Scribd
Upload
37 views

Chain Rule For Several Independent Variables

Uploaded by

malikabdulah425
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
37 views

Chain Rule For Several Independent Variables

Uploaded by

malikabdulah425
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Chain Rule

(For several independent variables)


Functions Defined on Surfaces:

If we are interested in the temperature 𝑤 = 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) on a globe in space, we might


prefer to think of 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 as functions of variables r and s that gives points’
longitudes & latitudes. If 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑟, 𝑠), 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑟, 𝑠) and 𝑧 = 𝑧(𝑟, 𝑠), we could then
express the temperature as a function of 𝑟 and 𝑠 with the composite function.

𝒘 = 𝒘(𝒙(𝒓, 𝒔), 𝒚(𝒓, 𝒔), 𝒛(𝒓, 𝒔))

Under the right conditions, 𝑤 could have partial derivatives with respect to both 𝒓 and
𝒔 that could be calculated in the following way.

Chain Rule for Two independent and Three Intermediate Variables

Suppose that 𝒘 = 𝒘(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛); 𝒙 = 𝒙(𝒓, 𝒔), 𝒚 = 𝒚(𝒓, 𝒔) and 𝒛 = 𝒛(𝒓, 𝒔). If all the
four functions are differentiable, then 𝑤 has partial derivatives with respect to 𝑟 and 𝑠,
given by the formulas

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑧
= + +
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑧
= + +
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑠
Example 3
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
Express and in terms of 𝑟 and 𝑠 if
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑠

𝑟
𝑤 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 2 ; 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = 𝑟 2 + ln 𝑠 , 𝑧 = 2𝑟
𝑠
Solution:

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑧
= + +
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟

1
= (1) ( ) + (2) (2𝑟) + (2𝑧) (2)
𝑠

1
= ( ) + 4𝑟 + (4𝑟) (2)
𝑠

1
= ( ) + 12𝑟
𝑠

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑧
= + +
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑠

𝑟 1
= (1) (− 2 ) + (2) ( ) + (2𝑧) (0)
𝑠 𝑠

2 𝑟
= ( ) – ( 2)
𝑠 𝑠
Remark 1:

If 𝒇 is a function of two variables instead of three, each equation becomes


correspondingly one term shorter.
If 𝑤 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦); 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑟, 𝑠), 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑟, 𝑠), then
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑦
= + 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑦
= + 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠

Example 4:
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
Express and in terms of 𝑠 and 𝑟
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑟

𝒘 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒙 = 𝒓 – 𝒔, 𝒚 = 𝒓 + 𝒔
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑦
Solution: = +
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟

= (2𝑥)(1) + (2𝑦)(1)

= 2 (𝑟 – 𝑠) + 2 (𝑟 + 𝑠) = 4𝑟

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑦
= +
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑠

= (2𝑥) (−1) + (2𝑦) (1)

= −2 (𝑟 – 𝑠) + 2 (𝑟 + 𝑠)

= 4𝑠

Remark 2: If 𝑓 is a function of 𝑥 alone, our equations become even simpler.

If 𝑤 = 𝑤(𝑥); 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑟, 𝑠), then


∂w 𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑥 ∂w 𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑥
= . and = .
∂r 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑟 ∂s 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑠

Chain Rule: Two Independent Variables


𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
In exercise 7 and 8, (a) express and as a function of u and v by using chain rule.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Then (b) evaluate and at the given point (𝑢, 𝑣).
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

𝝅
1. 𝒛 = 𝟒𝒆𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒚 , 𝑥 = ln(𝑢 cos 𝑣) , 𝑦 = 𝑢 sin 𝑣 ; (𝒖, 𝒗) = (𝟐, )
𝟒
𝒙 𝝅
2. 𝒛 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) , 𝑥 = 𝑢 cos 𝑣 , 𝑦 = 𝑢 sin 𝑣 ; (𝒖, 𝒗) = (𝟏. 𝟑, )
𝒚 𝟔

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy