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MODULE 4.1
SPORTS: An Introduction

Magandang Buhay!
Before we start, let us be thankful that despite the challenges that we are facing right now, still, we are filled with
bountiful blessings from above. Keep yourselves safe, hydrated and do not forget to pray. Welcome to this module. I know
that you are excited to discover and learn new things, together with this instructional aide, you will explore new learnings with
fun and you will have enjoyable activities.
Sports is an activity that requires physical action and skills where individuals or teams compete under a set of
specific rules and regulations. This lesson introduces the concept of sports officiating and sports intramural management.

Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:
 Identify different types of sports.
 Differentiate individual and dual sports.
 Explain the technical and tactical skills in playing sports.

ANSWER ME!
QUESTION: What sport or activity do you think is suitable for you?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Any sport is best played when the player is familiar with its history, court/venue, gear equipment, technical/tactical skills,
rules, and officiating. Let us now venture the world of SPORTS!

SPORTS
- is an activity that requires physical actions and skills where individuals or teams compete under a set of rules.
- an activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others for
entertainment.
- A Sport is a form of physical activity or game. Often competitive and organized, sports use, maintain, or improve physical
ability and skills. They also provide enjoyment to participants and, in some cases, entertainment to spectators.
TYPES OF SPORTS
 Individual Sports are played by one participant on each competing side. It fosters a higher amount of discipline, self-
confidence, focus, and passion. The individual player is solely responsible for winning or losing, succeeding, or failing.
 Dual Sports are played by two competing pairs.
 Team Sports are played with three or more players. In team sports, many variables are considered to determine success and
failure. Although individual qualities and skills are helpful, performance does not rely on a single talent. A team’s
performance or success depends on the collective effort of all its players.
What does one need to know in playing sports?
Individual sports rely on the individual, while team sports rely on teammates. In playing any type of sports, it is important to have
focus, a clear understanding of the game, and a work ethic in mastering the skills.
SPORT Individual Dual Team

Badminton * * * Some of the important aspects to consider in learning sports are:

Basketball * 1. History – the inventor of sports, country of origin, development of the game.
Bowling * * 2. Court Dimensions/Venue – where the games are played (indoor, outdoor, or both), size, different
Boxing * *
designs for males or females, and safety procedures for the players.
Football *
3. Equipment and Gear – proper protective gear, uniform, and outfits that also involve the safety of players
* * *
and the officials.
Lawn Tennis

Track and Field * *

Table Tennis/Pingpong * * *
4. Technical and Tactical Skills – technical skills are the basics of playing the game, while tactical skills
Skating * * *
are strategies to take advantage of the game.
Softball * 5. Rules of the Game – set of rules on how the game is played, violations, penalties, how to score points,
Swimming * * how many players are allowed.
Wrestling * * * 6. Officiating – officials of the game, their duties and responsibilities of calling for violations, penalties,
Volleyball * points, and regulating fair play.
Volleyball (Beach) *
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HISTORY of SPORTS
The documented history of sports goes back at least 3,000 years. In the beginning, sports often involved the preparation for war or
training as a hunter, which explains why so many early games involved the throwing of spears, stakes, and rocks, and sparring one-on-
one with opponents.
With the first Olympic Games in 776 BC—which included events such as foot and chariot races, wrestling, jumping, and discus and
javelin throwing—the Ancient Greeks introduced formal sports to the world.
BADMINTON
The sport is believed to be traced back more than 2000 years, but the modern version is said have been invented in 1873 in
Gloucestershire, England, by the Duke of Beaufort, who brought the game back from India.
In 1934, the IBF - now Badminton World Federation (BWF) - was established. It was 14 years later that the first international
tournament, the Thomas Cup, took place. Badminton became an official Olympic sport in Barcelona in 1992.
Badminton is a fast-paced racket sport that can be played either as singles or doubles, with the aim of hitting a shuttlecock (or shuttle)
over a net and into the opponent's court.

BASKETBALL
The only major sport strictly of U.S. origin, basketball was invented by James Naismith (1861–1939) on or about December 1, 1891, at
the International Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) Training School (now Springfield College), Springfield, Massachusetts,
where Naismith was an instructor in physical education.
For that first game of basketball in 1891, Naismith used as goals two half-bushel peach baskets, which gave the sport its name. The
students were enthusiastic. After much running and shooting, William R. Chase made a midcourt shot—the only score in that historic
contest. Word spread about the newly invented game, and numerous associations wrote Naismith for a copy of the rules, which were
published in the January 15, 1892, issue of the Triangle, the YMCA Training School’s campus paper.
Basketball, game played between two teams of five players each on a rectangular court, usually indoors. Each team tries to score by
tossing the ball through the opponent’s goal, an elevated horizontal hoop and net called a basket.
BOWLING
Bowling has been traced to articles found in the tomb of an Egyptian child buried in 5200 B.C. The primitive implements included nine
pieces of stone at which a stone "ball" was rolled, the ball having first to roll through an archway made of three pieces of marble.
Another ancient discovery was the Polynesian game of ula maika, also utilizing pins and balls of stone. The stones were to be rolled at
targets 60 feet away, a distance which today still is one of the basic regulations of tenpins.
Bowling at pins probably originated in ancient Germany, not as a sport but as a religious ceremony. Martin Luther is credited with
settling on nine as the ideal number of pins.
The game moved throughout Europe, the Scandinavian countries, and finally to the United States, with the earliest known reference to
bowling at pins in America made by author Washington Irving about 1818 in "Rip Van Winkle."
Bowling, game in which a heavy ball is rolled down a long, narrow lane toward a group of objects known as pins, the aim being to
knock down more pins than an opponent.
BOXING
This sport's history underwent many changes, especially after it started gaining popularity in ancient Greece over 2700 years ago.
Boxing, with a limited set of rules between two or more individuals, undoubtedly was born in prehistoric times, but organized fights
were immediately depicted with the dawn of the first civilizations who could write.
Ancient Sumeria is home to the first recorded mention of boxing. Originally recorded in 3rd millennia BC Iraq, many more reliefs that
depicted boxing were found from 2nd millennia civilizations of Babylonia, Assyria, and Hittite. Three and a half thousand years ago,
the first picture of a boxing bout was found on Minoan Crete.
Boxing is a well-defined combat sport in which two people under the supervision of a referee throw punches one at another during a
predetermined set of time while wearing protective gloves and moving inside a boxing ring. They are only permitted to use their hands
and hit opponents above the waistline.
FOOTBALL
Football (or soccer as the game is called in some parts of the world) has a long history. Football in its current form arose in England in
the middle of the 19th century. But alternative versions of the game existed much earlier and are a part of the football history.
The first known examples of a team game involving a ball, which was made out of a rock, occurred in old Mesoamerican cultures for
over 3,000 years ago. It was by the Aztecs called Tchatali, although various versions of the game were spread over large regions. In
some ritual occasions, the ball would symbolize the sun and the captain of the losing team would be sacrificed to the gods. A unique
feature of the Mesoamerican ball game versions was a bouncing ball made of rubber – no other early culture had access to rubber.
The first known ball game which also involved kicking took place In China in the 3rd and 2nd century BC under the name cuju. Cuju
was played with a ground ball (stitched leather with fur or feathers inside) on an area of a square. A modified form of this game later
spread to Japan and was by the name of kemari practiced under ceremonial forms.
Football is a team sport in which two teams play against each other to score their spherical ball in the other opponent’s net.

LAWN TENNIS
The inventor of the game was Major Walter Wingfield, of Her Majesty's Bodyguard, and he introduced it in 1874 under the name of
"Spharistike." The first match ever played was in Denbighshire, England, and the first public contest took place in 1875.
The game of tennis played on a rectangular court with a net running across. the centre. The aim is to hit the ball over the net landing the
ball within the. margins of the court and in a way that results in your opponent being. unable to return the ball.
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TRACK and FIELD
The track and field unit incorporates competition on an individual and team basis. Track and field is one of the world’s oldest sporting
activities. The events are depicted in ancient Egyptian art.
The first organized track and field meet was in 776 BC. These were called the Olympic Games. At that time, the Olympics consisted of
the pentathlon, which included discus, the javelin, foot racing, long jumping and wrestling. The first modern track and field meet
occurred in 1837 at Eton College in England.
Today the Olympics consists of a multitude of sports of which track, and field remains the centerpiece. There are numerous events in
track and field. In our unit, we will cover sprints, distance, shot put, long jump, triple jump and relays. Track and Field is a sport in
which athletes participate in different running, jumping, and throwing contests.

TABLE TENNIS
The game was invented in England in the early days of the 20th century and was originally called Ping-Pong, a trade name. The name
table tennis was adopted in 1921–22 when the old Ping-Pong Association formed in 1902 was revived. The original association had
broken up about 1905, though apparently the game continued to be played in parts of England outside London and by the 1920s was
being played in many countries. Table tennis may be played with one player at each end of the table or with two players at each end
who may be both men or both women or one of each.

SKATING
Ice skating originated in Scandinavia over 2000 years ago as a means of transportation. It was also practised on the canals of Holland
during the Middle Ages. Early references to skating in England date from the 17th century. The first skates were made from the shank
or rib bones of elk, caribou and other animals, and the word "skate" likely derives from the early German word schake, meaning shank.
As a social and recreational pastime, skating was popular in Britain and France during the 18th century, and the world's first skating
club was formed in Edinburgh in 1742. Skating, sport in which bladelike runners or sets of wheels attached to shoes are used for gliding
on ice or other surfaces.

SOFTBALL
Softball began in 1887 when George Hancock, a reporter for the Chicago Board of Trade, invented "indoor baseball". By the spring of
1888, the game had spread outdoors. It was originally called either mushball, kittenball or indoor baseball, but by the 1920s it had
acquired the name of softball. The sport became organized in the United States in 1933 with the formation of the Amateur Softball
Association of America (ASA). The sport was originally played by men and did not become popular with women until the formation of
the ASA.
Softball has a variation of baseball, the game started with different elements from other sports of which were boxing and boating. A
boating club and a boxing glove were the key parts when playing a game of Softball. Throughout time softball was once known as
Indoor Baseball, kitten ball, mush ball and pumpkin ball. The game then adopted the name Softball by the 1930s. Softball then grew a
reputation across the United States and because of its growth in popularity it became a well-recognized sport across the world. It is a
sport that is similar to baseball but that is played on a smaller field and with a ball that is pitched underhand and that is larger and softer
than a baseball.

SWIMMING
Swimming, in recreation and sports, the propulsion of the body through water by combined arm and leg motions and the natural
flotation of the body. Swimming as an exercise is popular as an all-around body developer and is particularly useful in therapy and as
exercise for physically handicapped persons. It is also taught for lifesaving purposes.
Archaeological and other evidence shows swimming to have been practiced as early as 2500 BCE in Egypt and thereafter in Assyrian,
Greek, and Roman civilizations. In Greece and Rome swimming was a part of martial training and was, with the alphabet, also part of
elementary education for males. In the Orient swimming dates back at least to the 1st century BCE, there being some evidence of
swimming races then in Japan. By the 17th century an imperial edict had made the teaching of swimming compulsory in the schools.
Organized swimming events were held in the 19th century before Japan was opened to the Western world. Among the preliterate
maritime peoples of the Pacific, swimming was evidently learned by children about the time they walked, or even before. Among the
ancient Greeks there is note of occasional races, and a famous boxer swam as part of his training. The Romans built swimming pools,
distinct from their baths. In the 1st century BCE, the Roman Gaius Maecenas is said to have built the first heated swimming pool.
WRESTLING
Wrestling originated in hand-to-hand combat, and as a sportive form of combat substituting the submission of a contestant for his death.
Works of art from 3000 BCE depict belt wrestling in Babylonia and Egypt, and the Sumerian Gilgamesh epic has a description of such
wrestling. Loose wrestling in India dates to before 1500 BCE. Chinese documents from 700 BCE describe loose wrestling, as do
Japanese records from the 1st century BCE. The belt wrestling practiced locally in the 20th century by the Swiss, Icelanders, Japanese,
and Cossacks differed little from that of the Egyptians in 2500 BCE.
Wrestling was probably the most popular sport of the ancient Greeks. Young men belonged to palaestras, or wrestling schools, as the
focal point of their social life. Illustrations of wrestling on Greek vases and coins are common throughout all periods of ancient Greece,
but all that can be told from it is that the style was loose wrestling and that wrestlers, as did all Greek athletes, competed naked.
Wrestling, sport practiced in various styles by two competitors, involving forcing an opponent to touch the ground with some part of
the body other than his feet; forcing him into a certain position, usually supine (on his back); or holding him in that position for a
minimum length of time. Wrestling is conducted in various styles with contestants upright or on the ground (or mat).
VOLLEYBALL
Volleyball was invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan, physical director of the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) in
Holyoke, Massachusetts. It was designed as an indoor sport for businessmen who found the new game of basketball too vigorous.
Morgan called the sport “mintonette,” until a professor from Springfield College in Massachusetts noted the volleying nature of play
and proposed the name of “volleyball.” The original rules were written by Morgan and printed in the first edition of the Official
Handbook of the Athletic League of the Young Men’s Christian Associations of North America (1897). The game soon proved to have
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wide appeal for both sexes in schools, playgrounds, the armed forces, and other organizations in the United States, and it was
subsequently introduced to other countries.
Volleyball, game played by two teams, usually of six players on a side, in which the players use their hands to bat a ball back and forth
over a high net, trying to make the ball touch the court within the opponents’ playing area before it can be returned. To prevent this a
player on the opposing team bats the ball up and toward a teammate before it touches the court surface—that teammate may then volley
it back across the net or bat it to a third teammate who volleys it across the net. A team is allowed only three touches of the ball before
it must be returned over the net.

TECHNICAL and TACTICAL SKILLS in PLAYING SPORTS

TECHNICAL SKILLS – these are basic or fundamental skills needed to play the game. These are required in all sports. They advance in
degrees or levels as a player practice or gets used to doing the skills.
TACTICAL SKILLS – these are decision-making skills or strategies used in situations during the game. These may vary depending on
the trainer or coach, the skill level of an athlete, or the strength and weakness of the opposing team. A basic example is the use of quick
pass and movement against a taller but slower opponent in basketball. The use of tactical decisions during a game is called game sense.
KEEP THIS IN MIND!
In planning training/practice, an individual must consider the
following:
1. Preparation/planning Five steps in teaching tactical skills:
a. Date, time, and duration of training/practice. - Distinguishing the important decisions
b. Objectives/goals - Establishing essential knowledge for athletes
c. Equipment needed during training/practice. - Recognizing the signals in situations
2. Training Proper - Giving appropriate tactical options
a. Warm-up/stretching. - Planning a practice game
b. Teaching new skills/practicing previously taught
skills
c. Scrimmage/practice game.
d. Cooldown and assessment
CHOOSING A SPORT
An activity/sport should be chosen based on an individual’s preference and lifestyle. Some of the considerations that will guide an
individual in his/her choice of sport include:
1. Weather extremities (hot or cold) for an outdoor sport activity.
2. Enjoyment derived from the activity.
3. Previous activities tried and enjoyed.
4. Financial capacity or budget.
5. State of health and level demands
6. Other alternative activities that will give motivation.

HEALTH-RELATED and SKILLED-RELATED FITNESS in SPORTS/PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES

HEALTH-RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS – is aerobic capacity, muscular FACTOR DEFINITION
strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.
Frequency Number of exercise sessions in a week
SKILL-RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS – is sometimes called sports fitness or
motor fitness. Skill-related physical fitness is called such because people who Intensity Load or difficulty level of the exercise
possesses them find it easy to achieve high levels of performance in motor skills.
The components of skill-related physical fitness are agility, balance, coordination, Time Duration or distance covered in an exercise session
power, reaction time and speed.
One of the factors that influence skill-related performance is heredity; however, Type Form of exercise
most fitness skills can be developed and improved upon. Different sports skills can
be used in setting your FITT-VP goals to achieve your health-related fitness. The Volume Total duration of exercise performed in a week
FITT-VP Principle can be used as a starting point for one’s sports activity/ies to
Progression Rate of additional load for succeeding week
ensure fitness improvements.

Sports and Movement in Each Component of Skill-related Fitness

Examples of
Skill-related Fitness Component Movement
Sports
AGILITY - This is the ability to move quickly and change direction. Agility is
important in sports like hockey where athletes must move quickly, change direction,
control their stick, watch the puck, and adjust to the players around them. Agility
Basketball Changing directions to escape a defender.
drills on land commonly include ladder practice to focus on foot placement and cone
Tennis Changing directions to hit the ball
drills to work on quick direction change. On the ice, these exercises include partner
chase and mirror drills where an athlete tries to catch or copy someone else reacting
quickly.

BALANCE - This is the ability to adjust to body position in space. It relates to

proprioception and adjusting the center of gravity. Balance is important in most
sports, as falling should be avoided in most of them. Balancing on a skateboard, a
Cycling Riding a bicycle
horse, and a balance beam are just a few examples of when the balance is crucial for
success in a sport. To improve balance, exercises include standing on one foot while
Gymnastics Performing on the balance beam
performing a task, learning yoga, and using a balance board or ball.
Table Tennis Hitting the ball
COORDINATION - This is your ability to pull off multiple maneuvers at once.
This includes hand-eye coordination, or the ability to do activities that require you to Baseball Catching the ball
Soccer Kicking a soccer ball
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use your hands and eyes simultaneously. This skill is important in a lot of sports
where you usually must coordinate running, catching, throwing, and other
movements all at once.

REACTION TIME - Your reaction time is the amount of time it takes for your
body to recognize an outside stimulus and react to it through some kind of Starting to jump/dive on the pool when the
movement. This is an important skill to develop not only for sports but also for Swimming
signal starts.
everyday occurrences. For example, you need a short reaction time to move your Basketball
foot from the accelerator to the brake pedal in your car when another car suddenly
Getting the rebound
stops in front of you to prevent an accident.

SPEED - Speed is your ability to move fast and perform a certain movement in a Athletics Running the 100-meter event
short amount of time. There are many kinds of speed you might focus on depending
Badminton Receiving a drop shot
on what sport you play or what activity you want to do, such as running speed,
swimming speed, and hand or foot speed.
Baseball Stealing a base

POWER - This is the amount of force your body can exert when you perform a
certain movement. Many people think of power as a combination of strength and Baseball Throwing a fastball
speed since it’s usually defined within fitness as the ability to overcome resistance in Powerlifting Lifting weights
the shortest amount of time.

The Safety Measures to avoid unnecessary injuries in playing games or sports?

1. Safety Equipment. Have the appropriate gear for the type of activity such as clothing, shoes, and protective gear that would
prevent uneasiness and harm. Also, take into consideration the activity area.
2. Hydration. Keep your body hydrated with enough water or fluids during the exercise or activity, especially during hot
weather.
3. Moderate-intensity Physical Activity. Perform this on a regular basis instead of occasional strenuous activities. A vigorous
workout will tire your body easily and overstating yourself can lead to injuries.
4. Weather Condition. Wear appropriate clothes for the weather. The clothing you wear has to make you feel a little cool at the
start of the exercise. Wear light-colored clothes on sunny days so as not to absorb too much heat and avoid overheating and
put on sun protection. During cold weather, a thermal suit will help you keep warm. Avoid using thick clothes for they
constrain perspiration and can cause your body temperature to go up.

Sports is an activity that requires physical action and skills where individuals or teams compete under a set of specific rules and
regulations. Sports can be played individually, in pairs, or in teams composed of three or more players. Individual and dual sports foster
greater discipline, self-confidence, focus, and passion. Team sports promote collected discipline besides individual skills and talents.
However, in any sports, focus and being goal-oriented are important. Any sport is best played when the player is familiar with its history,
court/venue, gear/equipment, technical/tactical skills, rules, and officiating.
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WORKSHEET in PE & HEALTH 11

MODULE 4.1

NAME: ___________________________________________________________________
SECTION: ________________________________________________________________

ANSWER ME!
QUESTION: What sport or activity do you think is suitable for you?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 1: KNOW, WANT, and LEARN

List the sports that you know under the “What I Know?” column. In the “What I Want to Learn?” column, write the things you still want to learn about
the sports you listed. Lastly, in the “What I Learned?” column, write all the topic/skills that you have learned from the lesson in your module.

SPORTS WHAT I KNOW? WHAT I WANT TO LEARN? WHAT I LEARNED?

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ACTIVITY 2: SPORTS PARTICIPATION

DIRECTION: If you are to choose a type of sport that best suits for you, would it be team, dual or individual? Write your goal and identify the pros and
cons in relation to your lifestyle. NOTE: Enlarge the space for your answers. Please answer it substantively!
TYPE OF SPORT YOUR GOAL PROS CONS

ACTIVITY 3: FIND OUT (Mini Task)

DIRECTION: Choose one sport for individual, dual and team sports. Identify the following aspects of each:
a. Brief History
b. Court Dimensions and Venue
c. Equipment and Gear (including cost/price of each equipment and gear)
d. Rules of the Game (summary of the most basic rules and the international body governing the sports)
e. Officials
f. Safety Protocol/Safety Guidelines
g. References

****** Do your activity here ******

ACTIVITY 4: QUESTION and ANSWER PORTION

QUESTION: Do you think you can be physically active with your chosen sport/activity? Explain how. (3-5 sentences ONLY).
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