MODULE WISE QUESTIONS

MCQ, 5 AND 15 MARKS

MODULE 1:
PART 1-
1. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs):

a) What is the purpose of image sampling in digital image processing?

1. To reduce the size of the image

2. To convert the image into digital format

3. To convert continuous image data into discrete data

4. To enhance the resolution of the image

b) Which of the following is a step involved in image quantization?

1. Converting an image into digital format

2. Reducing the number of pixels in an image

3. Assigning intensity levels to pixels

4. Enhancing the contrast of the image

c) In digital image processing, what is the purpose of image formation model?

1. To describe the mathematical relationship between pixels in an image

2. To simulate the process of capturing an image using a camera

3. To enhance the resolution of the image

4. To segment the image into regions of interest

2. Short Answer Questions (5 marks each):

a) Explain the concept of image sampling and why it is necessary in digital image processing.

b) Describe the process of image quantization and its role in digital image representation.

c) Discuss the significance of pixel connectivity in digital image processing.

3. Long Answer Questions (15 marks each):

a) Derive and explain the mathematical relationships between pixels in a digital image, considering
both spatial and intensity domains.

b) Compare and contrast different color image models used in digital image processing, highlighting
their advantages and limitations.
PART 2-
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs):

1. Which of the following statements about image sampling is true?

a) Sampling reduces the resolution of the image.

b) Oversampling can lead to aliasing effects.

c) Sampling increases the size of the image file.

d) Sampling is not necessary for digital image processing.

2. What does the term "quantization" refer to in digital image processing?

a) The process of converting an image into a different color space.

b) The process of reducing noise in the image.

c) The process of converting continuous intensity values into discrete levels.

d) The process of resizing an image.

3. In digital image processing, what does the term "pixel connectivity" refer to?

a) The physical size of a pixel in the image.

b) The number of pixels in an image.

c) The spatial relationship between neighboring pixels in an image.

d) The color information stored in a pixel.

Short Answer Questions (5 marks each):

4. Describe the concept of image formation model and its components.

5. Explain the difference between spatial and intensity resolution in digital images.

6. Discuss the importance of pixel neighborhood in image processing tasks.

Long Answer Questions (15 marks each):

7. Derive the mathematical formula for calculating the number of possible intensity levels in an
image given its quantization level.

8. Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of lossy and lossless image compression
techniques.

9. Explain how color depth affects the quality and size of a digital image, providing examples to
support your explanation.

MODULE 2:
PART 1-
1. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs):

a) Which of the following is a basic gray-level transformation technique?

1. Histogram equalization

2. Fourier transform

3. Discrete wavelet transform

4. Median filtering

b) What is the purpose of histogram processing in image enhancement?

1. To reduce noise in the image

2. To increase the size of the image

3. To adjust the dynamic range of pixel intensities

4. To convert the image into frequency domain

c) Which type of spatial filter is commonly used for noise reduction in images?

1. Smoothing filters

2. Sharpening filters

3. High-pass filters

4. Low-pass filters

2. Short Answer Questions (5 marks each):

d) Explain the concept of histogram equalization and its effect on image contrast.

e) Describe the basic operation of spatial filtering and its role in image enhancement.

f) Discuss the differences between smoothing and sharpening spatial filters.

3. Long Answer Questions (15 marks each):

g) Provide a step-by-step explanation of the Fourier transform and its application in image
enhancement.

h) Compare and contrast the characteristics of ideal, Butterworth, and Gaussian filters used in
frequency domain image enhancement.

PART 2-
4. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs):

a) What is the primary goal of sharpening spatial filters?

1. To reduce noise in the image

2. To enhance image details and edges

3. To blur the image

 4. To adjust the brightness of the image

b) Which of the following techniques is commonly used for edge detection in image processing?

1. Histogram equalization

2. Median filtering

3. Laplacian filtering

4. Gaussian smoothing

c) What effect does a high-pass spatial filter have on an image?

1. It enhances low-frequency components.

2. It enhances high-frequency components.

3. It reduces noise.

4. It blurs the image.

5. Short Answer Questions (5 marks each):

d) Explain the concept of Laplacian filtering and its role in edge detection.

e) Discuss the trade-off between noise reduction and detail preservation in spatial filtering.

f) Describe the process of histogram processing, including techniques such as histogram

equalization and histogram matching.

6. Long Answer Questions (15 marks each):

g) Provide a detailed explanation of how spatial filtering can be used for image smoothing,
including the types of filters commonly used for this purpose and their effects on the image.

h) Compare and contrast different edge detection techniques used in spatial domain image
enhancement, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses.

7. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs):

i) What does the Fourier transform of an image represent?

1. The spatial domain representation of the image

2. The frequency domain representation of the image

3. The color information of the image

4. The histogram of the image

j) Which frequency domain filter is known for its sharp cutoff characteristics?

1. Ideal filter

2. Butterworth filter

3. Gaussian filter
 4. Laplacian filter

k) What is the purpose of using smoothing filters in the frequency domain?

1. To enhance image details

2. To blur the image

3. To reduce noise

4. To sharpen the image

8. Short Answer Questions (5 marks each):

l) Explain the concept of Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and its significance in digital image
processing.

m) Discuss the advantages and limitations of frequency domain image enhancement compared to
spatial domain techniques.

n) Describe the characteristics of Butterworth filters and their applications in frequency domain
image processing.

9. Long Answer Questions (15 marks each):

o) Provide a step-by-step explanation of how to apply Fourier Transform to an image for frequency
domain analysis and enhancement.

p) Compare and contrast the effects of different types of frequency domain filters (e.g., ideal,
Butterworth, Gaussian) on image enhancement, considering factors such as sharpness, noise
sensitivity, and computational complexity.

MODULE 3:
1. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs):

a) Image restoration is the process of:

1. Adding noise to an image.

2. Removing noise from an image.

3. Enhancing the contrast of an image.

4. Changing the resolution of an image.

b) Noise in images can arise from:

1. Sensor limitations.

2. Environmental factors.

3. Transmission errors.

4. All of the above.

c) Which of the following is not a type of noise commonly found in images?

 1. Gaussian noise

2. Salt-and-pepper noise

3. Poisson noise

4. Edge noise

2. Short Answer Questions (5 marks each):

d) Explain the concept of image restoration and its importance in image processing.

e) Describe the process of characterizing noise in digital images.

f) Discuss the challenges associated with estimating the degradation function in image restoration.

3. Long Answer Questions (15 marks each):

g) Provide an overview of spatial and frequency domain filtering techniques used for noise removal
in image restoration, highlighting their advantages and limitations.

h) Explain various image restoration techniques such as Wiener filtering, inverse filtering, and total
variation regularization, and discuss their applications in different scenarios.

MODULE 4:
1. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs):

a) Morphological image processing is primarily concerned with:

1. Adjusting brightness and contrast.

2. Detecting edges and corners.

3. Analyzing image shapes and structures.

4. Removing noise from images.

b) The fundamental operations in morphological image processing are:

1. Convolution and Fourier transform.

2. Erosion and dilation.

3. Smoothing and sharpening.

4. Histogram equalization and thresholding.

c) Which of the following is not a basic morphological operation?

1. Opening

2. Thresholding

3. Closing

4. Skeletonization

2. Short Answer Questions (5 marks each):

 d) Define morphological erosion and explain its effect on binary images.

e) Describe the concept of structuring elements in morphological image processing.

f) Explain the role of morphological dilation in image processing and provide an example scenario
where it is useful.

3. Long Answer Questions (15 marks each):

g) Discuss the difference between opening and closing operations in morphological image
processing, including their applications and effects on image structures.

h) Explore the concept of skeletonization in morphological image processing, outlining its

significance and common techniques used for skeletonization.

MODULE 5:
1. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs):

a) Image compression is primarily aimed at:

1. Increasing the image resolution.

2. Reducing the file size of the image.

3. Enhancing the color depth of the image.

4. Adding noise to the image.

b) Which of the following is not a type of redundancy in images?

1. Spatial redundancy

2. Spectral redundancy

3. Quantization redundancy

4. Psycho-visual redundancy

c) Lossless compression techniques aim to:

1. Achieve maximum compression with no loss of image quality.

2. Achieve moderate compression with minimal loss of image quality.

3. Achieve moderate compression with significant loss of image quality.

4. Achieve maximum compression with loss of image quality.

2. Short Answer Questions (5 marks each):

d) Define spatial redundancy in the context of image compression and provide an example.

e) Explain the concept of lossless compression and its significance in image storage and
transmission.

f) Describe the principles of vector quantization and its role in lossy image compression.
3. Long Answer Questions (15 marks each):

g) Discuss the run-length encoding (RLE) compression technique, including its algorithmic process
and applications in image compression.

h) Explore the sequential Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)-based compression method, focusing on
its implementation in the JPEG Baseline Algorithm and its impact on image quality and compression
efficiency.

MODULE 6:
1. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs):

a) Which technique is commonly used for edge detection in images?

1. Sobel operator

2. Fourier transform

3. Histogram equalization

4. Gaussian blur

b) The Canny edge detection algorithm includes which of the following steps?

1. Gaussian blur, Sobel operator, non-maximum suppression, and hysteresis thresholding

2. Histogram equalization, median filtering, edge linking, and thresholding

3. Fourier transform, Laplacian operator, erosion, and dilation

4. Mean filtering, morphological operations, thresholding, and region growing

c) Which method is used for detecting corners or points of interest in images?

1. Sobel operator

2. Canny edge detector

3. Harris corner detector

4. Hough transform

2. Short Answer Questions (5 marks each):

d) Explain how the Sobel operator works for edge detection in images.

e) Describe the main steps involved in the Canny edge detection algorithm.

f) What is the purpose of detecting points or corners in image segmentation, and how is it useful?

3. Long Answer Questions (15 marks each):

g) Discuss the advantages and limitations of Otsu's method for image thresholding, including its
algorithmic process and applications.

h) Explore region-based segmentation techniques, outlining the principles of region growing and
region merging and discussing their strengths and weaknesses.
 WHOLE SYLLABUS

5 marks

1. Explain the fundamental steps involved in digital image processing.

2. Describe the basic gray level transformations used in spatial domain image enhancement.

3. What are the key components of an image processing system, and how do they interact?

4. Discuss the concept of image restoration and its significance in digital image processing.

5. How do spatial and frequency domain filtering techniques differ in image restoration?

6. Define morphological image processing and discuss its basic operations.

7. Explain the concept of image compression and discuss the types of redundancy it aims to address.

8. Describe the process of image segmentation and its importance in image analysis.

9. What are the different types of coding techniques used in image compression?

10. Discuss the role of edge detection in image segmentation and its applications.

11. How does the Fourier Transform contribute to image enhancement, particularly in the frequency
domain?

12. Discuss the application of histogram processing in image enhancement.

13. Explain the concept of image sampling and quantization and its impact on digital image
processing.

14. Describe the process of skeletonization in morphological image processing and its significance.

15. What are the key characteristics of color image models, and how do they differ from grayscale
models?

16. Explain the concepts of erosion and dilation in morphological image processing.

17. Discuss the advantages and limitations of lossless and lossy image compression techniques.

18. Describe the process of boundary detection in morphological image processing.

19. How does the Run-Length Encoding (RLE) compression technique work, and what types of images
is it suitable for?

20. Explain the concept of edge linking in image segmentation and its challenges.
21. Discuss the role of spatial filters in image enhancement and provide examples of their
applications.

22. How does Otsu's method contribute to image thresholding in image segmentation?

23. Describe the process of region-based segmentation and its applications.

24. Discuss the differences between ideal, Butterworth, and Gaussian filters in frequency domain
image enhancement.

25. Explain the concept of connected components in morphological image processing and its
significance.

15 marks

1. Discuss in detail the fundamental steps involved in digital image processing, emphasizing their
significance in image analysis. (15 marks)

2. Compare and contrast the spatial domain and frequency domain approaches to image
enhancement, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. (15 marks)

3. Explain the concept of image restoration and its role in improving the quality of digital images,
discussing various techniques and their applications. (15 marks)

4. Describe the process of morphological image processing, including erosion, dilation, opening, and
closing operations, and discuss their applications in detail. (15 marks)

5. Discuss the concept of image compression, focusing on lossless and lossy compression techniques,
and evaluate their effectiveness in reducing image data size. (15 marks)

6. Explore the significance of image segmentation in digital image processing, highlighting different
segmentation methods and their applications. (15 marks)

7. Explain the role of the Fourier Transform in image enhancement, emphasizing its applications in
frequency domain filtering and analysis. (15 marks)

8. Discuss the process of histogram processing in image enhancement, including histogram

equalization and its effects on image contrast. (15 marks)

9. Describe the concept of image sampling and quantization, and analyze their impact on digital
image representation and processing. (15 marks)

10. Explain in detail the operations involved in morphological image processing, including
skeletonization, hole filling, and boundary detection, and their applications. (15 marks)

11. Evaluate the effectiveness of Run-Length Encoding (RLE) as a compression technique in digital
image processing, discussing its advantages and limitations. (15 marks)

12. Discuss the challenges and solutions associated with edge detection in image segmentation,
focusing on Sobel and Canny edge detection methods. (15 marks)
13. Analyze the different types of spatial filters used in image enhancement, including smoothing and
sharpening filters, and their applications. (15 marks)

14. Explain the principles behind Otsu's method for image thresholding in image segmentation, and
discuss its effectiveness in separating foreground and background regions. (15 marks)

15. Discuss the concept of region-based segmentation in digital image processing, highlighting its
advantages and limitations compared to other segmentation methods. (15 marks)

16. Compare and contrast ideal, Butterworth, and Gaussian filters in frequency domain image
enhancement, discussing their frequency response characteristics. (15 marks)

17. Explore the concept of connected components in morphological image processing, and discuss
their role in image analysis and segmentation tasks. (15 marks)

18. Investigate the role of noise characterization in image restoration, and discuss various methods
for estimating the degradation function in noisy images. (15 marks)

19. Discuss the challenges associated with image compression and the trade-offs between
compression ratio and image quality in lossy compression techniques. (15 marks)

20. Evaluate the effectiveness of different types of coding techniques used in image compression,
such as Run-Length Encoding and Huffman Coding, in reducing data size. (15 marks)

21. Describe the significance of edge linking in image segmentation, including its role in connecting
fragmented edge points to form coherent boundaries. (15 marks)

22. Discuss the applications of color-feature based segmentation in color images, and compare it
with other segmentation methods in terms of accuracy and computational complexity. (15 marks)

23. Analyze the relationship between neighboring pixels in digital images and its importance in image
processing tasks, such as edge detection and noise removal. (15 marks)

24. Explore the concept of smoothing and sharpening filters in spatial domain image enhancement,
discussing their effects on image quality and detail enhancement. (15 marks)

25. Discuss the principles behind Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and its relation with image
characterization, emphasizing its applications in frequency domain image processing. (15 marks)

MCQ

1. Which of the following is NOT an application of digital image processing?

a) Medical imaging

b) Satellite imaging

c) Social media networking

d) Surveillance
 Answer: c) Social media networking

2. The process of converting a continuous image into a digital form is known as:

a) Quantization

b) Sampling

c) Compression

d) Enhancement

Answer: b) Sampling

3. What are the fundamental steps in digital image processing?

a) Sampling and quantization

b) Enhancement and segmentation

c) Restoration and compression

d) Acquisition and representation

Answer: d) Acquisition and representation

4. Which of the following is NOT a component of an image processing system?

a) Sensor

b) CPU

c) Display device

d) Keyboard

Answer: d) Keyboard

5. The process of reducing noise and improving the quality of an image is known as:

a) Sampling

b) Quantization

c) Enhancement

d) Restoration
 Answer: c) Enhancement

6. Which of the following is a basic gray level transformation technique?

a) Fourier Transform

b) Histogram equalization

c) Discrete Wavelet Transform

d) Run-Length Encoding

Answer: b) Histogram equalization

7. What is the primary function of spatial filtering in image processing?

a) Noise reduction

b) Edge detection

c) Contrast enhancement

d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above

8. Which of the following filters is commonly used for smoothing in spatial domain image
enhancement?

a) Sobel filter

b) Laplacian filter

c) Gaussian filter

d) Prewitt filter

Answer: c) Gaussian filter

9. The Fourier Transform is used to analyze images in which domain?

a) Spatial

b) Frequency
 c) Time

d) Color

Answer: b) Frequency

10. What is the primary purpose of image segmentation?

a) To reduce image size

b) To enhance image quality

c) To partition an image into meaningful regions

d) To remove noise from an image

Answer: c) To partition an image into meaningful regions

11. Which of the following is NOT a basic morphological operation?

a) Erosion

b) Dilation

c) Compression

d) Opening

Answer: c) Compression

12. Which of the following compression techniques is lossless?

a) JPEG

b) Vector quantization

c) Run-Length Encoding

d) Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)

Answer: c) Run-Length Encoding

13. Otsu's method is used for:

a) Histogram equalization
 b) Image thresholding

c) Edge detection

d) Image compression

Answer: b) Image thresholding

14. Which of the following is NOT a type of redundancy addressed in image compression?

a) Spatial redundancy

b) Temporal redundancy

c) Color redundancy

d) Quantization redundancy

Answer: b) Temporal redundancy

15. Connected components in morphological image processing refer to:

a) Adjacent pixels with similar intensity values

b) Disjoint regions with uniform attributes

c) Pixel pairs with high correlation

d) Independent image layers

Answer: b) Disjoint regions with uniform attributes

16. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the ideal filter in frequency domain image
enhancement?

a) Infinite impulse response

b) Sharpening effect

c) Perfect attenuation of certain frequencies

d) Infinite frequency response

Answer: b) Sharpening effect

17. What is the primary objective of image restoration?

a) To improve image quality

b) To reduce image size

c) To enhance image contrast

d) To partition an image into regions

Answer: a) To improve image quality

18. What is the purpose of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) in image processing?

a) To analyze spatial relationships

b) To convert images into frequency domain

c) To remove noise from images

d) To enhance color representation

Answer: b) To convert images into frequency domain

19. Which of the following techniques is used for boundary detection in morphological image
processing?

a) Erosion

b) Dilation

c) Opening

d) Closing

Answer: d) Closing

20. Which color space model separates image intensity from color information?

a) RGB

b) CMYK

c) HSI

d) YCbCr
 Answer: c) HSI

21. The primary function of histogram processing in image enhancement is to:

a) Reduce noise

b) Improve image contrast

c) Enhance color saturation

d) Remove artifacts

Answer: b) Improve image contrast

22. Which spatial filtering technique is commonly used for edge detection in digital image processing?

a) Gaussian blur

b) Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG)

c) Mean filtering

d) Median filtering

Answer: b) Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG)

23. In image compression, lossy techniques aim to:

a) Achieve high compression ratios with minimal loss of image quality

b) Preserve all image details while reducing file size

c) Remove all redundant information without any loss of data

d) Retain image fidelity without sacrificing compression efficiency

Answer: a) Achieve high compression ratios with minimal loss of image quality

24. What does the Run-Length Encoding (RLE) compression method exploit to achieve compression?

a) Redundancy in spatial information

b) Redundancy in temporal information

c) Redundancy in color information

d) Redundancy in intensity values

 Answer: a) Redundancy in spatial information

25. Which segmentation technique groups pixels based on their spatial connectivity and similarity in
intensity or color?

a) Region-based segmentation

b) Edge-based segmentation

c) Threshold-based segmentation

d) Clustering-based segmentation

Answer: a) Region-based segmentation

26. Which of the following is an advantage of morphological image processing techniques?

a) They are computationally intensive

b) They are sensitive to noise

c) They are robust to variations in lighting conditions

d) They are effective only on binary images

Answer: c) They are robust to variations in lighting conditions

27. What is the primary goal of image compression techniques?

a) To reduce the resolution of images

b) To enhance image quality

c) To minimize the storage space required for images

d) To increase the processing speed of images

Answer: c) To minimize the storage space required for images

28. Which of the following techniques is commonly used for image restoration in the spatial domain?

a) Fourier Transform

b) Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

 c) Median filtering

d) Ideal filtering

Answer: c) Median filtering

29. In color-feature based segmentation, what features are typically used for segmentation?

a) Intensity and texture

b) Hue, saturation, and intensity

c) Red, green, and blue channels

d) Histogram and entropy

Answer: b) Hue, saturation, and intensity

30. Which of the following statements is true about frequency domain filtering?

a) It operates directly on pixel values

b) It is computationally faster than spatial domain filtering

c) It cannot be applied to color images

d) It requires conversion of images into frequency domain

Answer: d) It requires conversion of images into frequency domain

31. Which of the following is NOT a basic morphological operation?

a) Opening

b) Closing

c) Sharpening

d) Erosion

Answer: c) Sharpening

32. What is the purpose of image segmentation?

a) To enhance image quality

 b) To reduce image size

c) To partition an image into meaningful regions

d) To remove noise from an image

Answer: c) To partition an image into meaningful regions

33. Which of the following is NOT a type of redundancy addressed in image compression?

a) Spatial redundancy

b) Temporal redundancy

c) Color redundancy

d) Quantization redundancy

Answer: b) Temporal redundancy

34. Which of the following morphological operations is used to remove small objects from the
foreground of an image?

a) Dilation

b) Erosion

c) Opening

d) Closing

Answer: c) Opening

35. Which of the following compression techniques is lossless?

a) JPEG

b) Vector quantization

c) Run-Length Encoding

d) Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)

Answer: c) Run-Length Encoding

36. Which of the following is used to identify the boundaries of objects in an image?

a) Erosion

b) Dilation

c) Closing

d) Boundary detection

Answer: d) Boundary detection

37. Which color space model separates image intensity from color information?

a) RGB

b) CMYK

c) HSI

d) YCbCr

Answer: c) HSI

38. The primary function of histogram processing in image enhancement is to:

a) Reduce noise

b) Improve image contrast

c) Enhance color saturation

d) Remove artifacts

Answer: b) Improve image contrast

39. Which spatial filtering technique is commonly used for edge detection in digital image processing?

a) Gaussian blur

b) Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG)

c) Mean filtering

d) Median filtering

Answer: b) Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG)

40. In image compression, lossy techniques aim to:

a) Achieve high compression ratios with minimal loss of image quality

b) Preserve all image details while reducing file size

c) Remove all redundant information without any loss of data

d) Retain image fidelity without sacrificing compression efficiency

Answer: a) Achieve high compression ratios with minimal loss of image quality

41. What does the Run-Length Encoding (RLE) compression method exploit to achieve compression?

a) Redundancy in spatial information

b) Redundancy in temporal information

c) Redundancy in color information

d) Redundancy in intensity values

Answer: a) Redundancy in spatial information

42. Which segmentation technique groups pixels based on their spatial connectivity and similarity in
intensity or color?

a) Region-based segmentation

b) Edge-based segmentation

c) Threshold-based segmentation

d) Clustering-based segmentation

Answer: a) Region-based segmentation

43. Which of the following is an advantage of morphological image processing techniques?

a) They are computationally intensive

b) They are sensitive to noise

c) They are robust to variations in lighting conditions

d) They are effective only on binary images

 Answer: c) They are robust to variations in lighting conditions

44. What is the primary goal of image compression techniques?

a) To reduce the resolution of images

b) To enhance image quality

c) To minimize the storage space required for images

d) To increase the processing speed of images

Answer: c) To minimize the storage space required for images

45. Which of the following techniques is commonly used for image restoration in the spatial domain?

a) Fourier Transform

b) Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

c) Median filtering

d) Ideal filtering

Answer: c) Median filtering

46. In color-feature based segmentation, what features are typically used for segmentation?

a) Intensity and texture

b) Hue, saturation, and intensity

c) Red, green, and blue channels

d) Histogram and entropy

Answer: b) Hue, saturation, and intensity

47. Which of the following statements is true about frequency domain filtering?

a) It operates directly on pixel values

b) It is computationally faster than spatial domain filtering

c) It cannot be applied to color images

 d) It requires conversion of images into frequency domain

Answer: d) It requires conversion of images into frequency domain

48. Which of the following is NOT a basic morphological operation?

a) Opening

b) Closing

c) Sharpening

d) Erosion

Answer: c) Sharpening

49. What is the purpose of image segmentation?

a) To enhance image quality

b) To reduce image size

c) To partition an image into meaningful regions

d) To remove noise from an image

Answer: c) To partition an image into meaningful regions

50. Which of the following is NOT a type of redundancy addressed in image compression?

a) Spatial redundancy

b) Temporal redundancy

c) Color redundancy

d) Quantization redundancy

Answer: b) Temporal redundancy

51. Which of the following morphological operations expands the boundaries of objects in an image?

a) Erosion

b) Dilation
 c) Opening

d) Closing

Answer: b) Dilation

52. Lossless compression techniques aim to:

a) Achieve high compression ratios with minimal loss of image quality

b) Preserve all image details while reducing file size

c) Remove all redundant information without any loss of data

d) Retain image fidelity without sacrificing compression efficiency

Answer: c) Remove all redundant information without any loss of data

53. Which of the following is a common approach for estimating the degradation function in image
restoration?

a) Histogram equalization

b) Fourier Transform

c) Modeling noise characteristics

d) Convolution with a kernel

Answer: c) Modeling noise characteristics

54. What is the primary objective of edge detection in image processing?

a) To enhance image contrast

b) To remove noise from an image

c) To identify regions of interest

d) To locate boundaries between objects

Answer: d) To locate boundaries between objects

55. Which color space model is commonly used for representing color images in digital image
processing?
 a) RGB

b) HSI

c) CMYK

d) YCbCr

Answer: a) RGB

56. The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) converts an image from spatial domain to:

a) Frequency domain

b) Color domain

c) Intensity domain

d) Spatial frequency domain

Answer: a) Frequency domain

57. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of morphological image processing?

a) It is sensitive to noise

b) It is based on mathematical morphology

c) It operates on binary images

d) It is used for enhancing image contrast

Answer: d) It is used for enhancing image contrast

58. Which of the following is NOT a step in the image processing pipeline?

a) Image acquisition

b) Image enhancement

c) Image storage

d) Image interpretation

Answer: c) Image storage

59. In image compression, quantization involves:

a) Reducing the number of bits required to represent image data

b) Mapping pixel values to a limited set of values

c) Encoding the image using lossless techniques

d) Extracting features from the image

Answer: b) Mapping pixel values to a limited set of values

60. Which of the following is a disadvantage of using frequency domain filtering for image
enhancement?

a) High computational complexity

b) Loss of image details

c) Limited applicability to color images

d) Difficulty in implementation

Answer: a) High computational complexity

61. What is the primary purpose of boundary detection in morphological image processing?

a) To remove small objects from the foreground

b) To enhance image contrast

c) To identify regions of interest

d) To locate edges of objects

Answer: d) To locate edges of objects

62. Which compression technique is commonly used for encoding text documents?

a) Run-Length Encoding

b) Huffman Coding

c) Vector Quantization

d) Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)

 Answer: b) Huffman Coding

63. What does the Otsu's method determine in image processing?

a) Optimal image threshold value

b) Ideal filter coefficients

c) Noise distribution parameters

d) Histogram equalization parameters

Answer: a) Optimal image threshold value

64. The term "skeletonization" in morphological image processing refers to:

a) Reducing the size of objects in an image

b) Identifying the main structural components of objects

c) Expanding the boundaries of objects

d) Removing small details from an image

Answer: b) Identifying the main structural components of objects

65. Which of the following filters is used for reducing noise in image processing?

a) Sobel filter

b) Laplacian filter

c) Median filter

d) Gaussian filter

Answer: c) Median filter

66. What does the term "quantization" refer to in image processing?

a) Conversion of images into frequency domain

b) Mapping pixel values to a limited range of values

c) Enhancing color representation in images

d) Removing noise from images

 Answer: b) Mapping pixel values to a limited range of values

67. Which of the following techniques is used for filling holes in objects in an image?

a) Erosion

b) Dilation

c) Closing

d) Hole filling

Answer: d) Hole filling

68. Which of the following is a characteristic of lossy image compression?

a) Minimal loss of image quality

b) High compression ratios

c) Irreversible compression

d) Suitable for medical imaging

Answer: c) Irreversible compression

69. Which morphological operation is used to separate connected objects in an image?

a) Erosion

b) Dilation

c) Opening

d) Connected component labeling

Answer: d) Connected component labeling

70. Which of the following color models separates color information from intensity information?

a) HSI

b) RGB

c) YCbCr
 d) CMYK

Answer: a) HIS

71. Which spatial filtering technique is commonly used for smoothing or blurring images?

a) Laplacian filter

b) Sobel filter

c) Median filter

d) Prewitt filter

Answer: c) Median filter

72. What is the primary goal of image restoration techniques?

a) To increase image size

b) To remove unwanted objects from an image

c) To enhance image quality by removing degradation effects

d) To decrease image contrast

Answer: c) To enhance image quality by removing degradation effects

73. Which of the following is NOT a step in the histogram processing of an image?

a) Histogram equalization

b) Histogram specification

c) Histogram multiplication

d) Histogram stretching

Answer: c) Histogram multiplication

74. In color image processing, which model separates color information into luminance and
chrominance components?

a) HSI model
 b) CMYK model

c) YUV model

d) RGB model

Answer: c) YUV model

75. Which of the following frequency domain filters is commonly used for smoothing an image?

a) Ideal filter

b) Butterworth filter

c) Gaussian filter

d) Laplacian filter

Answer: c) Gaussian filter

76. What is the purpose of connected component labeling in image processing?

a) To detect edges in an image

b) To separate connected objects

c) To reduce image noise

d) To enhance image contrast

Answer: b) To separate connected objects

77. Which of the following image compression techniques is a lossy compression method?

a) Run-Length Encoding (RLE)

b) Huffman Coding

c) Arithmetic Coding

d) Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) Compression

Answer: b) Huffman Coding

78. Which of the following morphological operations expands the size of objects in an image?
 a) Erosion

b) Dilation

c) Opening

d) Closing

Answer: b) Dilation

79. Which of the following color models is used for printing purposes?

a) RGB

b) CMYK

c) HSI

d) YUV

Answer: b) CMYK

80. What does the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) provide in image processing?

a) Time domain representation

b) Frequency domain representation

c) Spatial domain representation

d) Color domain representation

Answer: b) Frequency domain representation

81. Which of the following is a drawback of using the Laplacian filter for edge detection?

a) It is computationally expensive

b) It tends to amplify noise

c) It produces thick edges

d) It only detects vertical edges

Answer: b) It tends to amplify noise

82. What is the primary objective of the closing operation in morphological image processing?

a) To remove small objects from the foreground

b) To fill small gaps in objects

c) To shrink the boundaries of objects

d) To detect edges in an image

Answer: b) To fill small gaps in objects

83. Which of the following is NOT a component of an image processing system?

a) Input device

b) Output device

c) Processor

d) Display device

Answer: d) Display device

84. Which of the following statements is true about lossless image compression?

a) It achieves high compression ratios with minimal loss of image quality

b) It is irreversible

c) It preserves all image details

d) It is suitable for medical imaging

Answer: c) It preserves all image details

85. What is the main advantage of using Fourier Transform in image processing?

a) It reduces image noise

b) It enhances image contrast

c) It converts images into frequency domain

d) It increases image resolution

Answer: c) It converts images into frequency domain

86. Which of the following is a characteristic of spatial domain filtering?

a) It operates directly on pixel values

b) It requires conversion of images into frequency domain

c) It is computationally intensive

d) It is insensitive to noise

Answer: a) It operates directly on pixel values

87. What is the primary purpose of histogram processing in image enhancement?

a) To adjust image resolution

b) To map pixel values to a limited range

c) To stretch the dynamic range of pixel values

d) To remove high-frequency noise

Answer: c) To stretch the dynamic range of pixel values

88. Which of the following spatial filters is commonly used for edge enhancement?

a) Median filter

b) Laplacian filter

c) Gaussian filter

d) Mean filter

Answer: b) Laplacian filter

89. What is the primary goal of run-length encoding (RLE) in image compression?

a) To reduce the number of distinct colors in an image

b) To reduce spatial redundancy in an image

c) To eliminate temporal redundancy in an image sequence

d) To minimize the number of bits required to represent an image

 Answer: b) To reduce spatial redundancy in an image

90. Which of the following is an example of lossy compression technique?

a) Run-Length Encoding (RLE)

b) Huffman Coding

c) Arithmetic Coding

d) Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)

Answer: d) Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)

91. In morphological image processing, what does the closing operation do to objects in an image?

a) Expands the boundaries of objects

b) Shrinks the boundaries of objects

c) Removes small objects from the foreground

d) Fills small gaps in objects

Answer: d) Fills small gaps in objects

92. Which of the following color models separates brightness from color information?

a) RGB

b) CMYK

c) HSI

d) YUV

Answer: c) HSI

93. What is the primary purpose of skeletonization in morphological image processing?

a) To remove small details from an image

b) To reduce image noise

c) To identify the main structural components of objects

d) To expand the boundaries of objects

 Answer: c) To identify the main structural components of objects

94. Which of the following is NOT a basic morphological operation?

a) Dilation

b) Erosion

c) Opening

d) Clustering

Answer: d) Clustering

95. Which of the following statements is true about frequency domain filtering?

a) It is computationally slower than spatial domain filtering

b) It requires conversion of images into spatial domain

c) It is sensitive to noise

d) It operates directly on pixel values

Answer: a) It is computationally slower than spatial domain filtering

96. Which of the following techniques is commonly used for estimating the degradation function in
image restoration?

a) Fourier Transform

b) Histogram Equalization

c) Modeling noise characteristics

d) Convolution with a kernel

Answer: c) Modeling noise characteristics

97. What is the primary objective of edge detection in image processing?

a) To enhance image contrast

b) To remove noise from an image

 c) To identify regions of interest

d) To locate boundaries between objects

Answer: d) To locate boundaries between objects

98. Which color space model is commonly used for representing color images in digital image
processing?

a) HSI

b) CMYK

c) YUV

d) RGB

Answer: d) RGB

99. The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) converts an image from the spatial domain to:

a) Time domain

b) Frequency domain

c) Color domain

d) Intensity domain

Answer: b) Frequency domain

100. Which of the following is an advantage of morphological image processing techniques?

a) They are computationally intensive

b) They are sensitive to noise

c) They are robust to variations in lighting conditions

d) They are effective only on binary images

Answer: c) They are robust to variations in lighting conditions