + 5 (m) y = x−5
7−x
(g) y = 4 − x2 1
6 (s) y = 1
(n) y = 1 − x−2
x+2

Question 2

For each of the following pairs of functions, find

1. (f # g)(x)
2. (g # f )(x)
3. The domain of (f # g)(x)
4. The range of (f # g)(x)

(a) f (x) = 2x + 4, g(x) = 3x − 5 1 1

(e) f (x) = , g(x) =
x x
(b) f (x) = x2 , g(x) = x − 3 √
(f ) f (x) = x2 + 2, g(x) = x−4
√
(c) f (x) = x + 2, g(x) = 2x − 4 √
1
√ (g)? f (x) = , g(x) = 5−x
(d) f (x) = 3x − 4 , g(x) = x + 2 1−x
√ 3
(h)? f (x) = x − 2, g(x) =
x−9
 Solutions

Question 1

(a) D = R, R = R

(b) D = R, R = R

(c) D = R, R = 7

(d) D = R, R = {y ∈ R : y ≥ 0}

(e) D = R, R = {y ∈ R : y ≥ 1}

(f ) D = R, R = {y ∈ R : y ≥ 4}

(g) D = R, R = {y ∈ R : y ≤ 4}

(h) D = R, R = {y ∈ R : y ≤ 0}

(i) D = {x ∈ R : x ≥ −9}, R = {y ∈ R : y ≥ 0}

(j) D = {x ∈ R : x ≥ 4/3}, R = {y ∈ R : y ≥ 0}

(k) D = {x ∈ R : x ≤ −2 or x ≥ 2}, R = {y ∈ R : y ≥ 0}

(l) D = {x ∈ R : −2 ≤ x ≤ 2}, R = {y ∈ R : 0 ≤ y ≤ 2}

(m) D = {x ∈ R : x 6= 7}, R = {y ∈ R : y 6= 0}

(n) D = {x ∈ R : x 6= −2}, R = {y ∈ R : y 6= 0}

(o) D = {x ∈ R : x > 2}, R = {y ∈ R : y > 0}

(p) D = {x ∈ R : x > 5/2}, R = {y ∈ R : y > 0}

(q) D = {x ∈ R : x > −1}, R = R

(r) D = {x ∈ R : x ≥ 2 and x 6= 5}

(s) D = {x ∈ R : x 6= 2 and x 6= 3}, R = {y ∈ R : y 6= 0 and y 6= 1}

 Question 2

(a) (d)

√
1. (f # g)(x) = 6x − 6 1. (f # g)(x) = 3 x + 2 − 4
√
2. (g # f )(x) = 6x + 7 2. (g # f )(x) = 3x − 2

3. D = R 3. D = {x ∈ R : x ≥ −2}

4. R = R 4. R = {y ∈ R : y ≥ −4}

(b) (e)

1. (f # g)(x) = (x − 3)2 1. (f # g)(x) = x

2. (g # f )(x) = x2 − 3 2. (g # f )(x) = x

3. D = R 3. D = {x ∈ R : x 6= 0}

4. R = {y ∈ R : y ≥ 0} 4. R = {y ∈ R : y 6= 0}

(c) (f )

√
1. (f # g)(x) = 2x − 2 1. (f # g)(x) = x − 2
√ √
2. (g # f )(x) = 2 x + 2 − 4 2. (g # f )(x) = x2 − 2

3. D = {x ∈ R : x ≥ 1} 3. D = {x ∈ R : x ≥ 4}

4. R = {y ∈ R : y ≥ 0} 4. R = {y ∈ R : y ≥ 2}
(g)? (h)?

1
r
1. (f # g)(x) = √ 3
1− 5−x 1. (f # g)(x) = −2
x−9
r
1 3
2. (g # f )(x) = 5 − 2. (g # f )(x) = √
1−x x−2−9
21
3. D = {x ∈ R : x ≤ 5 and x 6= 4} 3. D = {x ∈ R : 9 < x ≤ 2
}

4. R = {y ∈ R : y ≥ 1 or y < 0} 4. R = {y ∈ R : y ≥ 0}