“BASKETBALL”

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT

 Basketball was invented in 1891 by Dr James Naismith, a Canadian of
Scottish descent at Springfield College Massachusetts. The college was
the International YMCA Training School and the game was invented to
provide an indoor activity for trainee YMCA leaders. When the game
was first played, peach baskets were nailed up at each end of the
gymnasium as “goals”, hence the origin of the name “basketball”.
 The first set of rules was published and distributed through the YMCA
movement in 1892 and this resulted in the game spreading rapidly
throughout Canada and the USA. 1892 also saw the game played in
England for the first time at Birkenhead YMCA after the Club President
was the game played whilst on a business trip to Canada. In 1893 the
game was introduced into the Physical Training College in Hampstead
(now Dartford College of PE) by Madame Berman Osterberg. Changes
to the game to suit the girls led to the first rules of netball being
published in 1901.
 By 1898 a professional league was established in the USA and by 1911
basketball had spread throughout the UK as a sport. In 1924 it was
introduced as a demonstration sport at the Paris Olympic Games and
Great Britain won the title. 1927 saw Abe Saperstein a Londoner from
the world famous Harlem Globetrotters and in 1931 FIBA the
International Basketball Federation was formed with a Welshman as its
first secretary.\
 The England Basketball Association was formed in 1936, 13 years
before the NBA was formed in America, and by 1957 the English
Schools Basketball Association was formed. The 1970’s saw the
introduction of both men’s and women’s national leagues in the UK,
and by 1999, 219 teams were entered in the over 16 national leagues
with almost 100 competing at under 15 levels. By 1990 there were 117
member countries in FIBA making basketball the second largest of all
the world’s governing bodies and also the world’s fastest growing and
largest participation sport.
 To date there are 212 member countries worldwide, whilst in the UK
alone there are over 500,000 people who regularly participate in
recreational basketball and it has become increasingly common to find
the sport as part of the curriculum in schools at all levels. It is also
used widely as a community activity as anyone of any age or gender
can participate. Basketball is now included in the Commonwealth
Games and the sport in general received a lot of coverage when the
GB wheelchair team performed very successfully in the Paralympics
recently, proving that it is a sport that is accessible and playable by all.
CHARACTERISTICS
Basketball, game played between two teams of five players each on a
rectangular court, usually indoors. Each team tries to score by tossing
the ball through the opponent’s goal, an elevated horizontal hoop
and net called a basket.
It consists of a confrontation between 5 players on each side in a covered
court. The game consists of scoring points by throwing a ball with your hands
through the basket of the opposing team suspended at each end of the
court. The team that makes the most baskets, either by converting shots
from the field or from the free throw zone, wins the match.
The main characteristics of basketball are:
 Teamwork
 Speed
 Physical
 Accuracy

FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

Ball - Official size of a basketball is 29.5 to 30 inches in circumference for

men’s game and 28.5 inches in circumference for women’s game. It should
weigh 18 to 22 ounces. When bounced off 6 feet from the floor, a well
inflated ball should bounce 49 to 54 inches in height.
Shoes
One needs specialized shoes when playing basketball. It should be able to
give better support to the ankle as compared to running shoes. The
basketball shoes should be high-tipped shoes and provide extra comfort
during a game. These shoes are specially designed to maintain high traction
on the basketball court.
Basket
The hoop or basket is a horizontal metallic rim, circular in shape. This rim is
attached to a net and helps one score a point. The rim is mounted about 4
feet inside the baseline and 10 feet above the court.
Basketball Court
The basketball court is the next important thing for shooting balls in this
game. The court is usually made of wooden floorboard. The court size is
about 28m x 17m according to the International standards. The National
Basketball Association (NBA) regulation states the floor dimension as 29m x
15m.
Backboard
The backboard is the rectangular board that is placed behind the rim. It helps
give better rebound to the ball. The backboard is about 1800mm in size
horizontally and 1050mm vertically. Many times, backboards are made of
acrylic, aluminum, steel or glass.

Uniforms
When one starts coaching a basketball team, the most important
requirement for a team is to have a uniform. This helps one differentiate
teams from one another. A uniform consists of a jersey (shirt), shorts,
numbers on the front and back of the shirts for identification.

Shot Clock
The offense is allowed a maximum of 24 seconds to have a ball in hand
before shooting. These 24 seconds are counted on the shot clock. If the
offense fails to shoot a ball that hits the rim, they will lose the possession of
the ball to the other team.
Whistle
The coach or referee uses a whistle to indicate the start or end of a game.
S/he can even use the whistle to stop the play in the middle of a game.
Whistle also helps to indicate fouls, timeout, or out of bound balls to the
players.

BASIC AND ADVANCED SKILLS

1. Dribbling - is important to penetrate to the hoop, move the ball across the
court, get away from the defense, and find a good passing lane. There are
different types of dribbles:
• change-of-pace,
• crossover dribble,
• behind the back,
• pull back dribble,
• low dribble,
• basic dribble,

2.  Passing - A good offensive attack requires good passing from players. This
helps find an open man, to find a good shooter or to get away from a
defender. There are several types of passes you need to learn:
• Overhead Pass
• Chest Pass
• Push Pass
• Baseball Pass
• Off-the-Dribble Pass
• Bounce Pass

3. Shooting - The object of the game is to win by scoring the most points.
Therefore, improving the team's shooting is important to win a game. There
are several ways to score in the game:

• Jump Shot
• Dunk
• Alley oop
• Free throw
• Layup
• Three-Point Shot
• Hook Shot

4. Rebounding - is essential to gain or regain possession after the shot.

Usually, the team who has the most number of rebounds after the game has
more shot attempts and chances to score.
5. Offense - is the only chance that the team has a shot at the basket and
scoring. Playing a good offense requires coordination among players and
individual skill to execute well plays.
6. Defense - To be able to get a chance to score and gain possession, the
team should play good defense and try to stop their opponent from scoring.
As said, "A good defense is a good offense."
7. Moves - There are different kinds of basketball moves that are important
in executing both a good offense and a good defense. Moves are helpful in
finding an open man, make a good shot or create an amazing play.
8. Violations - Knowing the kinds of basketball violations improves your
game.
9. Assist - is given to a teammate to help him score easily. Thus is it
important to find an open man on the court
10. Foul - is often an accidental contact made by the defender to his
opponent or an aggressive move by the ball-handler towards his defender.
However, a foul is also used as a strategy to stop the clock or to keep the
shooting player from scoring easily. Learning how to use your fouls well is
important in the game.

COMMON TERMINOLOGIES
 Assist -- You will often see in a players stats a certain number of
assists. These are passes that subsequently result in a goal being scored
 Back Court -- The defensive zone for each team.
 Defensive rebound -- A rebound caught by defenders.
 Double Team -- When two defenders mark one attacker, usually their
best player.
Drive -- An attacking move at full speed.
Dunk Shot -- A dunk is the spectacular scoring maneuver when a player
jumps high, reaches above the ring, and stuffs the ball down through the
hoop.
Fake -- To fake is to feint a pass or move.
Free Throw -- An uncontested shot from the free throw line, taken by a
player who has been fouled. It is worth one point only.
Game Clock -- This is a clock that runs whenever the ball is in play, and
stops whenever the ball goes out of bounds or when a foul is committed.
Goal Tending -- An illegal move by a defender of striking the ball on its
downward flight to the basket. Two points are awarded.
Jump Ball -- A jump ball is the method by which the game is started. The
ball is tossed up between two players, who try and tap it down to their
teammates.
Paint -- When a player takes a shot from within 'the paint' it means they are
shooting from inside the key, which these days is often painted a different
color.
Personal Foul -- Personal fouls are fouls committed by a player, and after
five of these (or six in the NBA) the player has to sit out the game. A
replacement is allowed to enter the game.
Pick / Screen -- An offensive maneuver using one player to block for
another, without making contact, by placing themselves between the
defender and their own teammate who has the ball.
Shot Clock -- A 30-second clock (or 24 in the NBA) which limits the time a
team may have possession of the ball without shooting. If a shot is not put
up in this time then possession passes to the other team.
Substitution / Sub -- When a player on court is substituted which one from
the bench. This can occur whenever there is a break in play, on direction of
the referees.
Time Out -- A time out is when play is stopped on request of the coach,
which gives each team a chance to discuss tactics.

RULES, REGULATION AND MECHANICS

Each team can have a maximum of 5 players on the court at any one time.
Substitutions can be made as many times as they wish within the game.
The ball can only be moved by either dribbling (bouncing the ball) or passing
the ball. Once a player puts two hands on the ball (not including catching the
ball) they cannot then dribble or move with the ball and the ball must be
passed or shot.

After the ball goes into a team’s half and they win possession back the ball
must then make it back over the half way line within 10 seconds. If the ball
fails to do so then a foul will be called and the ball will be turned over.

Each team has 24 seconds to at least shot at the basket. A shot constitutes
either going in the basket or hitting the rim of the basket. If after the shot is
taken and the ball fails to go in the basket then the shot clock is restarted for
another 24 seconds.

The team trying to score a basket is called the offence whilst the team trying
to prevent them from scoring is called the defence. The defence must do all
they can to stop the offence from scoring by either blocking a shot or
preventing a shot from being fired.

After each successful basket the ball is then turned over to the opposition.

Fouls committed throughout the game will be accumulated and then when
reached a certain number will be eventually be awarded as a free throw. A
free throw involves one playerfrom the offensive team (the player fouled) to
take a shot unopposed from the free throw line. Depending on where the foul
was committed will depend on the number free throws a player gets.

Violations in basketball include travelling (taking more than one step without
bouncing the ball), double dribble (picking the ball up dribbling, stopping
then dribbling again with two hands), goaltending (a defensive player
interferes with the ball travelling downwards towards the basket) and back
court violation (once the ball passes the half way line the offensive team
cannot take the ball back over the half way line).

FOULS
Personal foul
A personal foul is the most common type of foul. It results from personal
contact between two opposing players. Basketball features constant motion,
and contact between opposing players is unavoidable, but significant contact
that is the fault of illegal conduct by one opponent is a foul against that
player. Most personal fouls are called against a defensive player. A personal
foul that is committed by a player of the team in possession of the ball is
called an offensive foul. When neither team is in clear possession of the ball,
a foul is called a loose-ball foul.
Flagrant foul
A flagrant foul is violent player contact that the official believes is not a
legitimate attempt to directly play the ball within the rules.
The NBA and NCAA men's competitions define a Flagrant-1 foul as
unnecessary contact, and two such penalties leads to ejection of the player.
A Flagrant-2 foul is contact that is both unnecessary and excessive, and
requires ejection. In 2019, the NCAA added more words to describe this
scenario, including brutal, harsh or cruel or dangerous or punishing.
Technical foul
A technical foul is a foul unrelated to physical contact during game play. The
foul may be called on a player in the game, another player, a coach, or
against the team in general. This class of foul applies to all of the
following:Unsportsmanlike conduct outside the scope of the game, such as
taunting, profanity, or conduct toward an official.A personal foul committed
by a player who has fouled out of the game but is readmitted to the game
because of the lack of substitutes.
Requesting a timeout when the team has already used their last allotted
timeout.
Illegal gamesmanship, such as delay of game.
A variety of other situations, such as arranging the players in an illegal
defense.
In the last two cases, the rules may call for the referee to give a warning
rather than assess a technical foul on the first infraction.
A player foul is any foul, but typically personal and flagrant fouls, by
reference to the count of fouls charged against a given player. A team foul is
any foul by reference to the count against a given team.
VIOLATIONS

Ball-handling violations:
Backcourt violation (Over and back)
Carrying or palming
Double-dribble
Traveling
Excessive time taken:
Defensive three-second violation (Illegal defense) (penalized as a technical
foul)
Five-second rule
Shot clock violation
Time line violation, exceeding the time limit to reach the frontcourt (8- or 10-
second violation)
Three seconds rule (Lane violation)
Goaltending

MECHANICAL ANALYSIS
Mechanical Analysis of Basketball's Movement Trajectory after Its
Shooting Action

After shooting action, basketball's movement trajectory directly affects

the shooting rate. In this paper, using theoretical basis of kinematic
mechanics, analyzes the influence of rotation of basketball on air resistance,
and draws a conclusion that the influence of contra rotation on shooting rate
differs from that of forward-rotation. In the end, The paper suggestions that
the strength of shooting should be increased appropriately as the shooting
distance increases and different players should be given weight training
according to their physical conditions, and basketball should be shot in such
a way that the basketball contra rotates properly after being shot, and
dynamic stabilization training should be strengthened for near shooting
training from an increased shooting angle.

OFFICIALS SIGNATURE
HEALTH BENEFITS OF THE SPORT

1. Stress relief. Exercise is a great mood-booster and has proven to be an

effective method of stress relief.
2. Lowers risk of certain types of cancer. People who exercise regularly
are less likely to develop breast, colon, and lung cancer.
3. Control cholesterol. Exercise decreases LDL (bad cholesterol) levels
and increases HDL (good cholesterol) levels.
4. Ward off osteoporosis. Building dense, strong bones is another benefit
of physical activity.
5. Strengthens immune system. Exercising more = getting sick less.
6. Improved sleep. We know just how important sleep is, and exercising
can help you capitalize on these benefits.
7. Mental health benefits. Exercise is good for your mental health too, as
it can battle feelings of anxiety and depression, sharpen your focus, and
improve self esteem.
8. Improved cardiovascular health. The heart is a muscle, it needs to be
worked out! Regular exercise can help improve the overall health of your
entire cardiovascular system.
9. Lowers risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. A healthier heart
means reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetes.
10. Helps manage weight. Not only does physical activity burn calories,
it also improves your metabolism in the long run.
11. Reduced blood pressure. Physical activity keeps your heart and
blood vessels healthy, helping to prevent hypertension.
12. Enhanced aerobic fitness. Participating in aerobic activities — such
as running, cycling, or swimming — can improve your body’s ability to
transport and utilize oxygen in the lungs and blood.
13. Improved muscular strength and endurance. Resistance
exercises challenge your muscular system, resulting in bigger, stronger
muscles.
14. Improved joint flexibility and range of motion. Improved
flexibility reduces risk of injury.