FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY

Week 8: Energy and Chemical Reactions

Concepts this week:

• Kinetic vs potential energy

• Units of energy
• Conservation of energy
• Heat capacity
• Energy and enthalpy
• Thermochemical expressions
• Enthalpy changes
Why is Energy Important in our lives
➢Chemical changes and their accompanying changes in energy are important
parts of our everyday world

➢ The macronutrients in food (proteins, fats, and carbohydrates) undergo

metabolic reactions that provide the energy to keep our bodies functioning.

➢We burn a variety of fuels (gasoline, natural gas, coal) to produce energy for
transportation, heating, and the generation of electricity. Industrial chemical
reactions use enormous amounts of energy to produce raw materials (such as
iron and aluminum).

➢ Energy is then used to manufacture those raw materials into useful products,
such as cars, skyscrapers, and bridges.
 Thermochemistry
➢This chapter will introduce the basic ideas of an important area of science
concerned with the amount of heat absorbed or released during chemical and
physical changes an area called thermochemistry.

➢The concepts introduced in this chapter are widely used in almost all scientific
and technical fields.

➢Food scientists use them to determine the energy content of foods.

➢Biologists study the energetics of living organisms, such as the metabolic

combustion of sugar into carbon dioxide and water.

➢The oil, gas, and transportation industries, renewable energy providers, and
many others endeavor to find better methods to produce energy for our
commercial and personal needs.
What is Energy?
Energy can be defined as the capacity to supply heat or do work.
One type of work (w) is the process of causing matter to move against an
opposing force. For example, we do work when we inflate a bicycle tire—we
move matter (the air in the pump) against the opposing force of the air already in
the tire.
Like matter, energy comes in different types.
What are the classifications of energy?
Energy is classified into two types:
1-potential energy: The energy an object has because of its relative position,
composition, or condition, dam has potential energy because of its position;
when
2-kinetic energy: The energy that an object possesses because of its motion.
Water at the top of a waterfall
ENERGY
KINETIC ENERGY
• Energy that something has because it is moving

➢ Mechanical energy
➢ Thermal energy: Thermal energy is kinetic energy associated with
the random motion of atoms and molecules. It is associated with
temperature. How hot or cold molecules are to have motion.
➢ Electrical energy

Ek = ½ mv2
What is Heat?

• Heat (q) is the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies at different
temperatures.
• Heat flow is increasing the thermal energy of one body and decreases the
thermal energy of the other.
ENERGY
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Energy that something has because of its position and some force

Gravitational energy :The potential energy a massive object has in relation to

another massive object due to gravity.
Electrostatic energy: The potential energy of a system of separated electric
charges.
Chemical potential energy: Energy resulting from attractions and
repulsions among electrons and atomic nuclei.

PE = mhg
Energy
• Matter undergoing chemical reactions and physical changes can release or
absorb heat.
What is an Exothermic reaction?
➢A change that releases heat is called an exothermic reaction or process.
Example: the combustion reaction that occurs when using an oxyacetylene torch
is an exothermic process
this process also releases energy in the form of light as evidenced by the torch’s
flame.
What is an endothermic reaction?
➢A reaction or change that absorbs heat is an endothermic process.
Example: A cold pack used to treat muscle strains provides an example of an
endothermic process.
When the substances in the cold pack (water and a salt like ammonium nitrate)
are brought together, the resulting process absorbs heat, leading to the sensation
of cold.
Energy
Energy was measured in units of calories (cal).
What is calorie?
➢A calorie is the amount of energy required to raise one gram of water by 1
degree C (1 kelvin).
This quantity depends on the atmospheric pressure and the starting
temperature of the water. The ease of measurement of energy changes in
calories has meant that the calorie is still frequently used. The Calorie (with a
capital C), or large calorie, commonly used in quantifying food energy content, is
a kilocalorie.
What is Joule?
➢A joule (J) is defined as the amount of energy used when a force of 1 newton
moves an object 1 meter.
The SI unit of heat, work, and energy is the joule.
One joule is equivalent to 1 kg m2 /s2 , which is also called 1 newton–meter. A
kilojoule (kJ) is 1000 joules. To standardize its definition,
➢1 calorie has been set to equal 4.184 joules.
UNITS of ENERGY
SI unit is the joule (J)

1 J = 1 kg m2/s2

Another unit is the calorie (different from food calories which

is actually a kcal and sometimes represented by “Cal”)

1 cal = 4.184 J

A calorie is the energy required to raise 1 g H2O by 1oC

UNITS of ENERGY
If you eat a hot dog, it will provide 160 Cal of energy. Express
this in joules.

160 Cal x 1000 = 160,000 cal

160,000 cal x 4.184 J/1 cal =669,440 J

An amount of water was given 35.5 J energy, how many calories was given to that water?

35.5 J x 1 cal/ 4.184 J = 8.48 cal

CONSERVATION of ENERGY
Law of Conservation of Energy
• Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can be changed from
one form to another.
• It is also called the first law of thermodynamics

Work
• A process that transfers energy to an object
• Transferring energy to a sample of matter usually results in a
temperature increase

Heat
• Energy transfer process that happens whenever two samples of
matter at different temperatures are brought into contact
HEAT CAPACITY
Heat Capacity (C): The quantity of heat (q)a body of matter
absorbs or releases, when it experiences a temperature
change (ΔT) of 1 degree Celsius (or equivalently, 1 kelvin)

C = q/ ΔT

For example: consider the heat capacities of two cast iron frying pans.
The heat capacity of the large pan is five times greater than that of the
small pan because. the mass of the large pan is five times greater than
the mass of the small pan.

More mass means more atoms are present in the larger pan, so it takes
more energy to make all of those atoms vibrate faster.
HEAT CAPACITY

The heat capacity of the small cast iron frying pan is found by observing that it
takes 18,150 J of energy to raise the temperature of the pan by 50.0 °C:

C small pan = 18,140 J/ 50.0 °C = 363 J/°C

C large pan = 90,700 J/ 50.0 °C = 1814 J/°C 18150 x 5 = 90,750
Specific Heat Capacity
Specific Heat Capacity (c) is the quantity of energy needed to increase
the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1oC.
It can be used to distinguish one substance from another

c = Q/(m x ΔT)
For example: The small cast iron frying pan has a mass of 808 g. The specific heat of
iron (the material used to make the pan) is therefore:
c iron = 18,140 J /(808 g)(50.0 °C) = 0.449 J/g °C
The large frying pan has a mass of 4040 g. (5 times more) using the data for this pan,
we can also calculate the specific heat of iron:
C iron = 90,700 J/ (4040 g)(50.0 °C) = 0.449 J/g °C
Although the large pan is more massive than the small pan, since both are made of
the same material, they both yield the same value for specific heat (for the material
of construction, iron).
HEAT CAPACITY
Problem:
A flask containing 8.0 × 102 g of water is heated, and the temperature of
the water increases from 21 °C to 85 °C. How much heat did the water
absorb?
➢ the specific heat of the substance being heated (in this case, water)
➢ the amount of substance being heated (in this case, 800 g)
➢ the magnitude of the temperature change (in this case, from 21 °C to
85 °C).
We know that c = Q/(m x ΔT)

Q = c × m × ΔT = c × m × (Tfina − Tinitial)
= (4.184 J/g °C) × (800 g) × (85 − 21) °C
= (4.184 J/g °C) × (800 g) × (64) °C
= 210,000 J ( = 210 kJ)
Because the temperature increased, the water absorbed heat and q is positive
Problem 2: How much heat, in joules, must be added to a 5.00 × 102 -g iron skillet
to increase its temperature from 25 °C to 250 °C? The specific heat of iron is 0.451
J/g °C.

Problem 3: A piece of unknown metal weighs 348 g. When the metal piece
absorbs 6.64 kJ of heat, its temperature increases from 22.4 °C to 43.6 °C.
Determine the specific heat of this metal (which might provide a clue to its
identity).
Problem4: A piece of unknown metal weighs 217 g. When the metal piece absorbs
1.43 kJ of heat, its temperature increases from 24.5 °C to 39.1 °C. Determine the
specific heat of this metal, and predict its identity.
HEAT CAPACITY
Problem 5: A piece of Al with a mass of 250 g is at an initial
temp of 5oC. If 24.1 kJ is supplied to warm the Al, what is its
final temperature? (cAl = 0.902 J g-1 oC-1)
Molar HEAT CAPACITY
Molar Heat Capacity (cm)
The quantity of energy that must be transferred to increase
the temperature of one mole of a substance by 1oC. It can be
calculated using specific heat capacities and molar mass.
Cm = q/∆T J/mol. k
Molar HEAT CAPACITY
What is cm for Al if cAl = 0.902 J g-1 oC-1?

Cm= 0.902 J/g.K x 27 (g Al)/1 (mol Al) = 24.35 J/mol.K

What is cm for Fe if cFe = 0.451 J g-1 oC-1?

What is cm for Au if cAu = 0.128 J g-1 oC-1? (Au= 196.96 g/mol)

Internal Energy
What is internal energy?
The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the
internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E.

Substances act as reservoirs of energy, meaning that energy can be added to

them or removed from them.

Energy is stored in a substance when the kinetic energy of its atoms or molecules
is raised.

The greater kinetic energy may be in the form of increased translations (travel or
straight-line motions), vibrations, or rotations of the atoms or molecules.

When thermal energy is lost, the intensities of these motions decrease and the
kinetic energy falls.
Enthalpy
Chemists ordinarily use a property known as enthalpy (H) to describe the
thermodynamics of chemical and physical Processes.
What is Enthalpy?
Enthalpy is defined as the sum of a system’s internal energy (E) and the
mathematical product of its pressure (P) and volume (V)
H = E + PV
Enthalpy values for specific substances cannot be measured directly.
Why can’t we measure the Enthalpy directly?
We don’t know the absolute enthalpy of a substance because we don’t know
where Zero is.
So, we can only measure enthalpy differences between initial and final states.

Imagine increments in enthalpy like the rungs on a fire ladder. The fireman (or
woman) is part way up the ladder. The smoke obscures his view of the ground so
he does not know where zero height is, but he does know that he needs to climb
6more rungs to get to the window to rescue the person waiting there.
Enthalpy
Only enthalpy changes for chemical or physical processes can be determined.
For processes that take place at constant pressure (a common condition for many
chemical and physical changes)
the Enthalpy change (ΔH) is: ΔH = ΔE + PΔV
ENERGY AND ENTHALPY
Endothermic reactions
• Energy must be transferred into the system
• e.g. H2O(l) → H2O(g)

Exothermic reactions
• Energy must be transferred out of the system
• e.g. H2O(g) → H2O(l)

Enthalpy Change – quantity of thermal energy transferred

into a system at constant pressure
ΔH = ΔE + PΔV
ENERGY AND ENTHALPY
ΔH value indicates the amount of heat associated with the reaction involving the
number of moles of reactants and products as shown in the chemical equation.
For example:
H2 (g) + 1/ 2 O2 (g) ⟶ H2 O(l) ΔH = −286 kJ

2H2 (g) + 1O2 (g) ⟶ 2H2 O(l) ΔH = 2 × (−286 kJ) = −572 kJ

1/ 2 H2 (g) + 1/ 4 O2 (g) ⟶ 1/ 2 H2 O(l) ΔH = 1/ 2 × (−286 kJ) = −143 kJ

➢A negative value of an enthalpy change, ΔH, indicates an exothermic reaction;

➢A positive value of ΔH indicates an endothermic reaction.
➢If the direction of a chemical equation is reversed, the arithmetic sign of its ΔH is
changed (a process that is endothermic in one direction is exothermic in the
opposite direction).
Measurement of an Enthalpy Change
Problem 1: When 0.05 mol of HCl(aq) reacts with 0.05 mol of NaOH(aq) to form
0.05 mol of NaCl(aq), 2.9 kJ of heat are produced. What is ΔH, the enthalpy
change, per mole of acid reacting?

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ⟶ NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

heat produced when 1 mole of HCl reacts:

ΔH = 1 mol HCl × −2.9 kJ/ 0.05 mol HCl = −58 kJ

The enthalpy change when 1 mole of HCl reacts is −58 kJ.

Since that is the number of moles in the chemical equation, we write the
thermochemical equation as:

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ⟶ NaCl(aq) + H2 O(l) ΔH = −58 kJ

Measurement of an Enthalpy Change
Problem2: When 1.34 g Zn(s) reacts with 60.0 mL of 0.750 M HCl(aq), 3.14 kJ of
heat are produced. Determine the enthalpy change per mole of zinc reacting for
the reaction:
Measurement of an Enthalpy Change
Problem 2: A gummy bear contains 2.67 g sucrose, C12H22O11. When it reacts with
7.19 g potassium chlorate, KClO3, 43.7 kJ of heat are produced. Determine the
enthalpy change for the reaction
C12 H22 O11(aq) + 8KClO3 (aq) ⟶ 12CO2 (g) + 11H2O(l) + 8KCl(aq).