A PRESENTATION ON THE

CALCULUS PROJECT BY:

ODEDINA OMOLADE. T 40573
OSISIOGU UKACHI O. 40576

April 10, 2018

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Question 1:

Changing Voltage in a circuit: The voltage V in a

circuit that satisfies the law V = IR is slowly dropping as the
battery wears out. At the same time, the resistance R is
increasing as the resistor heats up. Derive a formulae for dV
dt
in
term of I and R. Using this, find how the current is changing
at the instant when R = 600ohms, I = 0.04amps and
dR
dt
= 0.5ohms/secs and dV dt
= −0.01volt/sec.

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Solution:

1 V = IR (Ohm’s Law)
∂V = I
∂R
∂V = R
∂I
where I and R are both functions of time. But;
   
dV ∂V dR ∂V dI
= · + · .
dt ∂R dt ∂I dt

Therefore;
dV dR dI
=I +R
dt dt dt
dV
2 Substituting the parameters given into the formulae for dt ,

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 dI
−0.01 = (0.04 × 0.5) + 600 ,
dt
dI
−0.01 = 0.02 + 600
dt
dI
−0.03 = 600
dt
dI −0.03
=
dt 600
dI
= −0.5 × 10−5 amp/sec
dt

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Question 2:

Polar Co-ordinate: Suppose that we substitute polar

co-ordinates x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ in a differentiable function

w = f (x, y )
∂w
(a) Show that = fx cos θ + fy sin θ and
∂r
1 ∂w
= −fx sin θ + fy cos θ
r ∂θ
(b) Solve the equation in part(a) to express fx and fy in terms of
∂w ∂w
and .
∂r ∂θ
∂w 2 1 ∂w 2
   
2 2
(c) Show that (fx ) + (fy ) = +
∂θ r ∂θ

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Solution:

w = f (x, y ).
∂w ∂w
This implies = fx and = fy .
∂x ∂y
But x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ. Therefore;
∂x ∂y
= cos θ and = sin θ
∂r ∂r
∂x ∂y
= −r sin θ and = r cos θ
∂θ ∂θ

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(a) (i)
   
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y
= · + ·
∂r ∂x ∂r ∂y ∂r
∂w
= fx cos θ + fy sin θ
∂r
(ii)    
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y
= · + ·
∂θ ∂x ∂θ ∂y ∂θ
∂w
= −fx (r sin θ) + fy (r cos θ)
∂θ
Divide through by r , we have;

1 ∂w
= −fx sin θ + fy cos θ
r ∂θ
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(b)
∂w
= fx cos θ + fy sin θ (1)
∂r
1 ∂w
= −fx sin θ + fy cos θ (2)
r ∂θ
To find fy , multiply (1) and (2) by cos θ and sin θ respectively.
Therefore; equations (1) and (2) becomes;
∂w
cos θ = fx (cos θ)2 + fy sin θ cos θ (3)
∂r
1 ∂w
sin θ = −fx (sin θ)2 + fy cos θ sin θ (4)
r ∂θ
Subtracting (4) from (3), we get;
∂w 1 ∂w
cos θ − sin θ = fx
∂r r ∂θ
Therefore;
∂w 1 ∂w
fx = cos θ − sin θ
∂r r ∂θ
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To find fy , multiply (1) and (2) by sin θ and cos θ respectively
Therefore; equations (1) and (2) becomes;

∂w
sin θ = fx cos θ sin θ + fy (sin θ)2 (5)
∂r
1w
cos θ = −fx sin θ cos θ + fy (cos θ)2 (6)
r θ
Adding (5) and (6), we obtain;

∂w 1
sin θ + cos θ = fy
∂r r
Therefore;
∂w 1 ∂w
fy = sin θ + cos θ
∂r r ∂θ

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(c)
  
2 ∂w 1 ∂w ∂w 1 ∂w
(fx ) = cos θ − sin θ cos θ − sin θ
∂r r ∂θ ∂r r ∂θ
2 2
2 (∂w )2
 
2 ∂w 2 1 ∂w
(fx ) = cos θ− cos θ sin θ+ 2 sin2 θ
∂r r ∂r ∂θ r ∂θ

  
2 ∂w 1 ∂w ∂w 1 ∂w
(fy ) = sin θ + cos θ sin θ + cos θ
∂r r ∂θ ∂r r ∂θ
2 2
2 (∂w )2
 
2 ∂w 2 1 ∂w
(fy ) = sin θ+ cos θ sin θ+ 2 cos2 θ
∂r r ∂r ∂θ r ∂θ

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Therefore;
2 2
2 (∂w )2
 
∂w 1 ∂w
2
(fx ) + (fy ) 2
= 2
cos θ − cos θ sin θ + 2 sin2 θ
∂r r ∂r ∂θ r ∂θ
 2  2
∂w 2 ∂w 1 ∂w
+ sin2 θ + cos θ sin θ + 2 cos2 θ
∂r r ∂r ∂θ r ∂θ

 2  2
∂w 2 1 ∂w
2 2 2
cos2 θ + sin2 θ



(fx ) + (fy ) = cos θ + sin θ + 2
∂r r ∂θ
 2  2
∂w 1 ∂w
= +
∂r r ∂θ

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QUESTION 3:
Continuous extension: Define f (0, 0) in a way that extends
xy (x 2 − y 2 )
x2 + y2
to be continuous at the origin.
Solution: We recall that
Definition 1
A function f (x, y ) is continuous at the point (0, 0) if
1. f is defined at (0, 0),
2. lim f (x, y ) exist,
(x,y )→(0,0)
3. lim f (x, y ) = f (0, 0).
(x,y )→(0,0)
A function is continuous if it is continuous at every point of its
domain.
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We test for;
Along x = 0
xy (x 2 − y 2 ) (0)(y )(−y 2 ) 0
lim = lim = =0
y →0 x2 + y2 y →0 y2 y2
Along y = 0
xy (x 2 − y 2 ) (0)(x)(x 2 ) 0
lim 2 2
= lim 2
= 2 = 0.
x→0 x +y x→0 x x
Along y = x
xy (x 2 − y 2 ) x 2 (x 2 − x 2 )(2x 2 )
 
0
lim 2 2
= lim 2
= 2 = 0.
x→0 x +y x→0 y 2x

At every path tested above, it seems the limit as

(x, y ) → (0, 0) = 0 but in order for us to confirm this
statement we use transformation into polar coordinate.

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This implies
 
xy (x 2 − y 2 ) (r cos θ)(r sin θ) (r cos θ)2 − (r sin θ)2
f (x, y ) = = f (r , θ) = .
x2 + y2 (r cos θ)2 + (r sin θ)2
So,
r 2 cos θ sin θ(r 2 cos2 θ − r 2 sin2 θ)
 
= lim
r →0 r 2 (cos2 θ + sin2 θ)

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This implies
 
xy (x 2 − y 2 ) (r cos θ)(r sin θ) (r cos θ)2 − (r sin θ)2
f (x, y ) = = f (r , θ) = .
x2 + y2 (r cos θ)2 + (r sin θ)2
So,
r 2 cos θ sin θ(r 2 cos2 θ − r 2 sin2 θ)
 
= lim
r →0 r 2 (cos2 θ + sin2 θ)
(r 2 sin 2θ cos 2θ)
= lim =0
r →0 2
for all values of θ.
Thus lim (f (x, y )) = 0
(x,y )→(0,0)

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Therefore, f (0, 0) = 0 is true, and the limit does
exist. So f (x, y ) is continuous at the origin.

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Therefore, f (0, 0) = 0 is true, and the limit does
exist. So f (x, y ) is continuous at the origin.
Thus



 0; x = 0, y = 0

f (x, y ) =
 xy (x 2 − y 2 )
, otherwise


x2 + y2


is continuous at the origin.

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QUESTION 4:
Finding Upper Limit of Iterated Integral
1 Solve for ‘a0 given that
Z 1 Z 4−a−x 2 Z 4−y −x 2
4
dzdydx = .
0 0 a 15
2 Sketch the solid shape whose volume we have

computed.

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QUESTION 4:
Finding Upper Limit of Iterated Integral
1 Solve for ‘a0 given that
Z 1 Z 4−a−x 2 Z 4−y −x 2
4
dzdydx = .
0 0 a 15
2 Sketch the solid shape whose volume we have

computed.

Solution: Integrating with respect to z, we have

Z 4−y −x 2 4−y −x 2
dz = z  = 4 − y − x2 − a

a a
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Integrating with respect to y ;
Z 4−a−x 2
2 y2 2
4−a−x 2
4 − y − x − a dy = 4y − − x y − ay 

0 2 0

This implies
Z 4−a−x 2
4 − y − x2 − a =
0
(4−a−x 2 )2
4(4 − a − x 2 ; ) − 2
− x 2 (4 − a − x 2 ) − a(4 − a − x 2 )

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Integrating with respect to x;

1
x4 a2
Z
2 2 4
8 − 4a − 4x + + ax + dx =
0 2 2 15
4x 3 x 5 ax 3 a2 x 1 4
8x − 4ax − + + +  = .
3 10 3 2 0 15
Finally we get,
4 1 a a2 4
8 − 4a − + + + =
3 10 3 2 15

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This implies

3a2 − 22a + 39 = 0

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This implies

3a2 − 22a + 39 = 0

3a2 − 9a − 13a + 39 = 0

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This implies

3a2 − 22a + 39 = 0

3a2 − 9a − 13a + 39 = 0

3a = 13 or a = 3

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This implies

3a2 − 22a + 39 = 0

3a2 − 9a − 13a + 39 = 0

3a = 13 or a = 3

13
a= or 3
3

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When a = 3; we have
Z 1 Z 1−x 2 Z 4−y −x 2
4
F (x, y , z) dzdydx =
0 0 3 15
13
When a = 3 ; we have
−1
Z 1Z −x 2 Z 4−y −x 2
3 4
F (x, y , z) dzdydx =
0 0 13 15
3

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Definition 2
The volume of a closed, bounded region D in space is
Z Z Z
V = dV .
D

(2) However, we determine the volume of the solid region

bounded by
0 ≤ x ≤ 1;
0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x 2;
3z ≤ 4 − y − x 2
In order to do this we can plot the x − y trace

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Figure: x − y trace

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Figure: x − z trace

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Figure: y − z trace

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Figure: Region of integration which is the volume

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THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!!!

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