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CEL 212 Lab 7 Solids

This document provides background and procedures for determining total solids in a water sample through evaporation and drying at 103-105°C. Total solids is used to assess water quality for different purposes and includes dissolved and suspended solids. The lab procedure involves evaporating a water sample in a weighed dish, drying overnight, cooling in a desiccator, and reweighing to calculate total solids concentration based on weight change. Students are asked questions comparing solids significance in different water types and determining solids from information given for a raw wastewater sample.

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Adeniji Adetayo
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
122 views

CEL 212 Lab 7 Solids

This document provides background and procedures for determining total solids in a water sample through evaporation and drying at 103-105°C. Total solids is used to assess water quality for different purposes and includes dissolved and suspended solids. The lab procedure involves evaporating a water sample in a weighed dish, drying overnight, cooling in a desiccator, and reweighing to calculate total solids concentration based on weight change. Students are asked questions comparing solids significance in different water types and determining solids from information given for a raw wastewater sample.

Uploaded by

Adeniji Adetayo
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CEL212 Environmental Engineering


Second Semester 2010-2011
Laboratory Experiment 7: Solids (Total Solids Dried at 103-105°C)
Reference Material:
• AWWA, WEF, APHA, 1998, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater
• Sawyer, C. N., McCarty, P. L., and Parkin, G. F. 2000. Chemistry for
Environmental Engineering. Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York.

Methods: 2540 B. Total Solids Dried at 103-105°C

Objective: Calculate total solids in a water sample.

Background:
Solids measurement is used in different water samples (industrial, domestic and drinking
water) and it is defined as residue upon evaporation and drying at 103-105°C (here all matters
that exert significant vapour pressure at such temperatures are evaporated and lost, resulting in
only those materials which have negligible vapour pressure at 105°C) (gives total solids: TS).
This parameter is used to determine potential use of water for different purposes. It indicates
effectiveness of sedimentation process and it affects effectiveness of disinfection process in
killing microorganisms.
Dissolved and Undissolved (i.e., suspended) Solids: Water may have both dissolved and
undissolved (i.e., suspended) solids, depending on water quality type. In drinking water, all
solids are generally in a dissolved form and it consists of inorganic salts, small amounts of
organic matter, and gases. For total dissolved analysis, evaporation is conducted at 180°C as at
higher temperature, occulted water inside particles can also be evaporated (gives total dissolved
solids: TDS). After filtration, solids retained on filter paper are called suspended solids and they
are quantified by drying at 103-105°C (gives total suspended solids=TSS).

Total solids= Total dissolved solids +Total suspended solids (1)

Volatile and Fixed Solids: This measurement is required to get an estimate of quantity of
organic matter in wastewater and volatile solids indicate these characteristics. This is achieved
by combusting sample at high temperature where organic matter is converted to carbon dioxide
and water and thus volatilized, while temperature is controlled in such a manner to prevent
decomposition and volatilization of inorganic substances as much as is consistent with complete
oxidation of organic matter. The loss in weight during high temperature treatment oxidation and
volatilization is interpreted in terms of organic matter (i.e., volatile solids: VS). The remaining
amount is termed as fixed solids (FS). The standard temperature used for this process is 550°C as
at this temperature all organic matter, generally carbon residue resulting from pyrolysis of
carbohydrates and other organic matter can be oxidized at reasonable rate.

Lab Procedure:
A well mixed sample is evaporated in a weighed dish and dried to constant weight in an
oven at 103-105°C. The increase in weight over that of the empty dish represents the total solids.
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High mineralized water with significant calcium, magnesium chloride may be hygroscopic and
require prolonged drying and proper desiccation and rapid weighing.

Apparatus:
Evaporating dish, desiccator (with a descant containing color indicator of moisture
concentration), drying oven for operation at 103-105°C, and analytical balance.

Steps:
1. Heat clean the dish to 103 to 105°C for 1 h. Store and cool dish in desiccators until
needed. Weight immediately before dish (Weight =WA, in mg).
Item(Take three observations) Value
Weight of empty dish
Weight of sample + dish
Weight of sample+dish after drying

2. Pipet 50 mL well-mixed sample (Vsample, in mL) and put it in a dish. Measure weight of
the dish (Weight = WB, in mg). Measure two sub-samples of the given sample (i.e.,
duplicate analysis; Sample 1A and Sample 1B).
3. Put sample in an oven at 105° and wait till dryness. Come back after 10-12 hours of
drying (i.e., when all water is evaporated and sample is dried).
4. For measuring weight of residue + dish, first cool the dish in desiccator to balance
temperature (say for 10 minutes) and weigh it (Weight = WC , in mg).
5. Calculate concentration of total solids using following equation:
Total solids (mg/L) = 1000 × (WC-WA)/ (Vsample) (2)

6. Report total solids as average and standard deviation of duplicate samples.

Answer these questions also (for Submission with Lab report):


Q1. Compare significance of solids in drinking water and wastewater.

++++++++Additional Question (Not for Submission)+++++++


QA1. Determine the concentration of total solids and total volatile solids in a raw wastewater
sample (sample volume analyzed = 100 mL), collected from the “WWTP1” plant using the
following information. Express solids concentration in terms of g/L.
mass of evaporating dish (blank) 50.1111g
mass of evaporating dish + residue after evaporation at 105°C 50.9321 g
mass of evaporating dish + residue after ignition at 550°C 50.7611 g

QA2. Say my student wants to use volatile suspended solids measurement to indicate microbial
concentration in a raw wastewater. Would you recommend using this estimate for indicating
microbial concentration? How about in effluent coming out of the wastewater plant? (Hint:
Microorganisms are also made of organic matter and suspended organic matter in wastewater
effluent is generally very small.)

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