Review Innovations CE Review for Nov 2023 - Hydraulics 10

PIPES IN SERIES & PARALLEL EB

c
Series  E d
  1  B 
 Et 

The time required for the pressure wave to travel from the
valve to the reservoir and back to the valve is:

Q1  Q 2  Q 3 2L
T
HL  h f1  h f2  h f3 c
P Water Hammer Pressure
hf 

Rapid Closure (tc <2L/c)
Parallel
Ph  cv

v = velocity of flow (m/s)

Slow Closure (tc >2L/c)

2Lv
Ph ' 
tc

𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 REYNOLD’S NUMBER
ℎ𝑓1 = ℎ𝑓2 = ℎ𝑓3
vD
NR 

WATER HAMMER
NR = Reynold’s number
V = velocity of flow (m/s)
Water hammer (or, more generally, fluid hammer) is a
pressure surge or wave resulting when a fluid (usually a D = diameter of the pipe (m)
liquid but sometimes also a gas) in motion is forced to stop ν = kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
or change direction suddenly (momentum change).



EB
c - for rigid pipes
 ρ = mass density (kg/m3)
μ = dynamic viscosity (Pa s)
c = celerity, speed of pressure wave (m/s) absolute viscosity;
EB = bulk modulus of elasticity of fluid (Pa) coefficient of viscosity;
ρ = density of fluid (kg/m3) viscosity

If NR < 2000:
64
f
Ec NR
c - for non-rigid pipes

If NR > 2000:
Ec = composite modulus of elasticity
1   2.51 
1 1 d  2log   
  f  3.7D N f 
 R 
Ec EB Et

d = internal diameter of pipe (mm)

E = modulus of elasticity of pipe material (Pa)
t = pipe thickness (mm)

Manila, Baguio, Cebu FB: @ReviewInnovationsOfficial Davao FB: Review Innovations Davao Branch
 (02) 8735-9161 0919-227-9194  (082) 221-1121 0930-256-0998
 Review Innovations CE Review for Nov 2023 - Hydraulics 10

1. Water flows at a rate of 0.020 m3/s from reservoir A to Problems for Practice
reservoir B through three concrete pipes connected in 7. A fluid flows at 0.002 m3/s through a 150 – mm –
series, as shown in the figure. Find the difference in diameter pipe. Determine whether the flow is laminar or
water-surface elevations in the reservoirs. Neglect minor turbulent if the fluid is:
losses. f = 0.02. a. Air (ν = 1.48 × 10-5 m2/s)
2. A pipe 977 m long branches into 3 pipes at junction A. b. Water (µ = 8.90 × 10-4 Pa-s)
The three pipes span 1046 m, 885 m, and 796 m. They c. Mercury (µ = 1.53 × 10-3 Pa-s)
come together at junction B and continue as a single pipe d. Glycerin (ν = 1.18 × 10-3 m2/s)
e. Gasoline (ν = 4.06 × 10-7 m2/s)
for 1224 m. All pipes are 300 mm in size except the
8. Water flow at the rate of 250 liters/sec through a 150 – m
shortest one which is 250 mm. The pressure drop
horizontal pipe having a diameter of 300 mm.
between the junctions is 260 kPa. Friction factor “f” can
Determine the friction factor if the pressure difference
be assumed 0.02 in the entire system. Calculate the rates
between the end points is 360 mm Hg.
of flow in the branching pipes.
9. Two concrete pipes are connected in series. The flow rate
3. Oil (sg=0.85), bulk modulus 1723.75 MPa, is flowing in a
of water through the pipes is 0.14 m3/s with a total
600-mm steel pipe at 0.65 m3/s. The rigid pipeline is 2500 friction loss of 14.10 m for both pipes. Each pipe has a
m long. length of 300 m. If one pipe has a diameter of 300 mm,
a. If a valve is located at the end of the line, what is
what is the diameter of the other one? Neglect minor
the minimum closure time in order to avoid a
losses. Use f = 0.021
maximum pressure surge?
b. Find the water hammer pressure developed by
closure of a valve at the end of the line if the 10. A 0.75-m Ø pipe 1162 m long carrying 2.4 m3/s of water
closure time is 1.8 s. branches into 2 pipes 450-mmØ and 600mmØ at junction
c. Find the water hammer pressure developed by A. The 450 mm pipe is 1254 m long and the 600 mm one
closure of a valve at the end of the line if the is 1186 m. They come together at junction B and continue
closure time is 6 s? as a single pipe 750 mm in diameter and 866 m long.
Assuming the values of “f” are 0.017, 0.019, 0.020
4. A non-rigid steel pipe 600 mm in diameter is to carry a
respectively for the 750, 600, and 450 mm pipe:
maximum static head of 350 m of water and additional
a. What is Q in the 450 mm pipe?
pressure due to water hammer when quick closing valve b. What is Q in the 600 mm pipe?
stops a flow of 0.85 m3/s. The pipe has a thickness of 18 c. What is the pressure head at junction B if the
mm, EB = 2068.5 MPa, E = 200 GPa for steel. pressure at A is 116 m?
a. What is the composite modulus of elasticity?
b. Determine the water hammer pressure. 11. The total head loss from A to D in the looping pipe
c. What is the maximum stress acting on the pipe? system below is 9 m. Assuming C=120 in all pipes,
determine the following if 50 liters per second of water
5. Oil with ρ = 950 kg/m3 and ν (nu) = 0.00002 m2/s flows enters at A:
through a 30-cm Ø pipe 100 m long at 5 m/s. ε= 0.00194 a. Head loss in pipe 2.
a. What is the Reynolds number? b. Amount of flow in pipe 2.
b. What is the friction factor? c. Diameter of pipe 3.
c. What is the total head loss?

6. An oil with ρ = 900 kg/m3 and μ = 0.18 kg/(m·s) flows

through an inclined pipe as shown. Assuming steady
laminar flow,
a. Is the flow upward or downward?
b. Determine the flow rate.
c. Determine the head loss between section 1 and
section 2.

12. Glycerin, sg = 1.26 and μ = 1.49 Pa-s, flows through a 600-

mm Ø pipe at 85 liters per second.
a. What is the Reynolds number?
b. What is the friction factor?
c. What is the critical velocity?

Manila, Baguio, Cebu FB: @ReviewInnovationsOfficial Davao FB: Review Innovations Davao Branch
 (02) 8735-9161 0919-227-9194  (082) 221-1121 0930-256-0998
 Review Innovations CE Review for Nov 2023 - Hydraulics 10

 Water hammer pressure can be considerably

 In series – pipe problems
reduced using
a) the head loss is same through each pipe
a) slow closing valves
b) the discharge is same through each pipe
b) rapid closing valves
c) a trial solution is not necessary
c) both slow and rapid closing valves
d) the discharge through each pipe is added to
d) none of the avalves
obtain total discharge

 Which of the following conditions is valid in the

case of flow through parallel pipes?
a) The rate of discharge in the main line is not
equal to the sum of the discharges in each of the
parallel pipes
b) The velocity of flow in the main line is equal to
the sum of the velocities in each of the parallel
pipes
c) The loss of head in each parallel pipe is
different
d) The rate of discharge in the main line is equal
to the sum of discharges in each of the parallel
pipes

 Two pipe systems are said to be equivalent

when
a) head loss and discharge are same in two
systems
b) length of pipe and discharge are same in two
systems
c) friction factor and length are same in two
systems
d) length and diameter are same in two systems

 The ratio of absolute viscosity to mass density is

known as
(a) specific viscosity
(b) viscosity index
(c) kinematic viscosity
(d) coefficient of viscosity

 The magnitude of water hammer effect in a pipe

depends on
(a) speed at which the valve is closed
(b) length of the pipe
(c) elastic properties of the pipe material
(d) all of the above
7) Laminar
 The phenomenon of water hammer takes place Turbulent
in pipes Turbulent
Laminar
a) when water is suddenly accelerated by Turbulent
opening the valve 8) 0.0154
b) when fluid is moving with high head 9) 250 mm
10) 0.758 m3/s
c) when pressure is reduced to zero
1.642 m3/s
d) when fluid is suddenly brought to rest by 51.5 m
closing the valve 11) 1.9 m
0.019 m3/s
0.181 m
12) 152.53
0.42
3.94 m/s

Manila, Baguio, Cebu FB: @ReviewInnovationsOfficial Davao FB: Review Innovations Davao Branch
 (02) 8735-9161 0919-227-9194  (082) 221-1121 0930-256-0998