S–CALCF

Scholarship 2021
Calculus

FORMULAE AND TABLES BOOKLET

Refer to this booklet to answer the questions for Scholarship Calculus.

Check that this booklet has pages 2 – 4 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank.

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 2

CALCULUS – USEFUL FORMULAE

ALGEBRA Complex Numbers COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Quadratics z = x + iy Straight Line
If ax 2 + bx + c = 0 = r cis! Equation y − y1 = m(x − x1 )

−b ± b2 − 4ac = r(cos! + isin ! )

then x =
2a Circle
Logarithms z = x ! iy (x − a)2 + ( y − b)2 = r 2
= r cis (!! ) has a centre (a,b) and radius r
y = log b x ⇔ x = b y
= r(cos! ! isin ! )
( )
log b xy = log b x + log b y Parabola
2 2
⎛ x⎞ r = z = zz = (x + y ) y 2 = 4ax or x = at 2 y = 2at
log b ⎜ ⎟ = log b x − log b y
⎝ y⎠ ! = arg z Focus (a,0) Directrix x = − a
x
( )
log b x n = n log b x where cos! =
r Ellipse
y x2 y2
log a x and sin ! = + = 1 or x = acosθ y = bsin θ
log b x = r
log a b a 2 b2
Foci (c,0),(–c,0) where b2 = a 2 – c 2
De Moivre’s Theorem
c
If n is any integer, then Eccentricity: e =
a
(r cis ! ) n = r n cis (n! )
Binomial Theorem
Hyperbola
⎛ n⎞ ⎛ n⎞ ⎛ n⎞ ⎛ n⎞ ⎛ n⎞
n n n−1 1 n−2 2 x2 y2
(a + b) = ⎜ ⎟ a + ⎜ ⎟ a b + ⎜ ⎟ a b + ... + ⎜ ⎟ a b + ... + ⎜ ⎟ bn
n−r r
− = 1 or x = asecθ y = btan θ
⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ r ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ n⎟⎠ a2 b2
b
asymptotes y = ± x
⎛ n⎞ a
n!
⎜ ⎟ = nCr =
⎜⎝ r ⎟⎠ (n − r)!r! Foci (c,0),( − c,0) where b2 = c 2 – a 2
c
Eccentricity: e =
⎛ n⎞ a
Some values of ⎜ ⎟ are given in the table below.
⎜⎝ r ⎟⎠

r 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
n
0 1
1 1 1
2 1 2 1
3 1 3 3 1
4 1 4 6 4 1
5 1 5 10 10 5 1
6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
7 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
8 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
9 1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
10 1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1
11 1 11 55 165 330 462 462 330 165 55 11
12 1 12 66 220 495 792 924 792 495 220 66
 3

CALCULUS Product Rule

Differentiation dy dv du
( f .g )′ = f .g ′ + g. f ′ or if y = uv then =u +v
dx dx dx
dy
y = f ( x) = f ′( x )
dx
Quotient Rule
1
ln x ′ du dv
x ⎛ f⎞ g. f ′ − f .g ′ u dy v dx − u dx
⎜⎝ g ⎟⎠ = or if y = then =
e ax ae ax g2 v dx v2
sin x cos x
cos x − sin x Composite Function or Chain Rule
2
tan x sec x ′
sec x sec x tan x
( )
f ( g ) = f ′ ( g ) .g ′
dy dy . du
cosec x −cosec x cot x or if y = f (u) and u = g(x) then =
dx du dx
cot x −cosec 2 x
NUMERICAL METHODS
Integratioon Trapezium Rule
f ( x) ∫ f ( x )dx b
1
∫a
f (x) dx ≈ h ⎡⎣ y0 + yn + 2( y1 + y2 + ...+ yn−1 ) ⎤⎦
2
x n +1 b− a
xn +c where h = and yr = f (xr )
n +1 n
( n ≠ −1)
1 Simpson’s Rule
ln x + c b
x 1
f ′( x )
ln f ( x ) + c
∫a
f (x) dx ≈ h ⎡⎣ y0 + yn + 4( y1 + y3 + ...+ yn−1 ) + 2( y2 + y4 + ...+ yn−2 ) ⎤⎦
3
f ( x) b− a
where h = , yr = f (xr ) and n is even.
n
First Principles
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ′( x ) = lim
h→ 0 h

Parametric Function
dy dy . dt
=
dx dt dx
d2 y d  d y  . dt
=  

dx 2 dt  d x  d x
 4

TRIGONOMETRY Products
1 2sin Acos B = sin ( A+ B) + sin( A − B)
cosec! = –
sin ! 6
2cos Asin B = sin ( A+ B) − sin( A − B)
2
1 3 2cos Acos B = cos( A+ B) + cos( A − B)
sec! =
cos! 2sin Asin B = cos( A − B) − cos( A+ B)
–
3
1 1
cot ! =
tan ! – Sums
4
cos! 2 1 C+D C−D
cot ! = sinC + sin D = 2sin cos
sin ! – 2 2
4
1 C+D C−D
sinC − sin D = 2cos sin
Sine Rule 2 2
a b c C+D C−D
= = cosC + cos D = 2cos cos
sin A sin B sinC 2 2
C+D C−D
cosC − cos D = −2sin sin
Cosine Rule 2 2

c 2 = a 2 + b2 ! 2ab cosC
MEASUREMENT
Triangle
Identities
1
cos 2 ! + sin 2 ! = 1 Area = absinC
S–CALCF

2
tan 2 ! + 1 = sec 2 !
cot 2 ! + 1 = cosec 2! Trapezium
1
Area = (a + b)h
General Solutions 2
If sin ! = sin " then ! = n! + ("1) n "
Sector
If cos ! = cos " then ! = 2n! ± "
1 2
If tan ! = tan " then ! = n! + " Area = rθ
2
where n is any integer
Arc length = rθ

Compound Angles
Cylinder
sin( A ± B) = sin Acos B ± cos Asin B
Volume = ! r 2 h
cos( A ± B) = cos Acos B ! sin Asin B
Curved surface area = 2!rh
tan A ± tan B
tan( A ± B) =
1! tan Atan B
Cone
1
Double Angles Volume = !r 2 h
3
sin 2 A = 2sin Acos A
Curved surface area = ! rl where l = slant height
2 tan A
tan 2 A =
1! tan 2 A
Sphere
cos 2 A = cos 2 A ! sin 2 A 4
2 Volume = ! r 3
= 2cos A ! 1 3
= 1! 2sin 2 A Surface area = 4! r 2