Experimet No,01

pH
Aim

To determnine the piof the given sewagesample.

Apparatus
Burette, pupaper, pmeter,Glass Beaker, Buffer tablets.

Reagents

Standard Buffer solutions

Theory
puis defincd as the negative logaríthm of hydrogen ion concentration or logarithm of
reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration. Mcasurement of pris one of the most
important and frequcntiy nccded tests in water and waste water engincering.
Practically every phase of water supply and wastewater treatment, for example acid
base neutralization, water softeníng, coagulation, disinfection and corrosion control is
pu dependent. puof drinking water should be in the range of 6.5 to 8.5.
Procedure
1. By psPaper Method
Tear offa picce of pupaser from the p1 paper book. Dip this paper in a test tube filled
with the gven water sanple. Allow this paper to dry and develop color. Compare the
colour wíth the standard colour printed on thecover of the p paper book and record
the ps. This method is an approximate method only.

2. By pusmeter Method (Electrometric method)

1)Check the inside of the electrode of the pu Meter to ascertain whether it contains
sufficient level of saturatdKOH solution. Thetwo clectrodes are always immersed in
distilled water.
 Experiment No.:01

PH
Aim

To determinethe puof thegiven

sewage sample.
Apparatus
Burette, pupaper, pumeter, Glass Beaker, Buffer tablets.
Reagents
Standard Buffer solutions

Theory
puis defined as the negative logarithm of
reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration.hydrogen
ion concentration or logarithm of
important and frequentiy needed tests in Measurement of pu is one of the most
water and waste water engineering.
Practically every phase of water supply and wastewater treatment, for example acid
base neutralization, water softening, coagulation,
pudependent. pu of drinking water should be in thedisinfection
and corrosion control is
range of 6.5 to 8.5.
Procedure
1. By pu Paper Method
Tear off a piece of pupaper from the pupaper book. Dip this paper in a test tube
with the given water san:ple. Allow this paper to dry and develop color. filled
colour with the standard colour printed on the cover of the pupaper bookCompare the
and record
the p. This method is an approximate method only.

2. By pumeter Method(Electrometric method)

I) Check the inside of the electrode of the pH Meter to
ascertain whether it contains
sufficient level of saturated KOH solution. The two electrodes are always
distilled water. immersed in
 and allow
2) Set the temperature to 25°C (room temperature), Switch on thepu Meter
the meter to warm up for about 15 minutes.
clean with atissue
3) Take out the electrodes from the distilled water, rinse it and
to
paper and immerse them in standard buffer solution of say plH4. Press the knob
adjust it to read pll position using the calibrating knob.
4) Repeat the procedure with the sccond buffer solution, If the meter shows the
correct reading directly, the instrument is calibrate.

5) Place the eclectrodes in the given water sanple and record the pli directly.

Observation:

Applications and significance:

1. Determination of pH is one of the important objective in biological treatment of
the waste waters. In anaerobic treatment, if the pH goes below 5 due to excess
accumulation of acids, the process is severely aflected. Shifting of pli beyond 5 to
10 upsets the aerobic treatment of waste waters. In thcse circumstances, the pH can
be adjusted by addition of suitable acid or alkali to optinize the treatment of the
waste waters.
2. pli value of range is of immense value for any chemical reaction. Achemical shal
be highly effective a a particular pll. Chemical coagulation, disinfection.
softening and corrosioncontrol are governed by pl adjustment.
3. Dewatering of sludges, oxidation of cyanides and reduction of hexavalent
chromium into trivalent chromium also need a favourable pH range.
4. It is used in the calculation of carbonate, bicarbonate, C0) corrosion, stability
index and acid-base cquilibria.
Experiment No.: 03 SOLIDS IN WASTE WATER

Aim

Solids in sewage: Total Solids, SuspendedSolids, Dissolved Solids,

Determination of
Volatile Solids, Fixed Solids and Settleable Solids.
Apparatus
furnace, hot air oven, digital balance,
China dish of 150a¬"200 ml capacity, Muffle
filter paper, Imhoff cone, conical flask. Desiccato

Theory
solid content. Sewage
One of the most important characteristics of sewage is the important parameter as
normally contains 99 % water and 1% solids. Solids test is an
it isused in:

which depend on the

1. Design of biological units and water pollution control methods,
concentration of organic solids.
2. In Grit chambers and sedimentation tank design which depends on the quantity of inorganic
and organic settleable solids respectively.
3. Dissolved inorganic solids are to be considered in the design of land treatment of Sewage.
Classification of Sewage Solids:
Total solids: Analytically the total solids content of a wastewater is defined as all the
matter that remains as residue on evaporation at 103A°C and subsequent drying.
These solids are very important as they indicate the strength of sewage and amount of
treatment required.

Total solids in wastewater exist in 3 forms:

Dissolved solids, Colloidal solids and Suspended solids.

Dissolved solids are those which remain dissolved in sewage just as salt in water and
are generally organic in nature causing putrefaction and thus increasing the strength of
sewage and creating nuisance if disposed off untreated. Colloidal solids are finely
divided solids remaining either in solution or in suspension.
Suspended solids arethose, which are in suspension and arefloating in sewage.
These are further classified into:
 1. Settleable solids, which settle down at the bottomof an
measure of the quality of sludge that will be Imhoff cone and are an approximate
II. Non settleable solids are those, removed by
sedimentation.
treatment. colloidal in nature and can be removed by Chemical

Fixed solids: Fixed solids are also called

salts, which include sand, gravel, inorganic solids consisting of minerals and
55A°/o of the total solids and are debris, dissolved salts etc. They constitute about
not harmful in sewage
require only mechanical appliances such treatment operations and
as screens for their removal.
Volatile solids: They are also called organic
organic matter such as carbohydrates, fats, oilssolids or ignited solids,
etc and constitute aboutconsisting of
total solids and commonly used in the 45% of the
biological stability. analysis of wastewater sludge's to measure their

Procedure

al Total solids
1. Ignite the clean
evaporating dishes in the muffle furnace for 30 minutes at
cool in a desiccator. 550A°C and
2. Note down the empty weight of
3. Pour a measured portion (50to the dish (Wi).
100 ml) of the well-mixed
evaporate thecontents by placing the dish on sample into the dish and
4. Transfer the dish to an a steam bath.
5. Allow the dish to cool oven maintained at 103-105°Cand dry it for 1 hour.
briefly in air before placing it, while
complete cooling in a dry atmosphere. still warm in a
6. Weigh the dish as soon as it desiccator to
has completely cooled (W2).
7. Weight of
residue=WI (W-Wi)mg. [Wz and Wi should be expressed in
mg.]
b] Total Fixed Solids
1. Keep the sane dish
for 1 hour at 550°C.(Wr) used for
r

2. Allow the dish to

determining total residue in a muftle
furnace
partially
adesiccator for final cool in air until mostof the heat has
cooling in a dry dissipated, then transfer to
cooledatmosphere.
3. Weigh the dish as
4. soon as it has (Ws).
Weight of total fixed
cxpressed in mg.] residue W (Ws-W i) mg [Wh and
Wishould be
 c Total Dissohed Soids
1. Hle a measu
tion of the mìxNd sample (s0 or 00
n) through a
Whatmann ilter
1 Heat andcolltthe filtrate in a
CiNlto S hours in a hot air oven reviously preard and weighed evaporating dish at 103
3. Alkow the dish to l brietlv in air
and weigh the residue.
complete oling in a dry atmospherebefore placing it, while still warm in a desiccator to
4. Weigh the dish as soon as it
5. Weight of total has completely cooled (W).
dissoeN Solids Wb(Ws-W)mg.
6. Wher,
Wa-Weight of empty evaporating dish in mg.
Ws=Weight of empty evaporating dish in mg+Residue lett after evaporating
the filtrate in mg.
d]Total Suspended Solids = W,= TotalSolids - Total Dissolved Solids.
e) TotalVolatile Solids = Wr=Total Solids -Total Fixd Solids.

f Settiea ble Solids (by volume) [Wss]

1. Fill an imhoft cone (lit capacity. graduated up to 40m) to the litre mark with a
thoroughly mixed sample.
2. Allow to settle for 4S minutes.
3. Gentlv stir the sides of the cone with a od afew times to ensure that all solids adhering
to the sides is loosened.
4. Allow to settle for further 15 minutes.
mln.
5. Record the volume of settleable matter in the cone as

OBSERVATIONS, CALCæLATIONS, AND RESULT:

Unit Result
Label
Parameter
 Weight of clean empty
evaporating dish W
Weight of china dish after it |mg
has completely
cooled
W2 mg
with
residue
of
sewage
sample
Oven
dried at
103°c
Total Solids
WT= W2 -WI
Total Solids (per ml of mg
sample) [WTx 103]/V mg/l
Total Fixed Solids
Weight of clean
evaporating dish empty W3
mg
Total
Fixed
Solids WE= W3 -W i
Total mg
Fixed
Solids
(per ml
of
sample) |[WFx 103] /V mg/l
Total Dissolved Solids
Weight
of clean
empty
evaporati
ng dish W4
Weight of china mg
has completely dish after it Ws
cooled mg
with
residue
left after
 evaporati
ng the
Filtrate.
Total
Dissolve
dSolids Wp= Ws -W 4 mg
Total
Dissolve
d Solids
(per ml
of
sample) [WDx 10:]/ V mg/l

TotalSuspended Solids
Total Suspended Solids Ws =WT.WD mg
=Total
Solids -
Total
Dissolve
d Solids.
Total
Suspend
ed Solids
(per ml
of
sample) |[Ws x103]/V mg/l
Total Volatile Solids
Total
Volatile
Solids Wy= Wr-WF mg
= Total
Solids -
Total
Fixed
Solids.

Total
Volatile
Solids
(per ml
of Wvx 10:] /V mg/l
 sample)
Total Settleable Solids
Settleable solids
ml

Settleabl
e solids
(per ml
of
sample) Wss =v/V ml/1

Applications and significance:

Total solids:
1. Total solids
determination is used to assess the
cases, in which water softening is needed, the suitability of potential supply of water for various uses. In
solids content. type of software procedure used maybe
dictated by the total
2. Corrosion control is
frequently
The pH at stabilization dependsaccomplished by the production of
to some extent upon the total solidsstabilized waters through pH adjustment.
temperature. present as well as the alkalinity and

Total dissolved solids:

1. Estimation of total dissolved solids is useful to
purpose, agricuiture and industrial processes. determine whether the water is suitable for
drinking

Total volatile solids:

1. Volatile solids test is normally applied to sludges.
2. tis indispensable in the design and
Before the development of the COD operation
3. of sludge digester, vacuum
filter and in incineration plants.
test, it is used to find strength of
4. tis helpful in assessing the
amount industrial and domestic wastewater
puiping waste liquors. biologically inert organic matter, such as lignin in the case of
wood

Total settleable solids:

1. The setleable
solids determinationis used
settling tanks inextensively
need for and design of plain in the analysis of
plants industrial waste to determine the
employing biological treatment processes.
 3,O
L. It is also widely used in wastewater treatrment plant operation to determine the efficiency of sedimentation
units.

Total suspended solids:

and eftluernt.
I. The suspended solids parameter is used to measure the auality of the wastewater influent
Z. The suspended solids determination is extremely valuable in the analysis of polluted waters.
determine the efficiency of
3. It is used to evaluate strength of domestic waste water, It is used to
treatment unít.