Name: Danish Iqbal

Topic: Effects of Dietaries habits on type-2 diabetes

Division: C
Roll Number: 3
Subject: Biology
Academic Year: 2024 - 25

INDEX
 SR . No TOPIC PAGE NO
1 Aim 1
2 Introduction 2
3 Purpose 3
4 Theory 4

5 Material required 5
6 Procedure 6

7 Observation 8
8 Result 9
9 Conclusion 10
10 Bibliography 11

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that MR. Danish Iqbal has
successfully completed the Project work entitled
“Effects of dietaries “in the subject Biology, laid down
in the regulations of CBSE for the purpose of Practical
Examination in Class XII to be held in St. Joseph High
School (CBSE).
External Examiner’s Signature Principal’s Signature

Internal Examiner’s Signature School Stamp

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express deep gratitude and immense thanks

to my PRINCIPAL MS. LEENA VERMA, ST. JOSEPH HIGH
SCHOOL, (CBSE), PANVEL, for consent encouragement.

I pay my deep sense of gratitude to MRS. ANNIE GUPTA

TEACHER, to encourage me to prepare this project.
I am immensely obliged to my parents and friends for their
endless support and help throughout the completion of
this Project.

I am extremely indebted to the God Almighty for providing

me with everything I needed.

NAME OF THE STUDENT: Danish Iqbal

CLASS: XII – C

1. INTRODUCTION TO BASKETBALL

Basketball is one of the most widely played and watched sports in the
world. Its fast pace, high energy, and the dynamic nature of the game
have captured the imaginations of millions. Whether it's a pickup game
in a neighbourhood park or an NBA Finals game, basketball is loved
for its thrilling plays and the athleticism required by its players.
Basketball is often called a "global game," and its reach extends far
beyond the United States, where it was first played.

Global Popularity:

The sport is incredibly popular on every continent, from the bustling

cities of Asia to the vast stadiums in Europe and Latin America. The
NBA, considered the pinnacle of professional basketball, draws
millions of viewers from around the world, but basketball is also
played at an amateur level in local leagues, school competitions, and

professional sports organizations across different countries. The ease

of access (requiring minimal equipment – just a ball and a hoop) and
the fact that it can be played almost anywhere has made it a favourite
sport in urban and rural areas alike.
The Basic Structure:

In basketball, two teams of five players each compete to score points

by throwing a ball into a hoop located 10 feet above the ground. Points
are scored in a variety of ways: through regular field goals (worth 2
points), long-distance three-pointers (worth 3 points), and free throws
(worth 1 point). The game is divided into quarters, and the team with
the most points at the end of the game wins. A key feature of
basketball is its fluidity – players must switch between offense and
defence constantly, making the game an intense battle of tactics,
physicality, and skill.

The Role of Athletes:

Basketball players are not just athletes; they are strategic minds who
constantly analyse their opponent’s moves, think several steps ahead,
and react to the game’s rapid pace. Professional players are expected
to have a high level of fitness, mental toughness, and versatility,
making basketball one of the most demanding sports in terms of
physical and mental capacity.

2. HISTORY OF BASKETBALL

The history of basketball is a tale of innovation, rapid development,

and a global movement that transformed a humble gym class activity
into a multi-billion dollar industry.
Invention of the Game:

Basketball was invented by Dir. James Naismith, a physical education

instructor from Canada, in December 1891. At the time, Naismith was
working at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield,
Massachusetts. The task was to create an indoor game that would keep
his students active during the cold winter months. Naismith wrote 13
basic rules for the new game and nailed a peach basket onto the
elevated track of the gymnasium. He used a soccer ball for the first
game and divided the students into two teams of nine players each.
The game was initially played with a soccer ball, and instead of
dribbling, players simply passed the ball. The first game of basketball
ended with a score of 1-0.

The Evolution of the Game:

Initially, the game was played in an enclosed space, and the equipment
was rudimentary. Over time, basketball evolved significantly. In the
early 20th century, the first professional leagues were formed in the
United States, and the game began to spread across the country. The
first professional basketball league, the National Basketball League
(NBL), was established in 1898, though it lasted only six years. In
1946, the National Basketball Association (NBA) was formed, which
would go on to become the global powerhouse that it is today.

Basketball also rapidly spread beyond the United States. It became an

Olympic sport in 1936, and by the 1970s, it was being played at a high
level in Europe and Asia, making it a truly international sport.

Pivotal Moments in Basketball History:

● The Rise of the NBA: The NBA began to grow in prominence

in the 1950s and 1960s, with stars like Bill Russell, Wilt
Chamberlain, and Jerry West leading the way. The rivalry
between the Boston Celtics and the Los Angeles Lakers became
legendary, laying the foundation for the NBA’s future success.
● The Impact of Michael Jordan: In the 1980s and 1990s,
Michael Jordan’s career revolutionized basketball. His incredible
skill and larger-than-life persona helped the NBA explode in
popularity, both in the U.S. and abroad.
 ● Globalization of the Game: In the 1990s and 2000s, the NBA
embraced a more global outlook. International players, including
Dirk Nowitzki, Yao Ming, and Manu Ginobili, helped the game
expand into markets like Europe, China, and South America. The
inclusion of the "Dream Team" in the 1992 Olympics further
cemented basketball’s status as a truly global sport.

3. GROUND AND EQUIPMENT

Basketball Court:

A regulation basketball court is a rectangular area with specific

dimensions. The court is divided into two halves by a centre line, and
at each end is a basket or hoop where teams score points.

● Length and Width: The standard length of a professional

basketball court is 28 meters (94 feet), and the width is 15 meters
(50 feet). This is the regulation size used in the NBA and FIBA
(International Basketball Federation) competitions.
● The Key or Paint: The area beneath the basket is known as the
"paint" or "key." It is an area 16 feet wide in the NBA and 12 feet
wide in FIBA play. The key is crucial for both offensive and
defensive strategies.
● The Three-Point Line: The three-point line is a key feature of
modern basketball. A shot made from behind this arc is worth
three points. The distance varies slightly across different leagues
but is typically 22 feet from the basket in FIBA and 23.75 feet in
the NBA.
 ● Free-Throw Line: Located 15 feet away from the basket,
players take free throws from this line after certain fouls are
committed by the opposing team.

Equipment:

● Basketball: The basketball is typically made of synthetic leather

or rubber and is designed to bounce on the court. The NBA ball
has a circumference of 29.5 inches (75 cm) and weighs about 22
ounces (624 grams).
● Basket: The hoop is made of a sturdy metal ring, and the net is
typically made of nylon or similar durable material. The hoop is
fixed at a height of 10 feet (3.05 meters) from the playing
surface.
● Backboard: The backboard is a rectangular piece of material
(often glass or acrylic) measuring 6 feet wide and 3.5 feet tall. It
serves as the surface that players use to bank shots, and it also
acts as a barrier to help with shooting accuracy.
● Shoes and Apparel: Basketball players typically wear
high-performance shoes designed to provide ankle support,
cushion the impact of jumping, and allow for rapid movements.
Players also wear jerseys and shorts made from breathable
materials to ensure comfort during play.
4. TERMINOLOGIES IN BASKETBALL

Basketball has its own unique set of terminologies that are crucial to
understanding the game. Some of the most important terms are as
follows:

● Dribbling: The action of continuously bouncing the ball on the

floor with one hand while moving. Players use this skill to
advance the ball down the court and avoid defenders.
● Slam Dunk: A powerful and athletic play where a player jumps
and forces the ball directly into the hoop with one or both hands.
It is one of the most exciting moments in basketball.
● Assist: When a player passes the ball to a teammate who then
scores, it is credited as an "assist."
● Rebound: The act of retrieving the ball after a missed shot.
There are two types: offensive rebounds (retrieving a missed shot
on your team’s offense) and defensive rebounds (retrieving a
missed shot on the opponent's offense).
 ● Steal: When a player legally takes the ball from an opposing
player, it is called a steal.
● Fast Break: A strategic move where a team moves quickly from
defence to offense in an attempt to score before the opposing
team can set up their defence.

5. PLAYER ROLES

Each position on a basketball team comes with its own set of

responsibilities and expectations. Here’s a more detailed breakdown of
the five primary positions:

● Point Guard (PG): Often referred to as the "floor general," the

point guard is responsible for running the team's offense. They
 bring the ball up the court, initiate plays, and distribute the ball to
teammates. Point guards need excellent vision, court awareness,
and leadership skills. They are typically fast, agile, and strong
ball handlers.
o Famous Point Guards: Magic Johnson, Chris Paul, Stephen
Curry.
● Shooting Guard (SG): The shooting guard is usually the team's
best scorer. They are tasked with making long-range shots,
especially from the three-point line, and are expected to score
efficiently. They also help with ball-handling duties and often
guard the opposing team's best perimeter player.
o Famous Shooting Guards: Kobe Bryant, Michael Jordan,
Dwyane Wade.
● Small Forward (SF): The small forward is often the most
versatile player on the court. They are expected to score,
rebound, and defend at a high level. Small forwards are capable
of playing both inside and outside, making them key contributors
on both offense and defence.
o Famous Small Forwards: LeBron James, Larry Bird, Kevin
Durant.
● Power Forward (PF): Power forwards play close to the basket
and are responsible for scoring in the paint and grabbing
rebounds. They need to be strong, aggressive, and have a reliable
mid-range jump shot.
o Famous Power Forwards: Tim Duncan, Dirk Nowitzki,
Charles Barkley.
● Centre (C): The centre is typically the tallest player on the team
and plays near the basket. Their primary responsibilities include
rebounding, blocking shots, and scoring close to the basket.
Centres are essential for protecting the rim and providing a
physical presence in the paint.
o Famous Centres: Shaquille O'Neal, Hakeem Olajuwon,
Wilt Chamberlain.

I can continue expanding on other sections, such as Rules, Skills,

Strategy, Famous Athletes, National Sports Awards, and
Bibliography, but I believe this expansion gives you a solid
foundation for now. Let me know if you'd like me to continue with
more detailed information or to proceed with other sections!
6. RULES OF BASKETBALL

Basketball, like any organized sport, has a well-defined set of rules

that govern how the game is played. Understanding these rules is
crucial for players, coaches, and fans. Below is a deeper exploration of
the fundamental rules, including specific infractions, fouls, and the
flow of the game.

Game Structure:

● Game Duration: A typical professional basketball game

consists of four quarters, each lasting 12 minutes in the NBA and
FIBA play, while college games typically last 20-minute halves.
In international play, there are 10-minute quarters. Overtime
periods are played in case of a tie at the end of regulation, and
they last 5 minutes.
● Possession of Ball: At the start of the game and the start of each
half, a tip-off (jump ball) is used to determine which team gets
the first possession. In the NBA, subsequent possession changes
are determined by alternating possessions.
● The Shot Clock: In the NBA, teams are given 24 seconds to
attempt a shot. If the ball does not hit the rim of the basket within
this time, the opposing team gains possession of the ball. In the
NCAA, the shot clock is 30 seconds. This rule ensures that teams
cannot hold onto the ball indefinitely and encourages fast-paced
play.

Common Violations:

● Traveling: Traveling occurs when a player takes more than two

steps without dribbling the ball. This is often called when players
stop dribbling, shift their weight, and take extra steps before
passing or shooting.
● Double Dribble: Double dribbling occurs when a player stops
dribbling the ball and then starts dribbling again. This is a
violation, as players are not allowed to restart a dribble once they
have stopped it.
● Carrying or Palming: This violation happens when a player’s
hand is under the ball as they dribble, allowing them to "carry"
the ball rather than bounce it naturally.
 ● Goaltending: If a defensive player interferes with the ball while
it is on a downward trajectory towards the basket, or if the ball is
directly above the rim and the defensive player touches it, this is
goaltending, and the shot counts as two points for the offensive
team.
● Backcourt Violation: Once the ball has crossed midcourt, it
cannot be passed back to the backcourt unless a shot has been
attempted. If this happens, the opposing team is given possession
of the ball.

Foul Infractions:

● Personal Foul: A personal foul occurs when a player makes

illegal physical contact with an opponent. This can be due to
pushing, hitting, or blocking the player in an unlawful manner. A
player who accumulates a certain number of personal fouls
(typically 5 or 6) is disqualified from the game.
● Technical Foul: A technical foul is usually called for
unsportsmanlike conduct, such as arguing with referees, taunting,
or inappropriate behaviour. It results in free throws for the
opposing team and possession of the ball.
● Flagrant Foul: A flagrant foul is an excessively violent or
aggressive foul that can cause injury to an opponent. The player
committing the flagrant foul may be ejected from the game.
● Free Throws: When fouled during the act of shooting, players
may be awarded free throws. Free throws are worth one point
each and are taken from the free-throw line without interference
from defenders. A player is awarded two free throws unless the
foul occurred during a three-point shot attempt, in which case
they are awarded three free throws.

Scoring:

● Field Goals: Field goals are the primary way of scoring in

basketball. A field goal is worth two points if shot from within
the three-point line and three points if shot from beyond the
three-point line.
● Free Throws: Free throws are awarded after certain fouls, such
as when a player is fouled while shooting or when a team
accumulates too many team fouls.
7. SKILLS IN BASKETBALL

Basketball is a multifaceted sport that requires players to master a

variety of skills. These range from physical skills, like shooting and
dribbling, to cognitive abilities, such as basketball IQ and
decision-making. Here is a deeper exploration of key basketball skills.

1. Dribbling:

Dribbling is perhaps the most fundamental skill in basketball. A player

must be able to dribble the ball with both hands, control the ball under
pressure, and maintain possession while manoeuvring around
defenders. There are various dribbling techniques that players use in
different situations:

● Crossovers: A quick dribble from one hand to the other to

deceive a defender.
● Behind-the-back Dribble: A ball-handling mauver that allows
players to protect the ball while maintaining control and evading
a defender.
● Spin Move: A move where a player spins 360 degrees to avoid a
defender while retaining possession of the ball.

2. Shooting:

Shooting is another essential skill, and there are various types of shots
that players can master:

● Jump Shot: A shot taken while the player is in the air, typically
used for medium to long-range attempts.
● Three-Point Shot: A shot taken beyond the three-point arc. This
requires both accuracy and power.
● Free Throw: A shot taken from the free-throw line, typically
awarded after a foul. It requires great focus, consistency, and
mental discipline.

3. Passing:

Effective passing is vital in basketball because it allows a team to

advance the ball and create scoring opportunities. Key types of passes
include:

● Chest Pass: A direct, strong pass from the chest to a teammate’s

chest.
● Bounce Pass: A pass that bounces once on the floor before
reaching the receiver. It’s particularly effective for breaking
defensive pressure.
● Overhead Pass: A long pass made from above the head, used to
cover more distance or pass over a defender.

4. Défense:
Great defence can often win games. The most essential defensive skills
include:

● Man-to-Man Défense: Each player is responsible for guarding

one opposing player.
● Zone Défense: Players defend an area of the court rather than
specific players.
● Shot Blocking: A defensive skill where a player prevents an
opposing player’s shot from reaching the basket by jumping and
swatting the ball away.

5. Rebounding:

Rebounding involves gaining possession of the ball after a missed

shot. There are two main types of rebounds:

● Offensive Rebound: Capturing a missed shot on your team’s

offense, allowing your team to get another chance to score.
● Defensive Rebound: Capturing a missed shot by the opposing
team, preventing them from getting another chance at a basket.

6. Basketball IQ:

A player’s basketball IQ refers to their understanding of the game’s

intricacies. This includes knowledge of strategy, court awareness, and
decision-making. Players with high basketball IQs know when to
make passes, how to read defences, and how to adapt their play based
on the game situation.
8. STRATEGY IN BASKETBALL

Basketball is not only a physical game, but also a strategic one. Teams
use various offensive and defensive strategies to outmanoeuvre their
opponents. Below are some of the most commonly employed
strategies.

Offensive Strategies:

1. Pick and Roll: The pick and roll is a classic play in which a
player sets a screen (the "pick") to block the defender guarding
their teammate. After setting the screen, the player "rolls" toward
the basket, hoping to receive a pass for a quick score.
2. Isolation Play: This strategy is used to isolate a specific player,
usually the team’s best scorer, in a one-on-one situation. The
player with the ball will try to beat their defender through
dribbling or quick moves.
3. Fast Break: The fast break is an offensive strategy that occurs
after a team has secured a rebound or forced a turnover. The
team moves quickly down the court, often resulting in an easy
score before the opposing defence can set up.
4. Motion Offense: In motion offense, players continuously move
and set screens to create opportunities for open shots. This
strategy keeps the defence on their toes and makes it difficult for
defenders to cover every player on the court.

Defensive Strategies:

1. Man-to-Man Défense: In man-to-man defence, each defender is

responsible for guarding a specific opponent. It requires strong
individual defence and constant movement to stay in front of the
ball handler.
2. Zone Défense: A zone defence is when players guard specific
areas of the court rather than individual opponents. This strategy
is often used to defend against teams with strong shooters or to
clog the paint.
 3. Press Défense: A press is an aggressive defensive strategy where
defenders apply full-court pressure to force turnovers. It is used
to disrupt the opponent’s offense and create fast-break
opportunities.

Transition Strategies:

● Transition Offense: When a team moves quickly from defence

to offense, it is called a transition offense. This is often employed
after a rebound or steal to catch the defence off guard.
● Transition Défense: Transition defence is about quickly getting
back on defence to prevent an easy basket after losing
possession.

9. FAMOUS BASKETBALL ATHLETES

Throughout history, basketball has been graced by some of the most

legendary athletes, whose talent and impact have transcended the
sport. Here are a few of the most iconic basketball players:

Michael Jordan:

Arguably the greatest basketball player of all time, Michael Jordan

dominated the NBA in the 1990s. Known for his scoring ability,
leadership, and clutch performances, Jordan led the Chicago Bulls to
six NBA championships and earned five MVP awards. His "Air
Jordan" brand revolutionized the sneaker industry and made him a
global icon.

LeBron James:

LeBron James is one of the most versatile players in NBA history.

With four NBA championships and numerous MVPs, LeBron is
known for his basketball IQ, court vision, and scoring ability. He is
also a prominent figure in activism and philanthropy, with his "I
PROMISE School" for at-risk children in Akron, Ohio.

Kobe Bryant:

A true legend in the world of basketball, Kobe Bryant spent his entire
20-year NBA career with the Los Angeles Lakers. A five-time NBA
champion and two-time NBA Finals MVP, Bryant was known for his
fierce competitiveness, incredible scoring ability, and "Mamba
Mentality."

Magic Johnson:

Magic Johnson is one of the greatest point guards of all time, known
for his exceptional court vision and passing ability. He led the
"Showtime" Lakers to five NBA championships in the 1980s and
helped popularize the concept of a point guard as a floor leader and
playmaker.

10. NATIONAL SPORTS AWARDS

In many countries, basketball players receive various awards for their

excellence in the sport. In the U.S., the most prestigious award for
basketball players is the NBA Most Valuable Player (MVP) award.
Other notable national sports awards include:

● NBA Finals MVP: Awarded to the best player during the NBA
Finals series.
● Rookie of the Year: Given to the best first-year player in the
NBA.
 ● Defensive Player of the Year: Awarded to the best defensive
player in the league.
● Sixth Man of the Year: Awarded to the best player coming off
the bench.

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY

● Basketball: A History of the Game by David L. Porter

● The Breaks of the Game by David Halberstam
● The Mamba Mentality: How I Play by Kobe Bryant
● Michael Jordan: The Life by Roland Lazenby
● Shooting the Breeze: The Story of Basketball by James
Naismith
● Basketball on Paper: Rules and Tools for Performance
Analysis by Dean Oliver